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REPORT 

ON THE 

OEGANIZATION AND CAMPAIGNS ■ 

OF THE 

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC : 

TO WHICH IS ADDED AN ACCOUNT OF THE 

CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA, 

WITH PLANS OF BATTLE-FIELDS. 



BY 

GEOEGE B. McCLELLAN, 

M A JOE-QEN ER AL UNITED STATES ABMT. 



NEW YORK: 
SHELDON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 

335 BROADWAY, cor. WORTH STREET. 

1864. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S64, by 

SHELDON & CO., 

In the Clerk's OflBce of tlie District Court of tho United States for the S ithern 

District of New York. 



WftBt.. r.P'O rill -Vio. 



Bhith & MoDouGAL, 0. 8. Wkstcott fc Cow 

Stereotypora. Printers, 



V i i 



J/ 



When the Report whicL. is given in this voliiiue waa 
prepared and sent to the Adjutant-General, it was impos- 
sible to include in it the particulars of the Campaign in 
"Western Yirginia, for the reason that important papers re- 
lating to it had not come to my hands. During the various 
changes which had occurred in the Western Department, 
they had been moved from place to place, and efforts to 
reclaim them from among the papers of other officers, 
succeeded only a few weeks ago. In order to com- 
plete the history of the campaigns in which I have been 
engaged, it has seemed proper to prefix to the official 
report a simple narrative of the Campaign in Western 
Yirginia. 

February 22, 1864. 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 



The attack upon Fort Sumter on the 12th of April, 1861, 
took the Northern people by surprise, and found them entirely 
unprepared to carry on a serious contest. Our people were 
born and educated amidst the blessings of peace and material 
prosperity ; they were in the habit of yielding obedience to 
the laws of the country and the will of the majority as ex- 
pressed in the elections, and had become accustomed to see 
great political excitement and animosity calmly subside through 
the deference of the minority to the decision of the majority. 
Thus to the last moment it was difficult to realize that a great 
civil war was imminent ; and men clung fondly to the hope 
that the good sense of both sections would in the eleventh 
hour find some honorable solution to the difficulty, as had so 
often been the case before. 

It is probable that neither section fully realized the power 
and violence of the passions evoked, and that each flattered 
itself with the delusive hope that the other would yield some- 
thing, rather than risk the inevitable and terrible consequences 
of an appeal to arms. Each underrated the strength, resources 
and courage of the other. These mutual misunderstandings, 
ably usec^^by a comparatively small number of ambitious and 
unscrupulous men, were at their height when the insult offei'ed 
the national flag in the harbor of Charleston aroused both par- 
ties to something like a true sense of their condition. The 
South were warned that they were irrevocably committed to 
make good their threats, and to establish by force their vaunted 
right of secession. It was brought clearly to the minds of 
N'orthern men that it Avas no\v too late to inquire what were 
the original causes of the contest, and that it only remained 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTEKN VIRGINIA. 

for them to avenge the insult to the flag, and to sustain 
tlie government in supporting the inviolability of the con- 
stitution, maintaining the unity of the nation, and enforcing 
its laws. There can be no question that these were the true 
issues which called forth that woixlerful enthusiasm mani- 
fested by our people in 1861. When the President, on the 
19th of April, 1861, issued his call for seventy-five thousand 
volunteers to suppress the rebelUon, the difficulty was to 
restrain the ardor of the nation, and to limit the number of 
volunteers to sometliing like that called for. The struggle 
then was as to who should be so fortunate as to be received, 
not as to who should avoid the call. 

The governors of States were besieged by eager crowds, 
anxious to be permitted to fight for tlieir country ; and they, 
in turn, importuned the authorities in Washington for permis- 
sion to increase their quotas — a permission usually very diffi- 
cult to obtain — for the men were still few who foresaw the 
magnitude and duration of the struggle in which we had em- 
barked. 

While there was no difficulty in procuring men, it was no 
easy task to arm, equip, and oi'ganize them, especially in the 
Western States. 

The scanty supj^lies of war material at the disposal of the 
general government were mainly in the East, with the excep- 
tion of the arms at the St. Louis arsenal, which were not much 
more than sufficient to meet the demands in Missouri. There 
was no United States arsenal in the States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, or Kentvicky. The West at that time possessed no 
establishment capable of manufacturing arms on a large scale, 
and few for the preparation of clothing and equipments. In 
proportion to the population, there was much less military in- 
formation in the West than in the East. 

It was under these circumstances that on the 23d of April, 
1861, I was appointed by Governor Dennison Major-General 
of the Ohio contingent, under the three months call, and at once 
undertook the task of rendering available for the field the mass 
of unorganized and unarmed men who Avere collecting upon 
the call of the President. From Ohio thirteen regiments of 
infantry were demanded ; in a few weeks the same number of 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 7 

thi'ee years regiments Avas called for, and by the middle of 
July the number was increased to twenty-two. No cavalry 
or artillery were embraced in the original call. 

On the 23d of April there Avere in the State of Ohio oue 
housand eight hundred and eighty small arms, mostly altered 
flint locks ; thh'ty-one field guns, many of which were unfit 
for service, and few provided with the indispensable equip- 
ments ; one hundred and twenty tents ; not a regiment yet 
mustered into the United States service. Such were the prep- 
arations of a State which has since sent vast armies into the 
field. Indiana and Illinois were not in a more favorable con 
dition. 

All mail communications with Washington were at that 
time interrupted in consequence of the occurrences at Balti- 
more, and were for a long jjeriod diflicult and uncertain. The 
attention of the authorities was fully occupied in arranging for 
the immediate defense of the capital, and — the supplies being 
limited in amount — but little could be done for the Western 
States, which were for some weeks compelled to rely on their 
own resources. Neither the people nor the governors failed 
in the emergency, but both manfully met the crisis. It was 
then that the strength and value of the State governments 
were made fully manifest, for to them was the safety of the 
West due in that hour of trial. 

I have good reason to know that all the loyal governors of 
the Western States did their full duty in the emergency, but 
being in more direct pei"sonal communication with Governor 
Dennison of Ohio during the most critical portion of this pe- 
riod, I desire to bear testimony to the high qualities he then 
displayed. He manifested a degree of energy, ability, untiring 
devotion, and disinterested patriotism which was creditable in 
the extreme. 

As has already been said, the Western States were totally 
unprepared for the impending struggle. It may be asserted 
with almost literal truth that neither arms, ammunition, nor 
equipments existed there ; we had nothing but the men, — all 
else was to be created. Another great difliculty arose from 
absence of government funds ; the subsistence department 
soon supplied its agents with money, but none was received 



8 THE CAMPAIGX IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

from the quarter-master's department until after the 20th of 
May, and then for some time in insufficient amounts. 

The governors of the States now exerted themselves to the 
utmost; they wei-e energetically supported by the Legisla- 
tures, who authorized them to use the funds and pledge the 
credit of their States, for the purchase of arms, ammunition, 
clothing, etc. Without this action on their part, the greater 
portion of the summer would have jiassed without the organ- 
ization of troops in the West. 

On the 3d of May the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois 
were formed into the Department of the Ohio, which the 
general-in-chief placed under my command. Immediately 
upon receiving the order I placed myself in communication 
with the governors of these three States, and nothing in our 
power was left undone to push forward military preparations. 
The governor of Ohio, fully alive to the magnitude of the oc- 
casion and the insufficiency of the number of troops called for, 
had, by the close of April, obtained the authority of the Legis- 
lature to form nine regiments of three months troops for the 
service of the State, in addition to those called for by the 
United States. He placed these additional regiments under 
my command. It was only after repeated efforts and refusals 
that a very small number of regular officers were obtained to 
take charge of the administrative branches of the service, and 
the task of organization slowly proceeded. 

Supplies did not come in rapidly, and great difficulty was 
experienced in arming and equipping the ti-oops. 

On the 21st of May the total number of small arms in the 
State of Ohio was twenty-five thousand one hundred and 
seventy-nine, of which twenty-two thousand and seventy-five 
were smooth bores, mostly very inferior specimens of the al- 
tered flint locks. Infontry equipments were still more difficult 
to obtain. 

During the month of May the political aspect of affairs in 
Kentucky and Western Virginia was uncertain and threaten- 
ing. In the latter a convention had been called to assemble 
at Wheeling, on the 13th of May, to decide upon the question 
of sepai-ation from the eastern portion of the State, while the 
election upon the question of ratifying the Richmond ordinance 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 9 

of secession from the United States, was fixed for the 23d 
of the same month. Excitement ran high, and honest men 
diftered widely as to the poUcy that should be pursued by the 
miUtary authorities of the general government. 

I received a multitude of letters from a large number of 
sincere Union men who entertained widely divergent views as 
to the measures adequate to the emergency. Many urged, as 
early as the beginning of May, that troops should immediately 
be sent into Virginia, to encourage the Union men and pre- 
vent the secessionists from gaining a foothold. At least an 
equal number insisted with equal force that the arrival of 
ti-oops from other States would merely arouse State pride, 
throw many wavering men into the rebel ranks, and at once 
kindle the flames of civil war. 

In Kentucky the struggle was much more bitter than in 
Western Virginia. The State government, the arms, and 
the military organization, were to a great extent in the hands 
of men Avho favored the secession of the State ; but so able 
and determined was the coui'se of the Union leaders, and so 
marked did the majority of the people soon become in their 
support, that the secessionist leaders were compelled to content 
themselves Avith the avowal of the position of neutrality, while 
awaiting the results of the elections to be held on the 26th 
June for Congressmen, and on the 4th August for members 
of the Legislature. 

The policy of the leaders of the Union party was, " To re- 
main in the Union without a revolution, under all the forms 
of law, and by their own action." The words of Garret Da- 
vis were, " We will remain in the Union by voting if we can, 
by fighting if Ave must, and if we cannot hold our own, we 
will call on the general government to aid us." 

It was the desire of these true and able men that no ex- 
traneous elements of excitement should be introduced in the 
State until the elections were over ; they felt sure of carrying 
these elections if left to themselves. I fully coincided Avith 
them in their expectations and opinions, and, so far as was in 
my power, lent them every assistance in carrying out their 
views, among which were the organization of Home Guards 
and the distribution of arms to Union men. In Missouri, hos- 

1* 



10 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

tilities had already broken out, and it was evident that that 
State was destined to become the seat of serious lighting ; nor 
was it then supposed that our tenure of St. Louis was en- 
tirely secure. 

Collections of Southern troops at Memphis and Union City 
threatened Columbus, Ky., and Cairo, and made it necessary 
to keep a vigilant watch in that direction. It should also be 
remembered that in the early part of May the national cap- 
ital was by no means secure, and it was not at that time an 
improbable contingency tliat Western regiments might yet be 
needed to protect or regain Washington. As beai-ing upon 
this point, it may be stated that in a letter addressed to the 
General-in-chief on the 21st May, I informed him that from the 
information in my possession the indications were that the dis- 
posable troops in the regular Confederate service, from Missis- 
sippi, Alabama, Arkansas and Louisiana had gone to the East 
via Lynchburg ; leaving in Tennessee the State militia, who 
were badly armed and under no discipline. On the 26th 
April, when my command was confined to the limits of the 
State of Ohio, I submitted to the general-in-chief certain sug- 
gestions, the substance of wliich was : — Tliat, for the purposes 
of defense, Cairo should be occupied by two battalions, strongly 
intrenched, and provided with heavy guns and a gunboat to 
control the river ; that some eight battalions should be sta- 
tioned at Sandoval in Illinois to observe St. Louis, sustain the 
garrison of Cairo, and if necessary, reinforce Cincinnati ; that 
a few companies should observe the lower Wabash ; that some 
four thousand men should be posted at Seymour in Indiana to 
observe Louisville, and be ready to support either Cincinnati or 
Cairo ; that there should be five thousand men at or near Cin- 
cinnati, and two battalions at Chillicothe, Ohio. With the 
troops disposable for active operations, it was pi-oposed to 
move up the valley of the Great Kanawha upon Richmond ; 
this movement to be made with the greatest promptness, that 
it might not fail to relieve Washington, or to insure the de- 
struction of the enemy in Eastern Virginia, if aided by a 
prompt advance on the eastern line of operations. Should 
Kentucky assume a hostile attitude, it was recommended to 
cross the Ohio Avith eighty thousand men, and move straight 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTE UN VIRGINIA. 11 

on Nashville, acting thence in concert with a vigorous offen- 
sive on the Eastern line. It Avas strongly urged that every- 
tiiing possible should be done to hasten the equipment and 
armament of the Western troops, as the nation would be en- 
tirely deprived of their powerful aid until this should be ac- 
complished. 

It was not until the 13th May that the order, forming the 
Department of the Ohio and assigning me to the command, 
was received. In the meantime, as much excitement existed 
at Cincinnati, which city was regarded as a tempting object 
to the enemy in the uncertain condition of Kentucky, I took 
steps to concentrate the greater part of the Ohio troops at 
Camp Dennison, on the Little Miami Railroad, seventeen miles 
frorn Cincinnati ; a favorable position for instruction, and pre- 
senting peculiar fecilities for movement in any direction. As 
soon as the new department was placed under my command, I 
took steps for the immediate erection of heavy batteries at 
Cairo. In the letter of May 21st, already referred to, after 
giving the information obtained in regard to the position of 
the enemy on the Mississippi River, it was stated that I was 
convinced of the necessity of having, without a day's delay, a 
few efficient gunboats to operate from Cairo as a base ; that if 
they were rendered shot-proof, they would enable us at least 
to annoy seriously the rebel camps on the Mississippi, and 
interfere with their river communications — their main depend- 
ence ; that I requested authority to make the necessary ex- 
penditures to procure gunboats, and that I regarded them as 
an indispensable element in any system of operations, whether 
offensive or defensive. In the same letter the necessity for 
light batteries was strongly set forth. 

I now urged to the utmost the organization and equipment 
of the troops in the three States, and received the most en- 
ergetic and cordial support from Govei'nors Morton, Yates 
and Dennison. While awaiting the development of the 
policy of the general government, and in accordance with the 
sound advice of the general-in-chief as to the instruction of 
the troops, I determined to hold the troops in readiness to 
move wherever they might be needed, and to push the work 
of instruction and equipment. I also determined to afford 



12 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIKGINIA. 

any assistance in my power that might be required by the 
commanding officer in Missouri, and so informed him ; to take 
no steps of a military nature"in Kentucky until after the elec- 
tions, unless that State were invaded from Tennessee, in which 
case I clearly informed all concerned that I would at once 
cross the Ohio and drive out the invaders ; and, in regard to 
Western Virginia, to await the result of the convention of 
May 13 and the election of May 23, with the purpose of 
moving before that time if the operations of the secessionists 
became such as to require attention. 

In the early part of May, T declined moving troops into 
Western Virginia for the reasons already given, and because 
I regarded Kentucky as of much greater importance. It was 
not until the latter part of the month that I became fully sat- 
isfied as to the favorable tendency of aifairs in that quarter. 

It was difficult to obtain accurate information as to the 
movements of the secessionists in Western Virginia, and the 
results proved that it was always necessary to make great 
allowances for the exaggeration which ever attends ignorance 
of military affairs, and the alarm consequent upon the shock 
produced by a novel and abnormal state of things. Early in 
May Governor Letcher called out the militia of Western 
Virginia under the State laws ; Charleston in the Great Ka- 
nawha Valley, Parkersburg in Wood County, and Grafton in 
Taylor County, being the points at which they Avere to be as- 
sembled. The accounts Ave received at the time, in regard to 
the numbers of the militia thus collected, varied much, and 
great alai-m frequently manifested itself on the Ohio frontier 
lest it should be invaded. To quiet this not unnatural feeling 
a few arms were distributed among the Home Guards, and 
about the middle of May some regiments of the Ohio State 
troops were moved to points convenient to the more exposed 
portions of the frontier. I did not share the apprehensions of 
an invasion, for I saw no good reason to suspect the existence 
of the necessary preparations, and did not regard it as prob- 
able that the Confederates Avould at that period consider 
Western Virginia as a suitable base for offensive operations 
north and west of the Ohio river. I supposed it to be the 
object of the Richmond authorities to hold possession of 



THE CAMPAIGN I N W E S T E B N V I R G I N I A . 13 

Western Virginia, and to coerce its loyal inhabitants into tlie 
secession movement. 

Dispatches from General R. E. Lee to Colonel Porterfield, 
dated May 4th and later, which were captured at a subsequent 
period, seem to establish the correctness of this view. In the 
letter of May 4, Colonel Porterfield was directed to repair to 
Grafton and select a position for the troops called into the 
service of the State (Virginia) for the protection and defense 
of that part of the country. He was informed that orders 
had already been given for the occupation of Wheeling, and 
was instructed to take possession of Parkersburg and the rail- 
way leading thereto. He was ordered to call out the militia 
in all the counties north of the Great Kanawha Valley, and 
informed that it was not intended to interfere with the peace- 
ful use of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In a letter, dated 
Richmond, May 24, General Lee regrets that Colonel Porter- 
field has been unsuccessful in organizing volunteers ; informs 
him that reinforcements are on the way from Staunton and 
Harper's Ferry, and hopes that he will spare no pains to pre- 
serve the integrity of the State, and to prevent the occupation 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad by its enemies. In reply 
to an inquiry of Colonel Porterfield's as to the treatment of 
traitors, he says that he cannot believe that any citizen of tlie 
State will betray its interests, and that he hopes all will unite 
in supporting the policy she may adopt. 

It was not until the 27th May, that the order was given by 
Governor Letcher, for the seizure of the post-ofiices at Harper's 
Ferry and Grafton, and the appointment of post-masters in 
the interest of the State government. Information had already 
been received, that a small camp of secessionist militia was 
being established in the immediate vicinity of Grafton, when, 
on the 24th of May, I received, from the Secretary of War, 
and the General-in-chief, telegrams confirming the fact of the 
existence of this camp, and inquiring whether its eflEect upon the 
Union men of that region could not be counteracted. I replied 
that it could be done, and that if it were desired, the whole 
region could be cleared of the secessionists. To this I received 
no reply, nor did I receive any subsequent communication as 
to sending troops into Western Virginia. I, however, pro- 



14 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

ceeded to make the preparations for sending an expedition to 
Grafton, as well as another to the Kanawha, the convention 
of the 13th, having proved largely in favor of dividing the 
State, and the election of the 23d having resulted in a decided 
refusal to ratify the secession ordinance. These preparations 
were much interfered with, as were all operations for some 
weeks subsequently, by the fact that, at that time, all the three 
months United States regiments from Ohio were in the course 
of transition to three years regiments, so that there were no 
troops available in Ohio, except the nine regiments in State 
service. 

While at Camp Dennison, on the afternoon of the 26th May, 
I received intelligence that the secessionists were advancing 
from Grafton towards Wheeling and Parkersburg, for the pur- 
pose of destroying the railroad. Regarding this as an act of 
hostility, which it was my duty to counteract without delay, 
I at once returned to Cincinnati, and gave, by telegraph, the 
orders necessary in the case. In a letter subsequently cap- 
tured, dated Grafton, May 25th, Colonel Porterfield states to 
Colonel Willey, that it was essential to the safety of his com- 
mand that the bridges be destroyed as far west on the rail- 
road as possible, and directs the latter to proceed on the next 
train to carry the destruction into effect without delay. The 
First Regiment (loyal) Virginia Volunteers was in process of 
organization at Wheeling, under Colonel B. F. Kelly ; the men 
were provided with muskets, but had no cartridge-boxes, 
equipments, uniform or camp-equipage. Late in the aftei^ 
noon, I telegraphed Colonel Kelly to move his regiment at 
an early hour on the 27th, along the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, in the direction of Fairmount. Colonel Kelly was in- 
structed to prevent any further destruction of the bridges, 
and to cover the repairs of those already injured; he was 
directed to move with caution, and to use every effort to pre- 
serve discipline, to respect the rights and property of the 
inhabitants, to concihate the people and strengthen the Union 
feeling. 

Colonel Irwin, commanding the 16th Ohio State Regiment, 
was ordered to move from his camp at Bellaire into Virginia, 
and support the forward movement of the 1st Virginia. 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WKSTEEN VIRGINIA. 15 

Colonel Stednian, 1 4tli Ohio, with his own regiment and the 
18th, and Barnett's State Battery, was ordered to take pos- 
session of Parkersburg on the morning of the 27th, and 
proceed to Grafton under' orders similar to those of Colone 
Kelly. 

Deeply impressed with the importance of causing the citi- 
zens of Western Virginia, to understand clearly the true pur- 
poses of the occupation of their soil, and desirous to infuse a 
proper feeling among our new troops, I issued the following 
proclamation to the inhabitants, and address to the troops ! 



PROCLAMATION. 

Head-Quarters, Department of the Ohio. 
May 26, 1861. 
To the Union Men of Western Virginia : 

Virginians ! — The general government has long enough 
endured the machinations of a few factious rebels in your 
midst. Armed traitors have in vain endeavored to deter you 
from expressing your loyalty at the polls. Having failed in 
this infamous attempt to deprive you of the exercise of your 
dearest rights, they now seek to inaugurate a reign of terror, 
and thus force you to yield to their schemes, and submit to 
the yoke of the traitorous conspiracy, dignified by the name 
of the Southern Confederacy. They are destroying the prop- 
erty of citizens of your State, and ruining your magnificent 
railways. The general government has heretofore carefully 
abstained from sending troops across the Ohio, or even from 
posting them along its banks, although frequently urged to do 
so by many of your prominent citizens. It determined to 
await the result of the lute election, desirous that no one might 
be able to say that the slightest effort had been made from 
this side to influence the free expression of your opinions, 
although the many agencies brought to bear upon you by the 
rebels were well known. You have now shown, under the 
most adverse circumstances, that the great mass of the people 
of Western Virginia, are true and loyal to that beneficent 
government, under which we and our fathers have lived so 
long. As soon as the result of the- election was known, the 



16 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

traitors commenced their work of destruction. The general 
government cannot close its ears to the demand you have 
made for assistance. I have ordered troops to cross the Ohio 
Rivei*. They come as your friends and brothers, — as enemies 
only to the armed rebels who arc preying upon you. Your 
homes, your families, and your property are safe under our pro- 
tection. All your rights shall be religiously respected, not- 
withstanding all that has been said by the traitors to induce 
you to believe that our advent among you will be signalized 
by interference with your slaves. Understand one thing clear- 
ly. Not only will we abstain from all such interference, but 
we will on the contrary, with an i-ron hand, crush any attempt 
at insurrection on their part. Now, that we are in your midst, 
I call upon you to fly to arms and support the general govern- 
ment. Sever the connection that binds you to traitors ; pro- 
claim to the world that the faith and loyalty so long boasted 
by the Old Dominion, are still preserved in Western Virginia, 
and that you remain true to the stars and stripes. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General U. S. A.., Comd'g. Dep't. 



ADDRESS. 

Head-Quarters, Department of the Ohio, 
Cincinnati, May 26, 1S61. 

Soldiers ! — You are ordered to cross the frontier, and enter 
upon the soil of Virginia. 

Your mission is to restore peace and confidence, to protect the 
majesty of the law, and to rescue our brethren from the grasp 
of armed traitors. You are to act in concert with Virginia 
troops, and to support their advance. I place under the safe- 
guard of your honor, the persons and property of the Virgin- 
ians. I know that you will respect their feelings and all their 
rights. 

Preserve the strictest discipline ; — remember that each one 
of you holds in his keeping, the honor of Ohio and the Union. 
If you are called upon to overcome armed opposition, I know 
that your courage is equal to the task ; — but remember, 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN TIKGINIA. 17 

that your only foes are the armed tiaitors, — and show mercy 
even to them when they are in your power, for many of 
them are misguided. When, under your protection, tlie loyal 
men of Western Virginia have been enabled to organise and 
arm, they can protect themselves^ and you can then return to 
your homes, Avith the proud satisfaction of having saved a gal- 
lant people from destruction. 

Geo. B. McClellajst, 
Major-General U. S. A., Comd'g. 

I had received no instructions as to the points covered by 
these documents, nor had I in fact any direct orders to move 
troops across the Ohio ; nor was there now time to refer to 
Washington for instructions. These addresses were accordingly 
prepared in great haste, without consultation, and sent by tele- 
graph to Wheeling and Marietta immediately after the dispatch 
of the orders for the movement of the troops. On the 1st June, 
I wrote to the President, informing him of the circumstances 
under which the pi'oclamation was written ; that I had en- 
deavored to express what I had reason to suppose his views to 
be, and requesting to be informed if I had misconceived the 
intentions of his Excellency. As I received no reply to this 
letter, nor any intimation from any quarter that my policy was 
disapproved, I assumed that I was right, and acted accordingly. 

Early in the afternoon of the 30th, Colonel Kelly, without 
the loss of a single man, reached Grafton, which the seces- 
sionists had abandoned upon his approach ; he had repaired 
the bridges behind him, and established his railway com- 
munications with Wheeling. Colonel Stedman arrived at 
Clarksburg somewhat later, and communicated with Colonel 
Kelly ; great delays had occurred on this line also in conse- 
quence of the destruction of the bridges. Steps were at once 
taken to guard the exposed structures on both branches of the 
railroad, and reinforcements were pushed forward from Ohio 
and Indiana. The enemy fell back from Grafton upon Phillippi, 
a village soiue 20 miles distant, in the direction of Beverly. 
Brig.-Gen. T. A. Moms, Indiana Volunteers, was ordered to 
Grafton, with the 6th, 7th, and 9th Indiana regiments, to as- 
sume the immediate command. He reached his deatination 



18 THE CAMPAIGN TN^WKSTERN VIRGINIA. 

about the last day of May, and arranged an expedition to dis- 
perse or capture the force at PhiUippi. He directed the move- 
ment to he made in two columns : one under Colonel Kelly, 
consisting of live companies of the 1st Va., and detachments 
of the 15th and 16th Ohio,*and 9th Indiana, to march by a 
country road east of Tygart's Valley river, and thus reach the 
rear of Phillippi ; while Colonel Diimont, Vth Indiana, was to 
proceed by the turnpike from Webster, with a column con- 
sisting of the greater part of the 6tli and 7th Indiana, and the 
14th Ohio, and two sections of Barnett's battery, and attack 
in front. It was intended that the two columns should attack 
at 4 A.M., on the 3d Jime ; but Colonel Kelly's command was 
delayed somewhat by the heavy rain which fell during the 
night, and rendered the country road it followed very bad. 
Just before Colonel Kelly reached their camp the enemy re- 
ceived intelligence of his approach and dispei'sed. They 
escaped \vith the loss of 15 killed, some wounded and 
prisoners, many arms, and all their baggage. Our loss was 
confined to the serious wound received by the gallant Colonel 
Kelly, who had from the commencement of the movement 
from Wheeling displayed great energy, and high soldierly 
qualities. All the regiments engaged in these trying marches 
deserve great credit for their endurance and anxiety to meet the 
enemy ; none more so than the 1st Virginia, which made this 
short campaign destitute of all the necessaries of a soldier, save 
their muskets, and the ammuni'tion they carried in their 
pockets. 

The absence of means of transportation and of cavalry ren- 
dered it impossible to follow up this success ; had it been 
otherwise our troops might have occupied the Cheat Mountain 
Pass without opposition, and there probably would have been 
no immediate necessity for the subsequent campaign in that 
quarter. As it was, it was necessary to content ourselves with 
the occupation of Phillippi and the Cheat River line until sub- 
sequent events called me to the field in pei'son. As fast as the 
Ohio State regiments were equipped, they were pushed into 
Western Virginia, and General Morris was thus enabled to 
provide for the security of the railroad in his rear, and of his 
advanced positions. Every exertion was now made by Cap- 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN TIKGINIA. 19 

taiu J. H. DickersoD, the able chief quarter-master of the de- 
partment, to provide means of transportation ; but notwith- 
standing his utmost eiForts this work proceeded slowly, and 
there was a most vexatious delay in all the preparations neces- 
sary to put the troops in proper condition to take the field. 
While these measures were being pushed to the utmost, during 
the early and middle parts of June, intelligence reached me 
that strong reinforcements had. arrived to the enemy at Beverly, 
from the east ; that General Robert S. Garnett had been 
placed in command, and that he had occupied strong positions 
at Laurel Hill and Rich Mountain, commanding the two roads 
leading to Beverly. Reports reached me almost daily to the 
eftect that his foi'ce was being rajsidly increased, and that he 
would soon assume the oifensive to regain what they had lost 
in Western Virginia. Although many of these repoi'ts were 
evidently exaggerated, and the danger did not appear so im- 
minent as some apprehended, I determined to go thither as 
soon as a sufficient force could be made available, and by taking 
the initiative, dispose of Garnett before he was in condition to 
do much mischief. The aspect of affairs in Missouri and Ten- 
nessee Avas at this time such^that I did not feel at liberty to 
make use of the Illinois regiments, but left them for service in 
the quarter named, and assigned the available Ohio and Indi- 
ana troops to duty in West Virginia. 

Towards the close of June a considerable amount of trans- 
portation was ready, and the arrangements for the supply of 
camp equipage somewhat advanced. As the reports from 
Grafton were now very alarming, I determined that the 
proper time had ai-rived for me to take the field, and on the 
20th June left Cincinnati for Parkersburg, where I arrived the 
next morning. The 21st and part of the 22d were spent at 
that place in hurrying on transportation and supplies, and on 
the afternoon of the 22d I went to Grafton, leaving General 
Rosecrans at Parkersburg to push forward the troops and 
materia,!. On the 23d I wrote to the General-in-chief from 
Grafton, informing him that five regiments and two detached 
companies of infantry, one battery, and one company of cavalry 
had reached the vicinity, and that two more regiments of 
infantry and a battery were expected next day; that the 



20 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

information received rendered it more than probable that a 
rebel force of from one thousand five hundred to three thou- 
sand with guns was intrenched at Romney ; that I thought 
their purpose was to cover the approaches to Winchester 
against an attack from the west, and suggesting that General 
Patterson should take care of them. I also stated that it was 
now certain that the enemy had a force of some kind near Hut- 
tonsville, with a stt'ong advanced party intrenched near Laurel 
Mountain, between Phillippi and Beverly, and that their chief 
object seemed to me to be to furnish and protect guerrilla par- 
ties, which were then doing much mischief; also that the ap- 
prehensions which had existed on the part of our people of an 
atack by this party of the enemy were not well founded ; that 
as soon as my command was well in hand, and my informa- 
tion more full, I proposed moving, with all my available force, 
from Clarksburg on Buckhannon, thence on Beverly, to turn 
entirely the detachment at Laurel Hill ; the troops at Phillippi 
to advance in time to follow up the retreat of the enemy in 
their front. That, after occupying Beverly, I would move on 
Huttonsville, and drive the enemy into the mountains, whither 
I did not purpose to follow them unless certain of success. 
Finally, that after having driven out the mass of their troops, 
and having occupied the pass by which they might return, I 
proposed to move small columns through the country, to re- 
assure the Union men and break up all scattered armed par- 
ties ; and that, as soon as practicable, I intended to clear out 
the valley of the Kanawha. 

This letter contained the plan of campaign which was 
eventually carried into effect ; and it must be observed that 
its object was simply to drive the enemy out of Western Vir 
ginia, and hold it for the general government. 

The movement upon which I was now entering was not in 
consequence of any specific orders I received from Washing- 
ton, nor was it a part of any general system of operations. 
My department was invaded by the enemy, and I proceeded 
forthwith to drive them out. The idea, very generally enter- 
tained, that my operations were intended to aid Gen. Patter- 
son, to threaten Winchester, or menace Richmond, was an 
erroneous one. I was never informed of the intended plan of 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTEEN VIRGINIA. 21 

campaign in the East, and my suggestion as to movements 
without the bounds of my department towards the East had 
not been entertained. I regarded the movement into Western 
Virginia as a mere interlude, which served to accustom the 
the troops to marches, hardships, and combats, and I intended 
to return to Cincinnati when it was over, in order to resume 
the preparations for the more important movements upon 
East Tennessee, which would, I hoped, soon be undertaken. 

While at Grafton, the following addresses to the inhabitants 
of West Virginia and to the troops were issued, as called for 
by circumstances at the time : 

Head-Quarters, Department of the Ohio, 
Gbaeton, Va., June 23, 1861. 

To THE Inhabitants of Western Virginia, — 

The army of this department, headed by Virginia troops, is 
rapidly occupying all Western Virginia. This is done in co- 
operation with, and in support of such civil authorities of the 
State as are faithful to the constitution and laws of the United 
States. The proclamation issued by me, under date of May 
26, 1861, will be strictly maintained. Your houses, families, 
property, and all your rights will be religiously respected ; we 
are enemies to none but armed rebels, and those voluntarily 
giving them aid. All officers of this army will be held re- 
sponsible for the most prompt and vigorous action in repressing 
disorder, and punishing aggression by those under their com- 
mand. 

To my great regret, I find that enemies of the United States 
continue to carry on a system of hostilities prohibited by the 
laws of war among belligerant nations, and of course far more 
wicked and intolerable when directed against loyal citizens 
engaged in the defense of the common government of all. 
Individuals and marauding parties are pursuing a guerrilla 
warfare — firing upon sentinels and pickets, burning bridges, 
insulting, injuring, and even killing citizens, because of their 
Union sentiments, and committing many kindred acts. 

I do now therefore make proclamation, and warn all per- 
sons, that individuals or parties engaged in this species of war- 



22 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA, 

fare — iri-egular in every view which can be taken of it — thus 
attacking sentinels, pickets, or other soldiers, destroying pub- 
lic or private property, or committing injuries against any of 
the inhabitants because of Union sentiments or conduct, will 
be dealt with, in their persons and property, according to thp 
severest rules of military law. 

All persons giving information or aid to the public enemies, 
will be arrested and kept in close custody ; and all persons 
found bearing arms, unless of known loyalty, will be arrested 
and held for examination. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 
Major-General U. S. A., Comd'g. 

Head-Quarters, Department of the Ohio, 
Grafton, Va., June 25th, 18G1. 

To THE Soldiers of the Army of the West : 

You are here to support the government of your country 
and to protect the lives and liberties of your brethren, threat- 
ened by a rebellious and traitorous foe. No higher and nobler 
duty could devolve upon you, and I expect you to bring to its 
performance the highest and noblest qualities of soldiers — dis- 
cipline, courage, and mercy. I call upon the officers of every 
grade to enforce the strictest discipline, and I know that those 
of all grades, privates and officers, will display in battle cool 
heroic courage, and will know how to show mercy to a dis- 
armed enemy. 

Bear in mind that you are in the country of friends, not of 
enemies ; that you are here to protect, not to destroy. Take 
nothing, desti'oy nothing, unless you are ordered to do so by 
your general officers. Remember that I have pledged my 
word to the people of Western Virginia, that their rights in 
person and property shall be respected. I ask every one of 
you to make good this promise in its broadest sense. We 
come here to save, not to upturn. I do not appeal to the fear 
of punishment, but to your appreciation of the sacredness of 
the cause in Avhich Ave are engaged. Carry with you into bat- 
tle the conviction that you are right, and that God is on your 
side. 

Your enemies have violated every moral law — neither God 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 2? 

nor man can sustain them. They have without cause rebelled 
against a mild and paternal government ; they have seized 
upon public and private property ; they have outraged the 
persons of Northern men merely because they came from the 
North, and of Southern Union men merely because they loved 
the Union ; they have placed themselves beneath contempt, 
unless they caff retrieve some honor on the field of battle. 
You will pursue a different course. You will be honest, brave 
and merciful ; you will respect the right of private opinion ; 
you will pnnish no man for opinion's sake. Show to the 
world that you differ from our enemies in the points of honor, 
honesty, and respect for private opinion, and that we inaugu- 
rate no reign of terror where we go. 

Soldiers ! I have heard that there was danger here. I have 
come to place myself at your head and to share it with you. 
I fear now but one thing — that you will not find foemen 
worthy of your steel. I know that I can rely upon you. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g. 

It was not until the last of June that the necessary arrange- 
ments for an advance were completed ; these preparations 
were much retarded by the fact that while in West Virginia 
I had no experienced quarter-master with me until the day be- 
fore I left Grafton for Buckhannon. 

It may be well to state here that the greatest difficulty had 
been experienced at first from the almost entire want of in- 
structed oflBcers for the various staff departments. Much time 
and expense would have been saved had we been better pro- 
vided in this respect at an earlier day. 

Before moving from Grafton the troops in the field were 
assigned as follows : 

Phillippi. Brigadier-General Morris Avith the Sixth, Sev- 
enth, and Ninth Indiana, Fourteenth Ohio, three companies of 
Fifteenth Ohio, four companies of Sixteenth Ohio, four com- 
panies of First Virginia, and Colonel Barnett's Ohio Battery ; 
the Sixth Ohio was subsequently assigned to this command. 

Grafton, etc. Brigadier-General Hill, Ohio Militia, in 
charge of the defense of the railroad and Cheat River, with 



24 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTEEN VIRGINIA. 

the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth and Twenty- 
second Ohio State troops and Captain Dahu's Virginia Bat- 
tery ; other Ohio troops were subsequently added to this com- 
mand. 

Active Column tinder my own Command. First Brigade, 
Brigadier-General Rosecrans, Eighth and Tenth Indiana, Sev- 
enteenth and Nineteenth Ohio ; the Seventeenth Ohio was subse- 
quently replaced by the Thirteenth Indiana. Second Brigade, 
Brigadier-General Schleich, with Third, Fourth, Seventh, and 
Tenth Ohio ; the Seventh and Tenth were both detached, and 
did not rejoin the main column during the continuance of ac- 
tive operations. 

Attached to Head-quarters. Captains Barker's and Burd- 
sall's companies of cavalry. Captains Howe's and Loomis's 
Batteries, Ninth Ohio Volunteers, Company I, Fourth United 
States Artillery, company Chicago Rifles, two companies Sec- 
ond Virginia Infantry. 

On the 27th June General Morris was directed to proceed 
next morning to Phillippi and assume command of the forces 
at that place. His instructions were to place his command in 
an attitude to move upon the shortest notice ; to keep a 
watchful eye on the enemy in his front, and to follow closely 
should they retreat ; and if he learned that any portion had 
retreated by the roads leading to the north and east, to endea- 
vor to cut them off and destroy them. 

General Hill, who relieved General Morris at Grafton, re- 
ceived special instructions as to guarding the base of opera- 
tions, and was directed to pay particular attention to the 
Cheat River line. The theatre of operations was that portion 
of Western Virginia contained between the Ohio and Cheat 
Rivers in one direction, between the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road and the Great Kanawha and Gauley Rivers in the other. 
The affluents of the Monougahela and the two Kanawhas 
divide this region into a number of narrow valleys, sepa- 
rated by rough and difficult hills, which become true moun 
tains as they approach the heads of the Little Kanawha 
and the west fork of the Monougahela. The roads prac- 
ticable for AvagonS are few, narrow and difficult. As cul- 
tivation is generally confined to the valleys, and the moun- 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 25 

tain sides ave obstructed by rocks and a dense growth of 
timber and underbrush, it is diificnlt even for skirmishers 
to move across the country, and it is not possible for troops 
and trains to march elsewhere than on the narrow roads. 
Positions suitable for handling artillery are rare, and cavalry 
is useful in that district only to convey intelligence. The 
resources of the country are inconsiderable. There are few 
regions more difficult for the operations of large bodies of 
troops. The only practicable wagon roads leading across the 
mountains into this region, between Lewisburg and Moorfield, 
unite at Huttonsville near the head of Tygart's Valley River ; 
from this point northward, there is no practicable wagon road 
across the mountains until the road leading from Leedsville 
via St. George to West Union and Moorfield is reached. The 
main turnpike, from Staunton to Wheeling, passes through 
Huttonsville and Bevei-ly down the Tygart's Valley ; this road 
was held and intrenched by General Garnett at Laurel Hill, 
some fifteen miles north of Beverly. At the latter place a 
good road branches off westward to Buckhannon ; this road 
was held and intrenched by Colonel Pegram at Rich Moun- 
tain, some five miles Avest of Beverly. This last road again 
forks at Buckhannon, one branch leading to Weston, the 
other to Clarksburg. About twelve miles from the latter 
place, near a bridge over Elk Creek, a cross road comes in from 
Phillippi. Premising that the mountains separating the val- 
leys are everywhere impassable for artillery, except by the 
roads mentioned, it will be easy to understand the movements 
of the campaign, which were exceedingly simple. The direct 
and natural retreat of Garnett and Pegram was via Huttons- 
ville on Staunton ; if cut oflf from that, their only chance of 
escape was via Leedsville and St. George. Upon these data 
I arranged the plan of campaign sketched in the letter of 
June 23, already referred to. On the 26th June, three regi- 
ments of Rosecrans's brigade and Loomis's battery were 
advanced from Clarksburg, twelve miles towards Buckhannon 
to Elk Bridge, where the ci'oss road branches off to Phillippi ; 
and on the same day the Ninth Ohio was moved from Web- 
ster to P.iillippi, ready at the proper time to join Rosecrans 
by the cross road above referred to. The object of these dis- 

2 



26 THE CAMPAIGN IN W E S T E R N V I R G I NI A . 

positions was to gain more room for movements, to cover the 
Elk Bridge, and to deceive the enemy as to our real intentions 
by drawing: their attention to Phillippi. General Schleich's 
brigade followed to Elk Bridge on the 28th. General Rose- 
crans, with the three regiments of his own brigade, the Ninth 
Ohio and Loomis's battery, occupied Buckhannon on the 30th. 
At four A.M., of the same day, Colonel Tyler, of the Seventh 
Ohio, occupied Weston after a night inarch of twenty-eight 
miles from Clarksburg, placed the State officers in possession 
of the Branch Bank at that place, and put a stop to guerrilla 
operations in that quarter. As Colonel Tyler was thus but 
one march from Buckhannon, he was in position to support 
the main column if necessary. He covered our base of opera- 
tions, and it was hoped that this apparently divergent move- 
ment would tend still more to confuse the enemy as to my 
real designs. General Schleich reached Buckhannon on the 
2d July. I had not intended to occupy Buckhannon, nor to 
advance beyond Elk Bridge, until prepared to pass through 
Buckhannon to Bevex-ly without halting ; but the difficulty of 
finding proper camping grounds carried some of the troops 
beyond Elk Bridge on the 28t-h, upon learning which I deter- 
mined to occupy Buckhannon, in order to prevent the enemy 
]&-om drawing su[)plies or reinforcements from that region. 
Having completed my preparations as far as possible, I left 
Clarksburg on the 1st July and reached Buckhannon on the 
2nd. Further delay was incui'red here in consequence of the 
great deficiency in transportation ; it being necessary to send 
back the trains to bring up supplies before we could proceed 
further. While waiting here, and previously at Clarksburg, 
several expeditions were sent out from Parkersburg, Weston, 
etc., to protect loyal citizens, cover the approaches to the rail- 
road, break up guerrilla paities, etc. On the 3rd, instructions 
Avere sent to General Hill informing him that, if the enemy at 
Jjaurel Hill i)ermitted us to gain their rear at Beverly, their 
only chance of escape would be by St. George, or by forcing the 
passage of the Cheat River near Rowlesburg, and directing 
him to hold his troops in readiness to act should the case 
occur. 

About this time it became certain that Generals Wise and 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTE it N VIRGINIA. 27 

Floyd had reached the Kanawha Valley Avith considerable re- 
inforcements. I therefore instructed General J. D. Cox, Ohio 
Volunteers, to proceed to that region with the First and 
Second Kentucky, the Eleventh, Twelfth and Twenty-first 
Ohio, which last regiment had been for some weeks at Galli- 
polis in observation. On the 10th July General Cox occupied 
Point Pleasant ; on the 11th, Guyandotte. The instructions, 
ent on the 2nd July, directed him to remain on the defensive 
near the mouth of Ten Mile Creek, and to hold the enemy 
near Charleston ; it being my hope to cut them off after we 
gained the Cheat Mountain Pass, He was instructed to keep 
out parties to break up the guei'rilla bands and protect Union 
men. On the 6th, General Cox was placed in command of 
the District of Kanawha, comprising the country between the 
two streams of that name. He received instructions for oc- 
cupythg Ripley, Guyandotte and Barboursville, and was in- 
formed of the steps already taken to occupy certain important 
county towns. He was now also instructed to endeavor to 
gain possession of Charleston, to drive the enemy beyond the 
Gauley Bridge, and to open communication with the main 
force under my command. 

On the 6th July, instructions were sent to General Morris, 
directing him to advance next morning to a position near 
Elliott's farm, within one and a half miles of the enemy, at 
Laurel Hill. He was instructed to accomplish this movement 
at all hazards, and from his new position to push out strong 
infantry reconnoissances to ascertain the exact position, con- 
dition, and movements of the enemy, as well as to give them 
the impression that the main attack was to be made by him. 
He was directed to watch them closely day and night, to use 
all efforts to retain the enemy at Laurel Hill, the object being 
to cut off their retreat with the main column at Beverly ; he 
was ordered to hold everything ready to pursue should they 
retreat, and to follow them closely in that event. 

Finally, he was informed of the intended movements of the 
main column. On the 8th July, General Morris was again 
enjoined to watch the enemy closely, and to follow them up 
should they attempt to retreat. 

On the lih July, the advanced guard, consisting of the 



28 THE CAMPAIGN IN WEST^KBN VIRGINIA. 

Fourth and Ninth Ohio, Loomis's battery, and the company of 
Ohio cavalry, all nnder Colonel R. L. McCook, of the Ninth 
Ohio, moved from Buckhannon to the Middle Fork Bridge ; 
they seized this important bridge after a slight skirmish, and 
halted there during the 8th to await supplies. Rosecrans's 
brigade was ordered to move to the same point at four a.m., 
on the 8th ; Schlelch's, at a later hour ; head-quarters between 
the two brigades. 

The Tenth Ohio had just arrived, and was ordered to move 
with its brigade ; but at the moment when head-quarters were 
starting, intelligence arrived of a serious attack by the enemy 
upon a detachment at Glennville, and it became necessary to 
detach that regiment to support the troops in that region. 

On the afternoon of the 9th, the main column reached 
Roaring Fork, some two miles from the intrenchments of the 
enemy ; the bridge had been destroyed, and the remainder of 
the day was spent in rebuilding the bridge, and in some 
general preliminary reconnoissances. On the morning of the 
10th, the Ninth Ohio and Loomis's battery were sent out as an 
escort to Lieutenant Poe, of the Topographical Engineers, 
charged with the reconnoissance of the enemy's position. His 
pickets w^re handsomely driven in, and the reconnoissance 
pushed to within two hundred yards of his works, with a loss 
of but one man killed, and one Avounded on our part. The 
nature of the ground, and the dense thickets surrounding the 
enemy's works rendered Lieutenant Poe's task one of extreme 
difficulty. The general result, confirmed by my own personal 
observations, was that the enemy's position was well selected 
near the foot of the mountain where the road enters the pass. 
Its very considerable natural strength had been increased by 
rough intrenchments, and by a quantity of timber felled on all 
the front and flank approaches which presented great obstacles 
to an attack. It was clear that a direct attack could succeed 
only after a great sacrifice of life, and the result of such an 
undertaking by perfectly raw troops was at least doubtful ; I 
therefore determined to attempt to turn the position by our 
right, in conformity with the intention expressed in a letter of 
July 5, to the General-in-chief, in which I stated that I ex- 
pected to find the enemy in position on Rich Mountain, just 



THB CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 29 

"west of Beverly ; that I should, if possible, turn the position to 
the south, and thus occupy the Beverly road in his rear ; to 
repeat the manoeuvre of Cerro Gordo. I added, that I would 
not depart from my intention of gaining success by ma- 
noeuvring rather than by fighting, as I was not willing to throw 
my raw troops into the teeth of artillery and intrenchments, 
if it were possible to avoid it. The 13th, 14th, and 15th 
Indiana had now arrived, or were within a day's march. 

I committed the charge of the turning movement to Gene- 
ral Rosecrans, with a command consisting of the 8th, 10th, 
and 13th Indiana, the 19th Ohio, and Burdsall's Ohio cavahy ; 
the effective force of the infantry was eighteen hundred and 
forty-two. As the route to be pursued by General Rosecrans 
was in few places more than a mountain path, while at others 
a new road had to be cut as they advanced, it was impossible 
to move artillery with this column. His instructions, which 
were given on the evening of the 10th, were, that he should 
move at four a.m., on the 11th, and follow a path which led up 
a ravine to the summit of Rich Mountain, about a mile south 
of the point where the turnpike from Buckhannon to Beverly 
crosses the crest at Hart's farm. He was provided with a 
guide. Upon gaining the crest he was to attack any force 
that might be there, and gain possession of the turnpike ; then, 
taking proper precautions to guard his rear in the direction of 
Beverly, he was to move immediately to the west upon the 
rear of Pegram's defenses. He was also instructed to send 
back a messenger every hour to report his progress. I also 
informed him that a little before noon I would have the rest 
of the troops in position to attack Pegram's works in front, 
the moment I heard the sound of his musketry immediately in 
their rear. 

In accordance with these instructions General Rosecrans 
moved upon the route indicated, and after an exceedingly diffi- 
cult and toilsome march, gained the crest of Rich Mountain 
unopposed, at about one o'clock. He rapidly formed his com- 
mand, and advanced along the crest towards the turnpike, 
before reaching which he encountered the enemy's skirmishers, 
Avho were soon driven in upon their supports at Hart's farm. 
This force numbered some six hundred men, and had two 



30 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

guns ; a small and hastily constructed log shelter was their 
only intrenchnient. General Rosecrans soon attacked this 
force in the most galhmt manner, and after a very spirited 
contest drove them in confusion, and captured their two guns. 
The fugitives retired to Pegram's intrenohments. His men 
being fetigued, General Rosecrans now halted at 2 p.m., in the 
position he had won, and failed to carry out his orders to move 
on the rear of Pegram's works. At the hour agreed upon, 
a little before noon, I formed the regiments remaining with 
me, (the 3d, 4th and 9th Ohio, 14th and 15th Indiana, Howe's 
and Loomis's batteries), in position to attack in front. 

I received no message from General Rosecrans, after a dis- 
patch dated 11 a.m. Remaining in person immediately in rear 
of the picket line, I anxiously awaited news from Rosecrans, 
or the sound of his approaching musketry. We heard the 
firing at Hart's farm, but it was distant and stationary, and 
there was no indication of Rosecrans's approach. Soon after 
the cessation of the distant firing, an officer was observed to 
ride into the intrenchments and address the garrison ; we could 
not distinguish the words he uttered, but his speech was 
followed by prolonged cheering, which impressed many with 
the belief, that it had fared badly with our detachment. 

While waiting, I again sent Lieut. Poe to find a position 
from which our artillery could command the works ; late in 
the afternoon, I received his report that he had found one, 
and immediately sent a working party to cut a road to it. It 
was too late to get the guns in position before dark, and, as I 
had not yet received a word from General Rosecrans, I re- 
turned to camp with the command, leaving only the pickets, 
and a guard for tlie working party. Being now somewhat 
alarmed as to the fate of our detachment, I determined to put 
the guns in position immediately after day-break, and, after 
shelling the works, to attack, ii» order to relieve Rosecrans. 

As the troops were much fatigued, some delay occurred in 
moving from camp in the morning, and just as the guns were 
moving into position, the pickets sent intelligence, that the 
enemy had evacuated their works during the night, and fled 
over the mountains, leaving their wounded, all their guns, 
means of transportation, ammunition, tents and baggage. 



THE CAMPA.IGN IN WESTERN VIEGINTA. 31 

Then, for the first time since 11 o'clock the preceding day, 1 
heard from General Rosecrans, who now informed me of what 
had transpired. Leaving Rosecrans's command to rest, and 
take care of the captured property, I pushed on without a mo- 
ment's delay, to Beverly, with the rest of the command. On 
reaching that place, I at once posted a portion of the troops in 
position to resist Garnett, should he endeavor to reach Hut- 
tonsville ; and another portion to repel any reinforcements to 
the enemy, arriving from the direction of the latter place. 

When Colonel Pegram abandoned his works, he endeavored 
to join General Garnett at Laurel Hill, but the position of our 
troops preventing this, he was reduced to the alternative of 
starvation or surx'ender. On the morning of the 13th, he sent 
to me a messenger with a pi'oposition to surrender, and I at 
once received his command as prisoners. A portion of his 
command had escaped singly through the mountains, but the 
number included in the surrender, was 33 officers, and 560 men. 
Had General Rosecrans been able to follow his instructions, 
and moved direct upon Pegram, none of his command could 
have escaped. At 1 p.m. on the 12th, immediately after reach- 
ing Beverly, instructions were sent to General Rosecrans, to 
forward the wounded to that place, and, leaving a small guard 
over the severely wounded and the captured property, to 
move his command at once to Beverly. Receiving definite 
information during the night of the 12th and 13th, that Gen- 
eral Garnett had retreated by the Leedsville and St. George 
road, and that the turnpike from Beverly to Phillippi was 
clear, I at once, as will hereafter appear, gave the necessary 
orders for the pursuit of Garnett, and on the morning of the 
13th, marched to Huttonsville with the 3d, 4th and 9th Ohio, and 
the 14th and 15th Indiana. Information had reached me that 
Colonel Scott's Virginia regiment, which had reached Beverly 
too late to support Pegram, had returned to Huttonsville ; and 
captured official letters, showed that strong reinforcements 
were on the march from Staunton ; I therefore determined to 
lose no time in the endeavor to gain the Cheat Mountain Pass. 
We reached Huttonsville on the afternoon of the 13th, driving 
out a small cavalry force, and occupied the debouche of the 
pass. On the nei' day, with a strong advanced guard, well 



32 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTEEN VIRGINIA. 

supported, I went to the summit of Cheat Mountain, and 
descended to the river on the other side. No enemy was 
encountered, although the pass presented many very strong 
positions, and the evidences of hasty flight were frequently 
met with, in the shape of abandoned baggage and caxnp-equip- 
age. Making arrangements for intrenching and holding the 
pass, I left the 3d Ohio, 14th and 15th Indiana, Loomis's bat- 
tery, and Burdsall's cavalry, under Brig.-Gen. Schleich, to hold 
the position, and on the 16th returned to the more central 
position of Beverly with the 4*th and 9th Ohio, Howe's bat- 
tery, and Barker's Illinois cavalry company. 

It is now time to revert to the measures taken for the pur- 
suit of the forces under Gen. Garnett. That ofiicer, during 
the night of the 11th and 12th, upon hearing the result of the 
afiair of Rich Mountain, immediately took steps to effect his 
retreat. During the night he abandoned his position at Laurel 
Hill, and marched towards Beverly. Arriving within five miles 
of that place, he found that it was impossible to escape in that 
direction, and at once retraced his steps to Leedsville, obstruct- 
ing the roads behind him by felling trees. 

Unfortunately, the extreme darkness of the night, prevented 
the discovery of the evacuation by General Morris's pickets, 
until shortly after daylight. The usual difficulty and delay 
in getting new troops started on the march, and the necessity 
of feeling the way cautiously through so difficult a country, 
gave the enemy still further advantage, so that it was late in 
the afternoon before our advance reached Leedsville ; the main 
body of the command did not get up until late at night, not- 
withstanding all the efforts of General Morris, At 4 a.m. on 
the 13th, General Morris resumed the pursuit, over very diffi- 
" cult mountain roads, in a heavy rain. 

His advance, consisting of the 14th Ohio, 7th and 9th 
Indiana, and a section of Barnett's battery, overtook the 
enemy towards midday at the main fork of Cheat river. Under 
the direction of Captain Benham, of the U. S. Engineers, the 
enemy was promptly attacked, and driven in disorder ; the 
greater part of his baggage, and all his guns were captured or 
soon abandoned, and General Garnett himself, while gallantly 
striving to rally his rear guard, was killed. So prompt had 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 33 

been the conduct of the advance guard, that the action was 
over just as General Morris came up with the main body. The 
result of this brilliant affair at Carrick's Ford, Avas a loss to the 
enemy of some twenty killed, fifty prisoners, and two colors, 
besides their train and guns. Gen. Morris's command, which 
for thirty-six hours had been almost without food, and had 
made a most difficult march, was now too much fatigued to 
render further pursuit possible. 

During the evening of the 12th I informed Gen. Hill, then 
at Grafton, that Gen. Garnett had abandoned Laurel Hill the 
previous night, and was then moving towards Eastern Vir- 
ginia via Leedsville and St. George, and directed him to take 
the field at once with all the force he could make available to 
cut off the enemy's retreat. He was also informed that direc- 
tions had been sent to Col. Chas. J. Biddle, commanding two 
regiments of Pennsylvania State troops at Cumberland, to 
move at once to Rowlesburg by express trains, and report to 
Gen. Hill for duty. The latter was also instructed to with- 
draw several companies of the Railroad guards towards 
Wheeling and Parkersbui'g, and concentrate them by special 
trains at Rowlesburg or Oaklands, and that no time was to be 
lost. He was also informed that all the guns and baggage at 
Rich Mountain had been captured, and that at the time of 
writing, the evening of the ] 2th, Garnett was some six miles 
from Leedsville on the St. George road, with Morris in pur- 
suit. Gen. Hill acknowledged the receipt of this letter, and 
stated that measures were taken to obey the orders. 
- A railway bridge having been destroyed by the enemy west 
of Cumberland, it was impossible for Col. Biddle to carry out 
his orders without cars sent to him from the west; this could 
not be accomplished in time, and Col. Biddle was obliged to 
remain near New Creek, where he rendered all the service in 
his power, and displayed during the next few days, as he had 
already done in the past, great activity and intelligence. 

On the 13th Gen. Hill started with some two thousand five 
hundred men, followed by considerable supports, which were 
rapidly arriving by rail, and on the morning of the 14th ar- 
rived at a point beyond the Red House, one and a half miles 
from the remnants of Garnett's army, who, starved, exhausted, 

2* 



34 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

and disorganized, were seeking a little rest before continuing 
their rapid retreat. For some reason which I have never yet un- 
derstood, and which the pressure of more important cares soon 
prevented me from following up, he here abandoned the pur- 
suit, and ordered a retrograde movement when the game was 
apparently in his grasp. On the night of the loth he again 
resumed the pursuit ; on learning which I at once telegraphed 
to him, that in my opinion he should have attacked the enemy 
on the morning of the 14th, and that he had then permitted 
the favorable moment to pass ; that I could see no good result 
likely to follow from his then too extended movement, which 
was not in the spirit of his instructions, which were to cut ofi 
the enemy's retreat and not to go into the heart of Virginia ; 
that if he was not directly on the enemy's track, and sure to 
cut him off, he would, on the receipt of the dispatch, abandon 
the pursuit, which he did. 

The result of these operations was thus to give us undis- 
puted control of all that portion of Western Virginia north of 
the Great Kanawha, and of the passes leading in from the east. 
The enemy lost their general killed, and his second in com- 
mand taken prisoner, all their guns, transportation, baggage, 
camp equipage, etc., about one thousand in killed and prison- 
ers, several colors, and many small arms ; the remains of their 
force was entirely disorganzed. Our own losses in all these 
affairs were a little less than one hundred men killed and 
wounded. From the best information that could be obtained, 
the total effective force in the district under the command of 
Gen. Garnett was about eight thousand men. 

While these events were in progress our affairs in the Kana- 
wha Valley became somewhat threatening. On the 1 Gth of July 
Gen. Cox was at the mouth of the Pocataligo with four com- 
panies of the 11th Ohio, the whole of the 12th and 21st Ohio, 
five companies of the 1st Kentucky, four guns, and an imper- 
fectly equipped company of raw cavalry. The remaining five 
companies of the 1st Kentucky were at Ripley, under ordei-s 
to advance to Sissonville ; three companies of l,he 11th were 
at Point Pleasant, guarding the depot ; the 2d Kentucky was 
on the march from Guyandotte via Barboursville, where, on 
the 16th, they defeated and drove out a force of six hundred 



THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTEKN VIKCrlNlA. 35 

of the enemy. General Cox labored nnder great disadvantages ; 
his cavah-y amounted to little or nothing ; his artillery was 
weak and insufficiently manned ; his land transportation en- 
tirely inadequate, and his supplies deficient. He moved close 
to the river, carrying his baggage on steamers. He marched 
an advance guard on each bank, and held a regiment on 
steamers ready to land on either shore, as might be necessary. 
Late on the 16th he was joined by the 2d Kentucky; his force 
then being about three thousand four hundred men. 

The difficulties in the way of his advance were such that 
on the lYthhe recommended that a pai't of the force under 
my immediate command should move into the upper part of 
the Kanawha Valley from the north ; this request was re- 
peated on the 19th, On that day Colonel Lowe, of the 
Twelfth Ohio, with his own regiment, a detachment from the 
Twenty-first Ohio, a few cavalry and two guns, in all ten 
hundred and twenty men, came in contact with the enemy on 
the banks of' Scary Creek. Colonel Lowe at once attacked, 
and according to his report, was on the point of achieving 
success when his ammunition gave out, and reinforcements 
arrived to the enemy ; when he fell back in good order, with a 
loss of nine killed, thirty-eight wounded and nine missing. 
He estimated the enemy's original force at sixteen hundred, 
their reinforcements at six hundred. On the second day after 
this affiiir the enemy fell back on Charleston. 

Upon receiving information of these events I determined to 
move at once in person to the Kanawha Valley via Suttons- 
ville, Summerville and Dogwood Ridge, and thus cut off 
whatever force might be in the lower valley. The troops 
designated to accompany me were the 4th, 6th, Yth, 9th and 
13th Ohio, and 1st Virginia. The preparations were being 
rapidly made, the troops were in motion to the rendezvous, and 
General Cox had been informed of my general plans, when on 
the 2 2d July I received the order directing me to turn ove. 
my command to General Rosecrans, and proceed at once U 
AVashington to assume command of the troops in that vicinity. 

At the time of taking the field in the Department of the 
Ohio, the following was the composition of the stafi": 

Major Seth Williams, Assistant Adjutant-General; Captaiq 



36 THE CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA. 

JST. IT. McLean, Assistant Adjutant-General ; Major R. B, 
Ma/icy, Acting Inspector-General ; Captain John H. Dicker- 
son, Chief Quartermaster ; Captain R. Saxton, Assistant 
Quartermaster ; Captain Wm. Craig, Assistant Quartermas- 
ter ; Captain W. W. Burns, Chief Commissary ; Captain R 
Macfeely, Assistant Commissary ; Surgeon J. J. B. Wright 
Medical Director ; Surgeon G. G, Shumard, Surgeon-General 
Ohio State Troops ; Captain H. W. Benham, Senior Engineer 
Lieutenant O. M. Poe, Topographical Engineer ; Captain C 
P. Kingsbury, Cliief of Ordnance ; Lieutenant S. Crispin, 
Assistant Chief of Ordnance ; Colonel T. M. Key, Judge Ad- 
vocate ; Lieutenant L. A. Williams, A. D. C ; Lieutenant 
Jos. KiRKLAND, A. D. C ; Colonel F. W. Lander, Volunteer 
Aid-de-Carap ; Colonel Wm. M. Dunn, Volunteer Aid-de-Camp. 

It was through the cordial support and earnest efforts of 
these officers that it became possible to organize the troops 
and achieve success in the field. Colonel Lander accompanied, 
by my order, the troops who moved in May from- Parkersburg 
to Grafton, and also the column to PhiJiippi, where he took a 
prominent part in the affair. Subsequently at Rich Mountain, 
he accompanied the column under General Rosecrans, and 
there, too, distinguished himself in the encouragement and 
example he afforded the troops by his cool bravery under a 
severe fire. 

In this brief campaign the telegraph was extensively used 
in the field operations ; the line was constructed as the army 
marched forward, and we were seldom without an office 
at head-quarters. Great credit is due to the superin- 
tendent, Mr. A. Stager, for his energy and intelligence. 

I cannot close this brief narrative without bearing testimony 
to the good conduct, enthusiasm, and endurance of the young 
troops whom I then commanded. That they would be coura- 
geous was to be expected ; but the patience and endurance 
they evinced under long marches, privations, and fatigue, ex 
ceeded all my anticipations. Their demeanor in this, their 
first campaign, gave promise of the achievements in which 
they have since participated on many hard fought fields. 



REPORT. 

FIRST PERIOD. 

New York, August 4th, 1863. 
Brigadiee-Geneeal L. Thomas, 

Adjutant- General U. S. Army. 

Sir: — I have the honor to submit herein tho Official Re- 
port of the operations of the Army of the Potomac, while 
under my charge. Accompanying it are the reports of the 
corps, division and subordinate commanders, pertaining to 
the various engagements, battles and occurrences of the cam- 
paigns, and important documents connected with its organi- 
zation, supply and movements. These, with list of maps and 
memoranda submitted, will be found appended, duly arranged 
and marked for convenient reference. 

Charged, in the spring of 1861, with the operations in the 
department of the Ohio, which included the States of Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, and latterly. Western Virginia, it had become 
my duty to counteract the hostile designs of the enemy in 
Western Virginia, which were immediately directed to the 
destruction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the pos- 
session of the Kanawha Valley, with the ultimate object of 
gaining Wheeling, and the control of the Ohio River. The 
successful aifairs of Phillippi, Rich Mountain, Carrick's Ford, 
etc., had been fought, and I had acquired possession of aU 
Western Virginia, north of the Kanawha Valley, as well as of 
the lower portion of that valley. 

I had determined to proceed to the relief of the upper 
Kanawha Valley, as soon as provision was made for the per- 



38 FIKST PEEIOD. 

manent defense of the mountain passes leading from the east 
into the region under our control, when I received at Beverly, 
in Randolph County, on the 21st of July, 1861, intelligence of 
the unfortunate result of the battle of Manassas, jfought on 
that day. 

On the 22d, I received an order by telegraph, directing me 
to tui'n over my command to Brig.-Gen. Rosecrans, and repair 
at once to Washington. 

I had already caused reconnoissances to be made for intrench- 
ments at the Cheat Mountain Pass ; also on the Huntersville 
road, near Elk water, and at Red House, near the main road 
from Romney to Grafton. During the afternoon and the night 
of the 22nd, I gave the final instructions for the construction 
of these works, turned over the command to Brig.-Gen. Rose- 
crans, and started, on the morning of the 23d, for Washington, 
arriving there on the afternoon of the 26th. On the 2'7th, I 
assumed command of the Division of the Potomac, comprising 
the troops in and around Washington, on both banks of the 
river. 

With this brief statement of the events which immediately 
preceded my being called to the command of the troops at 
Washington, I proceed to an account from such authentic data 
as are at hand, of my military operations while commander of 
the Army of the Potomac. 

The subjects to be considered, naturally arrange themselves 
as follows : The organization of the Army of the Potomac ; 
the military events connected with the defenses of Washing- 
ton, from July, 1861, to March, 1862; the campaign on the 
Peninsula, and that in Maryland. 

The great resources and capacity for powerful resistance, of 
the South, at the breaking out of the rebellion, and the full 
proportions of the great conflict about to take place, were 
sought to be carefully measured ; and I had also endeavored, 
by every means in my power, to impress upon the authorities 
the necessity for such immediate and full preparation as alone 
would enable the government to prosecute the war on a scale 
commensurate with the resistance to be oflTered. 

On the 4th of August, 1861, I addi-essed to the President, 
the following memorandum, prepared at his request: 



MEMOBANDUM. 39 



MEMORANDUM. 

The object of the present war differs from those in which 
nations are usually engaged, mainly in this : That the purpose 
of ordinary war is to conquer a peace, and make a treaty on 
advantageous terms. In this contest, it has become necessary 
to crush a population sufficiently numerous, intelligent aid 
warlike to constitute a nation. We have not only to defeat 
their' ai-med and organized forces in the field, but to display 
such an overwhelming strength as will convince all our antag- 
onists, especially those of the governing aristocratic class, of 
the utter impossibility of resistance. Our late reverses make 
this course imperative. Had we been successful in the recent 
battle ^lanassas), it is possible that we might have been 
spared the labor and expense of a great effort ; now we have 
no alternative. Their success will enable the political leaders 
of the rebels to convince the mass of their people that we are 
inferior to them in force and courage, and to command all 
their resources. The contest began with a class ; now it is 
with a people, our military success can alone restore the former 
issue. 

By thoroughly defeating their armies, taking their strong 
places, and pursuing a rigidly protective policy as to private 
property, and unarmed persons, and a lenient course as to pri- 
vate soldiers, we may well hope for a permanent restoration of 
a peaceful Union. But, in the first instance, the authority of 
the government must be supported by overwhelming physical 
force. 

Our foreign relations and financial credit also imperatively 
demand that the military action of the government should be 
prom]:)t and irresistible. 

The rebels have chosen Virginia as their battle-field, and it 
Beems proper for us to make the first great struggle there. 
But while thus directing our main efforts, it is necessary to 
diminish the resistance there offered us, by movements on other 
points, both by land and water. 

Without entering at present into details, I would advise that 



40 FIKSTPEKIOD. 

a Strong movement be made on the Mississippi, and that the 
rebels be dri\ en out of Missouri. 

As soor as it becomes perfectly clear that Kentucky is cor- 
dially united with us, I would advise a movement through that 
State into Eastern Tennessee, for the purpose of assisting the 
Union men of that region, and of seizing the railroads leading 
■^rom Memphis to the east. 

The possession of those roads by us, in connection with the 
movement on the Mississippi, would go far towards determining 
the evacuation of Virginia by the rebels. In the meantime, all 
the passes into "Western Virginia, from the east, should be 
securely guarded ; but I would ad^'ise no movement from that 
quarter towards Richmond, unless the political condition of 
Kentucky renders it impossible, or inexpedient for us to make 
the movement upon Eastern Tennessee, through that State. 
Every effort should, however, be made to organize, equip and 
arm as many troops as possible in Western Virginia, in order 
to render the Ohio and Indiana regiments available for other 
operations. At as early a day as practicable, it would be well 
to protect and re-open the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Baltimore and Fort Monroe should be occupied by garrisons 
sufficient to retain them in our possession. The importance 
of Harper's Ferry and the line of the Potomac, in the direction 
of Leesburg, will be very materially diminished so soon as our 
force in this vicinity becomes organized, strong and efficient, 
because no capable general will cross the river, north of this 
city, when we have a strong army here, ready to cut off his 
retreat. 

To revert to the "West, it is probable that no very large ad- 
ditions to the troops now in Missouri, will be necessary to 
secure that State. 

I presume that the force required for the movement down 
the Mississippi, will be determined by its commander and the 
President. If Kentucky assumes the right position, not more 
than 20,000 troops will be needed, together with those that 
can be raised in that State and Eastern Tennessee, to secure 
the latter region and its railroads, as well as ultimately to oc- 
cupy Xashville. 

The Western Virginia troops, with not more than 5,000 to 



MBMOBAXDUM. 41 

10,000 from Ohio and Indiana, should, xinder proper manage- 
ment, suffice for its protection. When we have reorganized 
our main army here, 10,000 men ought to be enough to protect 
the Baltimore and Ohio Raih-oad and the Potomac. Five 
thousand will garrison Baltimore, 3,000 Fort Monroe, and not 
more than 20,000 will be necessary, at the utmost, for the de- 
fense of Washington. 

For the main army of operations, I urge the folloAving com- 
position : 

250 Regiments of Infantry, say 225,000 men. 

100 Field Batteries, 600 guns 15.000 " 

28 Regiments Cavalry 25.500 " 

5 " Engineer troops - ------ 7.500 " 

Total 273,000 

The force must be supplied with the necessary engineer 
and pontoon trains, and with transportation for every thing 
save tents. Its general line of operations should be so di- 
rected that water transportation can be availed of, from point 
to point, by means of the ocean and the rivers emptying into it. 
An essential feature of the plan of operations, will be the em- 
ployment of a strong naval force, to protect the movements 
of a fleet of transports intended to convey a considerable body 
of troops from point to point of the enemy's sea-coast, thus, 
either creating diversions, and rendering it necessary to detach 
largely from their main body, in order to protect such of their 
cities as may be threatened, or else landing and. forming 
establishments on their coast at any favorable places that 
opportunity might offer. This naval force should also co- 
operate ■nith the main army, in its efforts to seize the impor- 
tant sea-board towns of the rebels. 

It cannot be ignored that the construction of railroads, h?s 
introduced a new and very important element into war, by 
the great facilities thus given for concentrating at particular 
positions, large masses of troops from remote sections, and by 
creating new strategic points and lines of operations. It is 
intended to overcome this difficulty by the partial operations 
suggested, and such other, as the particular case may requii'e. 



42 FIRST PERIOD. 

We must endeavor to seize places on the railways, in the rear 
of the enemy's points of concentration, and we must threaten 
their sea-board cities, in order that each State may be forced, 
by the necessity of its own defense, to diminish its contingent 
to the Confederate army. 

The proposed movement down the Mississippi, will produce 
important results in this connection. That advance, and the 
progress of the main army at the East, will materially assist 
each other by diminishing the resistance to be encountered 
by each. The tendency of the Mississippi movement upon all 
questions connected with cotton, is too well understood by 
the President and Cabinet, to need any illustration from me. 
There is another independent movement which has often been 
suggested, and Avhich has always recommended itself to my 
judgment. I refer to a movement from Kansas and Nebraska, 
through the Indian Territory upon Red River and Western 
Texas, for the purpose of protecting and developing the latent 
Union and free state sentiment, well known to predominate 
in Western Texas, and which, like a similar sentiment in 
Western Vii'ginia, will, if protected, ultimately organize that 
section into a free state. How far it will be possible to sup- 
port this movement by an advance through New Mexico from 
California, is a matter which I have not sufficiently examined 
to be able to express a decided opinion. If at all practicable, 
it is eminently desirable, as bringing into play the resources 
and warlike qualities of the Pacific States, as well as identify- 
ing them with our cause, and cementing the bond of Union 
between- them and the General Government. 

If it is not departing too far from my province, I will ven- 
ture to suggest the policy of an intimate alliance and cordial 
understanding with Mexico; their sympathies and interests 
are with us ; their antipathies exclusively against our enemies, 
and their institutions. I think it would not be difficult to 
obtain from the Mexican government the right to use, at least 
during the present contest, the road from Guyamas to New 
Mexico. This concession would very materially reduce the 
obstacles of the column moving from the Pacific. A similar 
pel-mission to use their territory for the passage of troops be- 
tween the Panueo and the Rio Grande, would enable us to 



MEMORANDUM. 43 

throw 'a column of troops, by a good road from Tampico, oi 
some of the small harbors north of it, upon and across the Rio 
Grande, without risk, and scarcely firing a shot. To what ex- 
tent, if any, it would be desirable to take into service and em- 
ploy Mexican soldiers, is a question entirely political, on which 
I do not venture to offer an opinion. 

The force I have recommended is large, the expense is great. 
It is possible that a smaller force might accomplish the object 
in view ; but I understand it to be the purpose of this great 
nation to re-establish the. power of its government, and to 
restore peace to its citizens, in the shortest possible time. The 
question to be decided is simply this : shall we crush the re- 
bellion at one blow, terminate the war in one campaign, or 
shall we leave it for a legacy to our descendants ? 

When the extent of the possible line of operations is con 
sidered, the force asked for the main army under my command 
cannot be regarded as unduly large. Every mile we advance 
carries us further from our base of operations, and renders 
detachments necessary to cover our communications, while the 
enemy will be constantly concentrating as he falls back. I 
propose, with the force which I have requested, not only to 
drive the enemy out of Virginia and occupy Richmond, but to 
occupy Chai-leston, Savannah, Montgomery, Pensacola, Mobile 
and New Orleans ; in other words, to move into the heart of 
the enemy's country, and crush out the rebellion in its very 
heart. 

By seizing and repairing the railroads as we advance, the 
difficulties of transportation will be materially diminished. It 
is perhaps unnecessary to state, that in addition to the forces 
named in this memorandum, strong reserves should be formed, 
ready to supply any losses that may occur. 

" In conclusion, I would submit that the exigencies of the 
treasury may be lessened by making only partial payments to 
our troops, when in the enemy's country, and by giving the 
obligations of the United States for such supplies as may there 
be obtained. « 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GreneraL 



44 FIRSTPEBIOD. t 

I do not think the events of the war have proved these 
views, upon the methods and plans of its conduct, altogether 
incorrect. They certainly have not proved my estimate of the 
number of troops and scope of operations too large. It is 
probable that I did under-estimate the time necessary for the 
completion of arms and equipments. It was not strange, how- 
ever, that by many civilians intrusted with authority there 
should have been an exactly opposite opinion held in both 
these particulars. 

The result of the first battle of Manassas had been almost to 
destroy the morale and organization of our army, and to alarm 
government and people. The national capital was in danger. 
It was necessary, besides holding the enemy in check, to build 
works for its defense, strong and capable of being held by a 
small force. 

It was necessaiy also to create a new army for active opera- 
tions, and to expedite its organization, equipment, and the 
accumulation of the material of war, and to this not incon- 
siderable labor all ray energies for the next three months were 
constantly devoted. 

Time is a necessary element in the creation of armies, and I 
do not therefore think it necessary to more than mention tlie 
impatience with which many regarded the delay in the arrival 
of the new levies, though recruited and pressed forward with 
unexampled rapidity — ^the manufacture and supply of arms 
and equipments, or the vehemence with which an immediate 
advance upon the enemy's works directly in our front was 
urged by a patriotic but sanguine j)eople. 

The President too was anxious for the speedy employment 
of our army, and although possessed of my plans through fi-e- 
quent conferences, desired a paper from me upon the cond/tion 
of the forces under my command, and the immediate measures 
to be taken to increase their efficiency. Accordingly, in the 
latter part of October, I addressed the following letter to the 
Secretary of War : 

To THE Hon. Simon Cameron, 
Secretary of War : 
Sir, — In conformity with a personal understanding with 



LETTER TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR 45 

the President, yesterday, I have the honor to submit the fol- 
lowing statement of the condition of the array under ray com- 
mand, and the measures required for the preservation of the 
government and the suppression of the rebellion : — • 

It will be remembered that, in a memorial I had the honor 
to address to the President soon after my arrival in Washing- 
ton, and in my communication addressed to Lieut.-General 
Scott, under date of 8th of August; in my letter to the Presi- 
dent authorizing him, at his request, to withdraw the letter 
written by. me to General Scott ; and in my letter of the 8th 
of September, answering your note of inquiry of that date, my 
views on the same subject are frankly and fully expressed. 

In these several communications I have stated the force 1 
regarded as necessary to enable this aiTOy to advance with a 
reasonable certainty of success, at the same time leaving the 
capital and the line of the Potomac sufficiently guarded, not 
only to secure the retreat of the main army, in the event of 
disaster, but to render it out of the enemy's power to attempt 
a diversion in Maryland. 

So much time has passed, and the winter is approaching so 
rapidly, that but two courses are left to the government, viz., 
either to go into winter quarters, or to assume the offensive 
with forces greatly inferior in numbers to the army I regarded 
as desirable and necessary. 

If political considerations render the first course unadvisable 
the second alone remains. "While I regret that it has not been 
deemed expedient, or perhaps possible to concentrate the 
forces of the nation in this vicinity, (remaining on the defensive 
elsewhere,) keeping the attention and efforts of the govern- 
ment fixed upon this as the vital point, where the issue of the 
great contest is to be decided, it may still be that, by intro- 
ducing unity of action and design among the various armies 
of the land, by determining the courses to be pursued by the 
various commanders under one general plan, transferring from 
the other armies the superfluous strength not required for the 
purpose in view, and thus re-enforcing this main army, whose 
destiny it is to decide the controversy, we may yet be able to 
move with a reasonable prospect of success before the Avinter 
is fairly upon us. The nation feels, and I share that feeling, 



46 FIRST PKEIOD, 

that the army of the Potomac holds the fate of the country in 
its hands. The stake is so vast, the issue so momentous, and 
the effect of the next battle will be so important througliout 
the future, as well as the jjresent, that I continue to urge, as I 
have ever done since I entered upon the command of this 
army, upon the government to devote its energies and its 
available resources towards increasing the numbers and 
efficiency of the army on which its salvation depends. 

A statement, carefully prepared by the chiefs of engineers 
and artillery of this army, gives as the necessary garrison of 
this city aud its fortifications 33,795 men — say 35,000. The 
present garrison of Baltimore and its dependencies is about 
10,000. I have sent the chief of my staff to make a careful 
examination into the condition of these troops, and to obtain 
the information requisite to enable me to decide whether this 
number can be diminished or the reverse. At least 5,000 men 
will be required to watch the river hence to Harper's Ferry 
and its vicinity ; probably 8,000 to guard the lower Potomac. 

As you are aware, all the information we have from spies, 
prisoners, &c., agree in showing that the enemy have a force 
on the Potomac not less than 150,000 strong, well drilled and 
equipped, ably commanded and strongly intrenched. It is 
plain, therefore, that to ensure success, or to render it reason- 
ably certain, the active army should not number less than 
150,000 efficient troops, with 400 guns, unless some materia) 
change occurs in the tbrce in front of us. 

The requisite force for an advance movement by the army 
of the Potomac may be ihus estimated : 

Column of active operations - - - - - 150,000 men, 400 guns, 
Garrison of the city of Washington • - - 35,000 " 40 " 
To guard the Potomac to Harper's Ferry - 5,000 " 12 " 

To guard the lower Potomac 8,000 " 24 " 

Garrison for Baltimore and Annapolis - - 10,000 " 12 " 



Total effective force required - - - 208,000 men, 488-gun3. 

Or an aggregate, present and absent, of about 240,000 men, 
should the losses by sickness, &c., not rise to a higher per- 
centage than at present. 



LETTER TO THE SECRETARY OF "WAR. 47 

Having stated what I regard as the requisite force to enable 
this army to advance, I now proceed to give the actual strength 
of the army of the Potomac. 

The aggregate strength of the army of the Potomac by the 
official report on the morning of the 27th instant was 168,318 
officers and men of all grades and arms. This includes the 
troops at Baltimore and Annapolis, on the upper and lower 
Potomac, the sick, absent, &c. 

The force present for duty was 147,695. Of this number 
4,268 cavalry were completely unarmed, 3,163 cavalry only 
partially armed, 5,979 infantry unequipped, making 13,410 
unfit for the field, (irrespective of those not yet sufficiently 
drilled,) and reducing the effective force to 134,285, and the 
number disposable for an advance to 76,285. The infantry 
regiments are, to a considerable extent, armed with unservice- 
able weapons — quite a large number of good arms, which had 
been intended for this army, were ordered elsewhere, leaving 
the army of the Potomac insufficiently and, in some cases, 
badly armed. 

On the 30th of September thei*e Avere with this army 228 
field guns ready for the field, so far as arms and equipments 
are concerned : some of the batteries are still quite raw, and 
unfit to go into action. I have intelligence that eight new 
batteries are en route hither : two others are ready for the 
field. I will still (if the 'New York batteries have six guns 
each) be 112 guns short of the number required for the active 
column, saying nothing for the present of those necessary for 
the garrisons and corps on the Potomac, which would make a 
total deficiency of 200 guns. 

I have thus briefly stated our present condition and wants; 
it remains to suggest the means of supplying the deficiencies. 

First. That all the cavalry and infantry arms, as fast as 
procured, whether manufactured in this country or purchased 
abroad, be sent to this army, until it is fully prepared for the 
field. 

Second. That the two companies of the 4th artiilery, now 
understood to be en route from Fort Randall to Fort Monioe, 
be ordered to this army, to be moimted at once ; also that the 



48 FIRST PERIOD. 

companies of the 3d artillery, en route from California, be sent 
here. Had not the order for Smead's battery to come here 
from Harrisburg, to replace the battery I gave General 
Sherman, been so often countermanded, I would again ask 
for it. 

, Third. That a more effective regulation may be made, 
authorizing the trans^fer of men from the volunteers to the 
regular batteries, infantry and cavalry; that we may make 
the best possible use of the invaluable regular. " skeletons." 

Fourth. I have no official information as to the United 
States' forces elsewhere ; but from the best information I can 
obtain from the AVar Department, and other sources, I am 
led to believe that the United States troops are, 

In Westeru Virginia about 30,000 

In Kentucky about 40,000 

In Missouri " 80,000 

In Fortress Monroe about --- 11,000 



Total, - - 161,000 

Besides these, I am informed that more than 100,000 are 
in progress of organization in other northern and western 
states. 

I would therefore recommend that, not interfering with 
Kentucky, there should be retained in Western Virginia and 
Missouri a sufficient force for defensive purposes, and that the 
surplus troops be sent to the army of the Potomac, to enable 
it to assume the offensive ; that the same course be pursued 
in respect to Fortress Monroe, and that no further outside 
expeditions be attem])ted until Ave have fought the great battle 
in front of us. 

Fifth. That every nerve be strained to hasten the enroll- 
ment, organization, and armament of new batteries and regi- 
ments of infantry. 

Sixth. That all the battaUons now raised for the new regi- 
ments of regular infantry be at once ordered to this army, 
and that the old infantry and cavalry en route from California, 



LKTTEE TO THE SBCKETART OV WAK. 49 

be ordered to this army immediately on their arrival in New 
York. 

I have thus indicated, in a general manner, the objects to 
be accomplished, and the means by which we may gain our 
ends. 

A vigorous employment of these means will, in my opinion, 
enable the army of the Potomac to assume successfully, this 
season, the oifensive operations which, ever since entering 
upon the command, it has been my anxious desire and dihgent 
effort to prej^are for and prosecute. The advance should not 
be postponed beyond the 25th of ISTovember, if possible to 
avoid it. 

Unity in councils, the utmost vigor and energy in action, 
are indispensable. The entire military field should be grasped 
as a whole, and not in detached parts. 

One plan should be agreed upon and pursued; a single Avill 
should direct and carry out these plans. 

The great object to be accomplished — the crushing defeat 
of the rebel army [now] at Manassas — should never for one 
instant be lost sight of, but all the intellect and means and 
men of the government poured upon that point. The loyal 
States possess ample force to effect all this, and more. The 
rebels have displayed energy, unanimity, and wisdom worthy 
of the most desperate days of the French Revolution — should 
"vve do less ? 

The unity of this nation, the preservation of our institutions, 
are so dear to me that I have willingly sacrificed my private 
happiness, with the single object of doing my duty to my 
country. When the task is accomplished I shall be glad to 
return to the obscurity from which events have drawn me. 

Whatever the determination of the government may be, I 
will do the best I can with the army of the Potomac, and wUl 
share its flxte, whatever may be the task imposed upon me. 

Permit me to add, that on this occasion as heretofore, it has 
been my aim neither to exaggerate nor underrate the power 
of the enemy, nor fail to express clearly the means by which, 
in my judgment, that power may be broken. Urging the 
energy of preparation and action, which has ever been my 
choice, but with the fixed purpose by no act of mine to expose 

3 



60 FIBSTPEBIOD. 

this government to hazard by premature movement, and 
requesting that' this communication may be laid before the 
President, 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully. 

Your obedient servant, 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

When I assumed command in Washington on the 27th of 
July, 1861, the number of troops in and around the city was 
about 50,000 infimtry, less than 1,000 cavalry, and G50 artillery 
men, with nine imperfect tield-batteries of tliirty pieces. 

On the Virginia bank of the Potomac the brigade organiza- 
tion of General McDowell still existed, and the troops were 
stationed at and in rear of Fort Corcoran, Arlington, and Fort 
Albany, at Fort Runyon, Roach's Mills, Cole's Mill, and in 
the vicinity of Fort Ellswortli, with a detachment at the Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

There were no troops south of Hunting Creek, and many 
of the regiments were encamped on the low grounds bordering 
the Potomac, — seldom in the best positions for defense, and 
entirely inadequate in numbers and condition to defend the 
long line from Fort Corcoran to Alexandria. 

On the Maryland side of the river, upon the heights over- 
looking the Chain Bridge, two regiments were stationed, whose 
commanders were independent of each other. 

There were no troops on the important Tenallytown road, 
or an the roads entering the city from the south. 

The camps were located without regard to purposes of 
defense or instruction ; the roads were not picketed, and 
there was no attempt at an organization into brigades. 

In no' quarter wei"e the dispositions for defense such as to 
offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy 
either in the positions and numbers of the troops, or the nura 
ber and churacter of the defensive works. Earthworks in th 
nature of " t6tes-de-pont" looked upon tlie approaches to the 
Georgetown aqueduct and ferry, the Long Bridge, and Alex- 
andria by the Little River Turnpike, and some simple defen- 
sive arrangements were made at the Chain Bridge. With 



CONDITION OF THE AKMY. 51 

the lattei exception, not a single defensive work had been 
commenced on the Maryland side. 

There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city 
from heights, within easy range, which could be occupied by 
a hostile column almost without resistance. Many soldiers 
had deserted, and the streets of Washington were crowded 
with straggling officers and men, absent from their stations 
without authority, whose behavior indicated the general Avant 
of discipline and organization. 

I at once designated an efficient staff, afterwards adding to 
it, as opportunity was offered and necessity required, who 
zealously co-operated with me in the labor of bringing order 
out of confusion, reassigning troops and commands, projecting 
and throwing up defensive M'orks, receiving and organizing, 
equipping and providing for the new levies arriving in the 
city. 

The valuable services of these officers in their various de- 
partments, during this and throughout the subsequent periods 
of the history of the army of the Potomac, can hardly be suffi- 
ciently appreciated. Their names and duties will be given in 
another part of this report, and they are commended to the 
favorable notice of the War Department. 

The restoration of order in the city of Washington was 
effected through the appointment of a provost mar:<hal, whose 
authority Avas supported by the few regular troops within my 
command. These troops were thus in position to act as a 
reserve, to be sent to any point of attack where their services 
might be most wanted. 

The energy and ability displayed by Col. A. Porter, the 
provost marshal, and his assistants, and the strict discharge 
of their duty by the troops, produced the best results, and 
Washington soon became one of the most quiet cities in the 
Union. 

The new levies of infantry, upon arriving in Washington 
were formed into provisional brigades, and placed in camp 
in the suburbs of the city for equipment, instruction, and dis- 
cipline. As soon as regiments were in fit condition for trans- 
fer to the forces across the Potomac, they were assigned to 
the brigades serving there. 



52 



FIKST PERIOD. 



Brig.-Gen. F. J. Porter, was at first assigned to the charge 
of the provisional brigades. Brig.-Gen. A. E. Burnside, was 
the next officer assigned to this duty, from which, however, 
he was soon relieved by Brig.-Gen. S. Casey, who continued 
in charge of the newly arriving regiments until the army of 
the Potomac departed for the Peninsula, in March, 1862. 
The newly arriving artillery troops, reported to Brig.-Gen. 
Wm. F. Barry, the Chief of Artillery, and the cavalry to Brig.- 
Gen. George Stoneman, the Chief of Cavalry. 

By the 15th of October, the number of troops in and about 
Washington, inclusive of the garrison of the city and Alexan- 
dria, the city guard, and the forces on the Maryland shore of 
the Potomac, below Washington, and as far as Cumberland 
above, the troops under the command of General Dix at But 
timore, and its dependencies, was as follows : 

Total present for duty 133,201 

" sick 9,290 

" in confinement ..-...- 1,156 

Aggregate present .... - 143,647 
" absent 8,404 

Grand aggregate . . . - - 152,051 

The following table exhibits similar data for the periods 
stated, mcluding the troops in Maryland and Delaware : 



PKESENT. 


ABSENT. 


PKESENT AND 
ABSENT. 




For Duty. 


Sick. 


In Confino- 
uient. 


Grand Aggre- 
gate. 


1861. 
Dec. 1 

1862. 

Jan. 1 
Feb. 1 
Mch. 1 


169,452 

191,480 
190,806 
193,142 


15,102 

14,790 
14,363 
13,167 


2,189 

2,260 
2,917 
2,108 


11,470 

11,707 
14,110 
13 570 


198,213 

219,707 
222,196 
221,987 



OKGANIZATION, 



5» 



For convenience of reference, the strength of the army ot 
the Potomac at subsequent periods is given. 



PRESENT. 


ABSENT. 


£■1 
II 

-a ■^ 






For Duty. 


Sick. 


In Arrest or 
Coiitinement. 


1 
< 


< 

m 


^"1 


1862 
April 30 
June 20 
July 10 


Offi. 


Men. 


Offi- 


Men. 


Offi- 


Men. 


4,725 
4,655 
3,834 


101,610 
101,160 

85,715 


233 

493 
685 


5,335 
10,541 
15,939 


41 

44 
60 


356 

320 
213 


115,350 
117,226 
100,466 


11,0.37 

27,700 
31,638 


887 
3,782 


126,387 
145,813 

144,886 


Incladine Franklin. 

[Pis. 
Including McCall, not 
i Including 2 briffades 
< of Shield's division, 
( about 5,354 men. 



In organizing the army of tlie Potomac, and preparing it for 
the field, the first step taken was to organize the infantry into 
brigades of four regiments each ; retaining the newly arrived 
regiments on the Maryland side, until their armament and 
equipment were issued, and they had obtained some little ele- 
mentary instruction, before assigning them permanently to 
brigades. 

"When the organization of the brigades was well established, 
and the troops somewhat disciplined and instructed, divisions 
of three brigades each were gradually formed. 

As is elsewhere stated in this report, although I was always 
in favor of the organization into army corps as an abstract 
principle, I did not desire to form them until the army had 
been for some little time in the field, in order to enable the 
general officers, first to acquire the requisite experience as 
division commanders on active service, and that I might be 
able to decide from actual trial, who were best fitted to ex- 
ercise those important commands. 

For a similar reason, I carefully abstained from making any 
recommendations for the promotion of officers to the grade of 
Major-General. 

When new batteries of artillery arrived, they also were re- 
tained in Washington until their armament and equij^ment 
were completed, and their instruction sufficiently advanced, to 
justify their being assigned to divisions. 

The same course was pursued in regard to the cavalry, I 
regret that circumstances have delayed the Chief of Cavalry, 



54 FIRST PERIOD. 

Gen. George Stoneman, in furnishing his report upon the 
organization of that arm of service. It will, however, be for- 
warded as soon as completed, and will, doubtless, show that 
the diflicult and important duties intrusted to him, Avere 
efficiently performed. He encountered and overcame, as far 
as it was possible, continual and vexatious obstacles arising 
from the great deficiency of cavalry arms and equipments, and 
the entire inefficiency of many of the regimental officers first 
appointed ; this last difficulty, was, to a considerable extent, 
overcome in the cavahy, as well as in the infantry and artillery, 
by the continual and prompt action of courts-martial, and 
boards of examination. 

As rapidly as circumstances permitted, every cavalry soldier 
was armed with a sabre and revolver, and at least two squad- 
rons in every regiment with carbines. 

It was intended to assign at least one regiment of cavalry to 
each division of the active army, besides forming a cavalry re- 
serve of the regular regiments, and some picked regiments of 
volunteer cavalry. Circumstances beyond my control, ren- 
dered it impossible to carry out this intention fully, and the 
cavalry force, serving with the army in the field, was never 
as large as it ought to have been. 

It was determined to collect the regular infantry to form 
the nucleus of a reserve. The advantage of such a body of 
troops at a critical moment, especially in an army consti- 
tuted mainly of new levies, imperfectly disciplined, has been 
frequently illustrated in military history, and was brought to 
the attention of the country, at the first battle of Manassas. 
I have not been disappointed in the estimate formed of the 
value of these troops. I have always found them to be relied 
on ; whenever they have been brought under fire, they have 
shown the utmost gallantry and tenacity. 

The regular infantry, which had been collected from distant 
posts, and which had been recruited as rapidly as the slow pro- 
gress of recruiting for the regular service would allow, added 
to the small battalion with McDowell's army, which I found at 
Washington, on my arrival, amounted, on the 30th of August, 
to 1040 men, on the 28th of February, 1862, to 2682, and on 
the 30th of April, to 4603. 



ARTILLERY. - 55 

On the 17th of May, 1862, they were assigned to General 
Porter's corps, for organization as a division with the 5th 
regiment of New York Volunteers, which joined, May 4th, and 
the 10th New York Volunteers, which joined subsequently. 
They remained from the commencement, under the command 
of Brig.-Gen. George Sykes, Major 3d Infantry, U. S. Army. 

ARTILLERY. 

The creation of an adequate artillery establishment, for an 
army of so large proportions, was a formidable undertaking, 
and had it not been that the country possessed, in the regular 
service, a body of accomplished and energetic artillery officers, 
the task would have been almost hopeless. 

The charge of organizing this most important arm was con- 
fided to Major (afterwards Brigadier-General) Wm. F. Barry, 
Chief of Artillery, whose industry and zeal achieved the best 
results. The report of General Barry is appended among the 
accompanying documents. 

By referring to it, it will be observed that the following 
principles Avere adopted as the basis of organization : 

" 1st. That the proportion of artillery sliould be in the ratio 
of at least 2^ pieces to 1,000 men, to be expanded, il' possible, 
to 3 pieces to 1,000 men. 

" 2d. That the proportion of rifled guns should be restricted 
to the system of the TJ. S. Ordnance Department, and of Par- ^ 
rott, and the smooth bores (with the exception of a few how- 
itzers for special service) to be exclusively the 12-pounder 
gun, of the model of 1857, variously called the 'gun-howit- 
zer,' the 'light 12-poimder,' or the 'Napoleon.' 

" 3d. That each field-battery should, if practicable, be com- 
posed of 6 guns, and none to be less than 4 guns, and in all 
cases the guns of each battery should be of uniform calibre. 

" 4th. That the field-batteries were to be assigned to divi- 
sions, and not to brigades, and in the proportion of 4 to each 
division, of which one was to be a battery of regulars, the re- 
mainder of volunteers, the captain of the regular battery to 
be the commandant of artillery of the division. In the event 
of several divisions constituting an army corps, at least one 



56 FIRST PERIOD. 

half of thb divisional avtUlery was to constitute the reserve 
artilleiy of the corps. 

" 5th. That the artillery reserve of the whole army, should 
consist of 100 guns, and should comprise, besides a suf- 
ficient number of light ' mounted batteries,' all the guns of 
position, and until the cavalry was massed, all the horse- 
artillery. 

" 0th. That the amount of ammunition to accompany the 
field-batteries, was not to be less than 400 rounds per gun, 

" ^th. A siege train of 50 pieces. This was subsequently 
expanded (for special service at the siege of Yorktawn) to 
very nearly 100 pieces, and comprised the unusual calibres, 
and enormously heavy v/eiglit of metal of 2 200-pounders ; 
5 100-pounders, and 10 thirteen-inch sea-coast mortars." 

As has been before stated, the Chief of Artillery reports : 

" The whole of the field-artillery of the army of the Poto- 
mac, July 28th, 1861, was coniprised of 9 imperfectly equip- 
ped batteries of ;}0 guns, 650 men, and 400 horses. In 
March, 1862, when the Avhole army took the field, it consisted 
of 92 batterieg of 520 guns, 12,500 men, and 11,000 horses, 
fully equipped, and in readiness for active field service. Of the 
whole force, .30 batteries were regulars, and 62 batteries vol- 
unteers. During the short period of seven months, all of this 
immense amount of material was issued by the Ordnance De- 
partment, and placed in the hands of the artillery troops after 
their arrival in Washington. 

" About one-fourth of all the volunteer 4)atteries, brought 
with them from their respective States a few guns and car= 
riages, but they were nearly all of such peculiar calibre, as to 
lack uniformity with the more modern and more serviceable 
ordnance, with which the other batteries were armed, and 
they, therefoi-e, had to be withdrawn and replaced by more 
Buitable material. While about one-sixth came supplied with 
horses and harness, less than one-tenth were apparently fully 
equipped for seiwice when they reported, and every one of 
these required the supply of many deficiencies of material, and 
very extensive instruction in the theory and practice of their 
special arm. 



ARTILLERY. 67 

"The operations on the peninsula by the army of the Po- 
tomac, commenced Avith a fall field-artillery force of 52 bat- 
teries of 299 guns.. To this, must be added the field-artillery 
of Franklin's division, of McDowell's corps, which joined a 
few days before the capture of Yorktown, but was not dis- 
embarked from its transports for service until after the battle 
of Williamsburg ; and the field-artillery of McCall's division, 
of McDowell's corps, (4 batteries, 22 guns), which joined in 
June, a few days before the battle of Mechanicsville, (June 
2Gth, 1862), making a grand total of field-artillery, at any 
time with the army of the Potomac, of 60 batteries, of 343 
guns. With this large force serving in six corps-d'armee of 
eleven divisions, and the artillery reserve, the only general and 
field-ofiicers, were 1 brigadier-general, 4 colonels, 3 lieuten- 
ant-colonels, and 3 majors ; a number obviously insuflicient, 
and which impaired, to a great degree, in consequence of the 
want of rank and official influence of the commanders of corps 
and division artUlery, the efficiency of the arm. As this fxulty 
organization can be suitably corrected only by legislative ac- 
tion, it is earnestly hoped, that the attention of the proper 
authorities may be at an early day invited to it. 

" When there were so many newly organized volunteer field- _ 
batteries, many of whom received their first and only instruc- 
tion in the intrenched camps covering Washington, during the 
three or four inclement months of the winter of 1861-62, there 
was, of coui-se, much to be improved. Many of the volunteer 
batteries, however, evinced such zeal and intelligence, and 
availed themselves so industriously of the instructions of the 
regular officers, their commanders, and the example of the 
regular batteries, their associates, that they made rapid pro- 
gress, and attained a degree of proficiency Mghly creditable." 



58 FIESTPEBIOD, 



DISTRIBUTION OF REGIMEN-TS AND BATTERIES. 

For a detailed statement of the distribution of various regi- 
ments and batteries, as they arrived in "Washington at this 
period ; and, also, an account of the composition of the array 
on the 15th of October, 1862, see Appendix A. 



ARMY CORPS. 

On the 8th of March, 1862, the President directed, by the 
following order, the organization of the active portion of the 
army of the Potomac, into four army corps, and the forma- 
tion of a fifth corps, from the divisions of Banks and Shields. 
The following is the text of the President's order : 

Executive Mansion, 
Washington, March 8th, 1862. 

President's General War Order, No. 2. 

Ordered \st. That the Major-General commanding the army 
of the Potomac, proceed, forthwith, to organize that part of 
said army destined to enter upon active operations, (including 
the reserve, but excluding the troops to be left in the forti- 
fications about Washington), into four army corps, to be com- 
manded according to seniority of rank, as follows : 

\st Corps. To consist of four divisions, and to be command- 
ed by Maj.-Gen. I. McDowell. 

2c? Corps. To consist of three divisions, and to be command- 
ed by Brig.-Gen. E. V. Sumner. 

Sf? Corps. To consist of thiee divisions, and to be commanded 
by Brig.-Gen. S. P. Heintzelman. 

Ath Corps. To consist of three divisions, and to be com- 
manded by Brig.-Gen. E. D. Keyes. 

2d. That the divisions now commanded by the officers 
above assigned to the commands of army corps, shall be em- 
braced in, and form part of their respective corps. 



ARMYCOKPS. 69 

3d. The forces left for the defense of Washington, will bo 
placed in command of Brig.-Gen. James Wadsworth, who 
shall also be Military Governor of the District of Columbia, 

4th. That this order be executed with such promptness and 
dispatch, as not to delay the commencement of the opera- 
tions already directed to be undertaken by the army of the 
Potomac. 

5th. A fifth army corps to be commanded by Maj.-Gen. N. 
P. Banks, will be formed from his own, and General Shields', 
late General Lander's, division. 

Abraham Lincoln. 

The following order, which was made as soon as circum- 
stances permitted, exhibits the steps taken to carry out the 
requirements of the President's War Order, No. 2 : 

ARMY CORPS. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potgiiac, 
Fairfax Court House, Va., March 13th, 1862. 

General Orders, JVo. 101 : 

In compliance with the President's War Oi'der, No. 2, of 
March 8th, 1862, the active portion of the army of the Poto- 
mac, is formed into army corps, as follows : 

1st Corps. Maj.-Gen. Irwin McDowell, to consist, for the 
present, of the divisions of Franklin, McCall, and King. 

2d Corps. Brig.-Gen. E. V. Sumner, divisions Richardson, 
Blenker, and Sedgwick. 

Sd Corps. Brig.-Gen. S. P. Heintzelman, divisions F. J. 
Porter, Hooker, and Hamilton. 

4<A Corps. Brig.-Gen. E. D. Keyes, divisions Couch, Smith, 
and Casey. 

hth Corps. Maj-Gen. IST. P. Banks, divisions Williams, and 
Shields. 

The cavalry regiments attached to divisions, will, for the 
present, remain so; subsequent orders will provide for these 
regiments, as well as for the reserve artillery, regular infantry, 
and regular cavalry. 

Arrangements will be made to unite the divisions of each 



60 FlRSrPERIOD. 

army corps, as promptly as possible. The comraanders of 
divisions, will at once report in person, or where that is im- 
possible, by letter to the commander of their army corps. 
By command of 

Major-General McClellan, 

A. V. CoLBURx, Ass't. Adj't.-Gen'I. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY, APRIL 1, 1862. 

For a detailed statement of the organization and composi- 
tion of the army, on the 1st April, 1862, see Appendix B. 



THE STAFF. 

In a staff charged with labors so various and important as 
that of the army of the Potomac, a chief was indispensable to 
supervise the various departments, and to relieve the com- 
manding general of details. The office of chief-of-staff, Avell 
known in European armies, had not been considered necessary 
in our small peace establishment. The functions of the office 
were not defined, and, so far as exercised, had been included 
in the adjutant-general's department. The small number of 
officers in this department, and the necessity for their employ- 
ment in other duties, have obliged commanding generals 
during this war to resort to other branches of the service to 
furnish suitable chiefs-of-staff. 

On the 4th of September, 1861, I appointed Colonel R. B. 
Marcy, of the inspector-general's department, chief-of-staff, 
and he entered upon service immediately, discharging the 
various and important duties with great fidelity, industry, and 
ability from this period until I was removed from command at 
Rectortown. 

Many improvements have been made during the war. in our 
system of staff administration ; but much remains to be done. 

Our own experience and that of other armies agree in de- , 
termining the necessity for an efficient and able staff. To J 
obtain this, our staff establishment should be based on correct 



THE STAFF. 



61 



principles, and extended to be adequate to the necessities ot 
the service, and should iachide a system of staff and line edu- 

cation, i,-i T 

The affairs of the adjutant-general's department, while i 

commanded the army of the Potomac, were conducted by 

Brig.-Gen. S. Williams, assisted by Lieut.-Col. James A. 

Hardie, a. D. C. . 

Their management of the department during the organiza- 
tion of the army in the fall and winter of 1861, and during its 
subsequent operations in the field, was excellent. 

They were, during the entire period, assisted by Captain 
Richard B. Irwin, A. D. C, and during the organization of 
the army by the following named officers : 

Capt. Jos. KiRKLAND, A. D. C. 

Capt. Arthur McClellan, A. D. C. 
Capt. M. T. McMahon, " 

Capt. Wm. p. Mason, " 

Capt. W. F. BiDDLE, " 

My personal staff, when we embarked for the peninsula, 
consisted of, 

Col. Thos. M. Key, additional A. D. C. 

Col. E. H. Wright, " " and Major 6th TJ. S. 

Cavalry. 
Col. T. T. Gantt, additional A. D. C, 
Col. J. J. AsTOB, Jr., volunteer aid-de-camp. 
Lieut.-Col. A. V. Colburn, additional A. D. C, and 

Captain in adjutant-general's department. 
Lieut.-Col. N. B. Sweitzer, additional A. D. C,. and 

Captain 1st U. S. Cavalry. 
Lieut.-Col. E. M. K. Hudson, additional A. D. C, and 

Captain 14th U. S. Infantry. 
Lieut.-Col. Paul Von Radowitz, additional A. D. C. 
Maj. H. Von Hammerstein, " 

Maj. W. W. Russell, U. S. Marine Corps. 
Maj. F. Lecompte, of Swiss army, volunteer aid-de-camp 
Capt. Jos. KiRKLAND, additional A. D. C. 
Capt. Arthur McClellan, additional A. D. C. 
Capt. L. P. D'Okleans, " 



62 FIESTPERIOD. 

Capt. R. D'Orleans, additional A. D. C. 
Capt. M. T. McMahon, " 

Capt. Wm. p. Masox, Jr., " 
Capt. Wm. F. BiDDLE, " 

Capt. E. A. Raymond, " 

To this number I am tempted to add the Prince De Join 
viLLE, who constantly accompanied me through the trying 
campaign of the peninsula, and frequently rendered important 
service. 

Of these officers, Capt. McMahon was assigned to the per- 
sonal staff of Brig.-Geu. Franklin, and Capts. Kirkland and 
Mason to that of Brig.-Gen. F. J. Porter, during the siege 
of Yorktown : they remained subsequently with those general 
officers. 

Major Le Corapte left the army during the siege of York- 
town ; Col. Gantt, Col. Astor, Maj. Russell, Capts. L. P, 
D'Orleans, R. D'Orleans, and Raymond, at the close of the 
Peninsula campaign. 

Before its termination, Capts. W. S. Abert and Charles R. 
Lowell, of the 6th U. S, Cavalry, joined my staff as aids-de- 
camp, and remained with me until I was relieved from the 
command of the army of the Potomac. 

All of these officers served me with great gallantry and devo- 
tion ; they were ever ready to execute any service, no matter 
how dangerous, difficult, or fatiguing. 



ENGINEERS. 

When I assumed command of the army of the Potomac, I 
found Major J. G. Barnard, U. S. Engineers, subsequently 
Brig.-Gen. of volunteers, occupying the position of chief engi- 
neer of that army. I continued him in the same office, and at 
once gave the necessary instructions for the completion of the 
defenses of the capital, and for the entire reorganization of the 
department. 

Under his direction the entire system of defenses was car- 
vhd into execution. This was completed before the army 



E N GINEE RS. 63 

departed foi* Fort Monroe, and is a sufficient evidence of the 
skill of tlie engineers and the diligent labor of the troops. 

For some months after the organization of the array of the 
Potomac was commenced, there were no engineer troops with 
it ; at length however three companies were assigned. Under 
the skillful management of Capt. J. C. Duane, U. S. Engineers, 
these new companies rapidly became efficient, and, as will be 
seen, rendered most valuable service during the ensuing cam- 
paigns. 

The number of engineer troops being entirely inadequate to 
the necessities of the army, an effort was made to partially 
remedy this defect, by detailing the 15th and 50th New York 
Volunteers, which contained many sailors and mechanics, as 
engineer troops. 'Ihey were first placed under the immediate 
superintendience of Lieut.-Col. B. S. Alexander, U. S. Engi- 
neers, by whom they were instructed in the duties of pon- 
tooneers, and became somewhat familiar with those of sappers 
and miners. Previous to the movement of the army for the 
Peninsula, this brigade was placed under the command of 
Brig.-Gen, D. P. Woodbury, Major TJ. S. Engineers. 

The labor of preparing the engineer and bridge trains de- 
volved chiefly upon Capt. Duane, who was instructed to pro- 
cure the new model French bridge train, as I was satisfied 
that the India-rubber pontoon was entirely useless for the 
general purposes of a campaign. 

The engineer department presented the following complete 
organization when the army moved for the Peninsula : 

Brig.-Gen. J. G. Barnard, Chief Engineer. 

1st Lieut. H. L. Abbott, Top. Engineers, A. D. C. 

Brigade Vol. Engineers, Brig.-Gen. Woodbury, Comm'g. 

15th New York Vols., Col. McLeod Murphy. 

50th " " Col. C. B. Stewart. 

Battalion 3 Cos. TJ. S. Engineers, Capt. J. C. Duane, conv- 

manding. 
Companies respectively commanded by 

1st Lieut. C. B. Reese, U. S. Engineers. 
1st Lieut. C. E. Cross, " 

Ist Lieut. O. E. Babcock, " 



64 FIRST PERIOD. 

The chief engineer was ably assisted in his duties by 

Lieut.-Col. R. S. Alexander, TJ. S. Engineers. 
1st Lieut. C. R, CoMSTocK, " " 

1st Lieut. M. D. McAlester, " " 

1st Lieut. Merrill, " " 

Capt. C. S. Stuart, and 2nd Lieut. F. U. Farquhar, U. S. 
Engineers, joined after the array ari'ived at Fort Monroe. 

The necessary bridge equipage for the operations of a large 
army had been collected, consisting of batteaux with the 
anchors and flooring material, (French model,) trestles and 
engineers' tools, w^ith the wagons for their transportation. 

The small number of oflicers of this corps available ren- 
dered it impracticable to detail engineers permanently at the 
head-quarters of corps and divisions. ^ 

The companies of regular engineers never had their proper 
number of officers, and it was necessary, as a rule, to follow 
the principle of detailing engineer officers temporarily, where 
ever their services were required. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS. 

To the corps of Topographical Engineers was intrusted the 
collection of topographical information and the preparation of 
campaign maps. Until a short time previous to the departure 
of the army for Fort Monroe, Lieut.-Col. Johx W. Macomb 
was in charge of this department, and prepared a large 
amount of valuable material. He was succeeded by Brig.- 
Gen. A. A. Huiipiireys, who retained the position throughout 
the peninsular campaign. 

These officers were assisted by 

Lieut. H. L. Abbott, Topographical Engineers, 
Lieut. O. G. Wagner, " " 

Lieut. N. BowEN, " " 

Lieut. John M. Wilson, " " 

Lieut. James H. Wilson, " " 

This number, being the greatest available, was so small that 
much of the duty of the department devolved upon parties 



]M E D I C A L DEPARTMENT. 65' 

furnished by Professor Baclie, Superintendent of Coast Sur- 
vey, and other gentleinen from civil life. 

Owing to the entire absence of reliable topogi\iphical maps, 
the labors of this corps were difficult and arduous in the ex- 
treme. Notwithstanding the energy and ability displayed by 
General Humphreys, Lieut.-Col. Macomb, and their subordi- 
nates, who frequently obtained the necessary information 
under fire, the movements of the army were sometimes mia- 
voidably delayed by the difficulty of obtaining knowledge of 
the country in advance. The result of their laboi's has been 
the preparation of an excellent series of maps, which will be 
invaluable to any army traversing the same ground. 

During the campaign it was impossible to draw a distinct 
line of demarcation between the duties of the two corps of 
engineers, 1^. that the labors of reconnoissances of roads, of 
lines for trenches, of fields for battle, and of the position of the 
enemy, as well as the construction of siege and defensive 
works, were habitually performed by detail from either corps 
as the convenience of the service den^pided. 

I desire to express my high appreciation of the skill, gal- 
lantry, and devotion displayed by the officers of both corps of 
engineers under the most trying circumstances. 

During the Maryland campaign I united the two corps 
under Captain J. C. Duane, U. S. Engineers, and found great 
advantages from this arrangement. 

» 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

For the operations of the medical department I refer to the 
reports transmitted herewith, of Surgeon Chas. S. Tripler, 
and Surgeon Jonathan Letterman, who, in turn, performed 
the duties of medical director of the army of the Potomac: 
the former from August 12, 1861, until July 1, 1862, and the 
latter after that date. 

The difficulties to be overcome, in organizing and making 
effectual the medical department, were very great, arising 
principally from the inexperience of the regimental medical 
officers, many of whom were physicians taken suddenly from 



O© FIRSTPEBIOD. 

civil life, who, according to Surgeon Tripler, " had to be 
instructed in their duties from the very alphabet," and from 
the ignorance of the hne officers as to their relations with the 
medical officers, which gave rise to confusion and conflict of 
authority. 

Boards of examination were instituted, by which many 
incompetent officers were removed, and by the successive 
exertions of Surgeons Tripler and Letterman the medical corps 
was brought to a very high degree of efficiency. 

With regard to the sanitary condition of the army while on 
the Potomac, Dr. Tripler says that the records show a con- 
stantly increasing immunity from disease. " In October and 
November, 1861, with an army averaging 130,000 men, we had 
7,932 cases of fever of all sorts; of these about 1,000 were re- 
ported as cases of typhoid fever. I knew that eiajprs of diag- 
nosis were frequently committed, and therefore this must bo 
considered as the limit of typhoid cases. If any army in the 
world can show such a record as this, I do not know when 
or Avhere it was assemUL^d'." 

From September, 1861, to February, 1862, while the army 
was increasing, the number of sick decreased from 7 per cent, 
to 6.18 per cent.; of these, the men sick in the regimental and 
general hospitals, were less than one-half, the remainder were 
slight cases under treatment in quarters. " During this time, 
so far as rumor was concerned, the army Avas being decimated 
by disease every month." 

Of the sanitary condition of the arm^ during the peninsular 
campaign, up to its arrival at Harrison's Landing, Dr. Tripler 
says : 

" During this campaign the army was favored with excel- 
lent health. No epidemic disease appeared. Those scourges 
of modern armies — dysentery, typhus, cholera — were almost 
unknown. We had some typhoid fever, and more malarial 
fevers ; but even these never prevailed to such an extent as to 
create any alarm. The sick reports were sometimes larger 
than we cared to have them, but the great majority of the 
cases reported were such as did not threaten life, or perma- 
nent disability. I regret that I have not before me the 
retained copies of the monthly reports, so that I might give 



MElilCAL DEPARTMENT. 67 

accurate statistics. I have endeavored to recover thorn, but 
have been unsuccessful. My recollection is that the whole 
sick report never exceeded 8 per cent, of the force, and this 
included all sorts 3f cases — the trivial as well as the severe. 
The army of the Potomac must be considered to have been 
the most healthy army in the service of the United States." 

His remarks at the conclusion of his report, upon our sys- 
tem of medical administration, and his suggestions for its im 
provement, are especially worthy of attention. 

The severe labors and privations of the troops during the 
seven days' battles, had of course a great effect on the health 
of the army after it reached Harrison's Landing, increasing 
the number of sick to about 20 per cent, of the whole force. 

The nature of the military operations had also unavoidably 
placed the medical department in a very unsatisfactory con- 
dition. Supplies had been almost entirely exhausted, or neces- 
sarily abandoned ; hospital tents abandoned or destroyed ; and 
the medical officers deficient in numbers and broken down by 
fatigue. 

All the remarkable energy and ability of Surgeon Letterman 
were required to restore the efficiency of his department, but 
before we left Harrison's Landing he had succeeded in fitting 
it out throughout with the supplies it required, and the health 
of the army was vastly improved by the sanitary measures 
which were enforced at his suggestion. 

Tlie great haste with which the army was removed from the 
Peninsula, made it necessary to leave at Fort Monroe, to be 
forwarded afterwards, nearly all the baggage and transporta- 
tion, including medical stores and ambulances, all the vessels 
being required to transport the troops themselves and their 
ammunition ; and when the array of the Potomac returned to 
Washington, after General Pope's campaign, and the medical 
department came once more under Surgeon Letterman's con- 
trol, he found it in a deplorable condition. 

The officers Avere worn out by the labors they had per- 
formed, and the few supplies that had been brought from the 
peninsula had been exhausted or abandoned, so that the work 
of reorganization and resupplying had to be again perfcrraeu, ' 
and this while the army was moving rapidly and almost in the 



68 FIRSTPERIOD. 

face of the enemy. That it was ■ successfully accomplished is 
shown by the care and attention which the wounded received 
after the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, . 

Among the improvements introduced into his department 
by Surgeon Letterman, the principal are, the organization of 
an ambulance corps, the system of field-hospitals, and the 
method of supplying by brigades ; all of which were instituted 
during the Maryland campaign, and have since proved very 
efiicient. 



QUARTER-MASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 

On assuming command of the troops in and about Wash- 
ington, I appointed Captain S. Van Vliet, A. Q. M., (after- 
wards Brigadier-General,) Chief Quarter-master to my com- 
mand, and gave him the necessary instructions for organizing 
his department, and collecting the supplies requisite for the 
large army then called for. 

The disa,ster at Manassas had but recently occurred, and the 
army was quite destitute of quarter-masters' stores. 

General Van Vliet, with great energy and zeal, set himself 
about the task of furnishing the supplies immediately neces- 
sary, and preparing to obtain the still larger amounts which 
would be required by the new troops which were moving in 
large numbers towards the capital. 

The principal depot for supplies in the city of "Washington 
was under charge of Col. D. H. Rucker, A. Q. M., who ably 
performed his duties. 

Lieut.-Col. R. Ingalls, A. Q. M., was placed in charge of the 
department on the south side of the Potomac. I directed a 
lai-ge depot for transportation to be established at Perryville, 
on the left bank of the Susquehanna, a point equally accessible 
by rail and water. Capt. C. G. Sawtklle, A. Q. M., was de- 
tailed to organize the camp, and performed his duties to my 
entire satisfaction. Capt. J, J. Dana, A. Q. M., had imme- 
diate charge of the transportation in and about Washington, 
as well as of the large number of horses purchased for the use 
of the artL'lery and cavalry. The principal difficulties which 



QUARTEK-MASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 6Q 

Gen. Van Vliet had to encounter arose from the inexperience 
of the majority of the officers of his depiirtment in the new 
regiments and brigades. The necessity of attending person- 
ally to minor details rendered his duties arduous and haras- 
sing in the extreme. All obstacles, however, were surmounted 
by the untiring industry of the chief quarter-master and his 
immediate subordinates, and when the army was prepared to 
move, the organization of the department was found to be 
admirable. 

When it Avas determined to move the army to the penin- 
sula, the duties of providing water transportation were de- 
volved, by the Secretary of War, upon his assistant, the Hon. 
John Tucker. The vessels were ordered to Alexandria, and 
Lieut.-Col. Ingalls was placed in immediate cliarge of the em- 
barkation of the troops, transportation, and material of every, 
description. Operations of this nature on so extensive a scale 
had no parallel in the history of our country. 

The arrangements of Lieut.-Col. Ingalls, were perfected with 
remarkable skill and energy, and the army, and its material, 
were embarked and transported to Fort Monroe in a very 
short space of time, and entirely without loss. 

During the opei'ations on the Peninsula, luitil the arrival of 
troops at Harrison's Landing, General Van Vliet retained the 
position of Chief Quarter-master, and maintained the thorough 
organization and efficiency of his department. 

The principal depots of supplies were under the immediate 
charge of Lieut.-Cols. Ingalls and Sawtelle. 

On the 10th of July, 1862, General Van Vliet, having re- 
quested to be relieved from duty with the army of the Potomac, 
I appointed Lieut.-Col, Ingalls Chief Quarter-master, and he 
.continued to discharge the duties of that office during the re- 
-mainder of the Peninsular and the Maryland campaigns, in a 
manner which fully sustained the high reputation he had pre- 
viously acquired. ^ 

The immense amount of labor accomplished, often under the 
most difficult circumstances, the admirable system under which 
the duties of the department were performed, and the entire 
success which attended the effiarts to supply so large an army, 
reflect the highest credit upon the officers upon whom these 



70 FIKSTPERIOl). 

onerous duties devolved. The reports of General Van Vliet, 
and Lieut.-Col. Ingalls, with the accompanying documents, 
give, in detail, the history of the department, from its organi- 
zation until I was relieved from the command of the army of 
the Potomac. 



SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT. 

On the 1st of August, 1861, Col. H. F. Clarke, C. S., joined 
my staff, and at once entered upon his duties as Chief Com- 
missary of the army of the Potomac. In order to realize the 
responsibilities pertaining to this office, as well as to form a 
proper estimate of the vast amount of labor which must neces- 
sarily devolve upon its occupant, it is only necessary to con- 
sider the unprepared state of the country to engage in a war 
of such magnitude as the present, and the lack of practical 
knowledge on the part of our officers, with reference to sup- 
plying and subsisting a large, and, at that time, an unorganized 
army. Yet, notwithstanding the existence of these great ob- 
stacles, the manner in which the duties of the commissary depart- 
ment were discharged, was such as to merit, and call forth the 
commendation of the entire army. During the stay of the army 
of the Potomac in the vicinity of Washington, prior to the 
Peninsular campaign, its subsistence was drawn chiefly from 
the depots which had been established by the commissai'y de- 
partment at "Washington, Alexandria, Forts Corcoi'an and 
Runyon. In the important task of designating and establish- 
ing depots of supplies, Colonel Clarke, was ably seconded by 
his assistants, Col. Amos Beckwith, C. S,, U. S. A., Lieut.- 
Col. Geo. Bkll, C. S., U. S, A., Lieut.-Col. A. P. Porter, C. 
S., U. S. A., Capt. Tiios. Wilson, C. S., U. S. A., Capt. Brow- 
NELL Granger, C. S., U. S. Vols., Capt. W. H. Bef.l, C. S., 
U. S. A., Capt. I. H. Woodward, C. S., U. S. Vols., ani Capt. 
W. R. MuRPiiT, C. S., U. S. Vols. For a full knowledge of 
the highly creditable manner in which each and all of the above 
mentioned officers discharged their duties, I invite attention 
to the detailed veport of Colonel Clarke. The remarks and 
suggestions contained in this report, are worthy of attention, 



OEDINANCK DEPARTMENT. Ti 

as affording valuable rales for the future guidance of the sub- 
sistence department, in supplying armies in the field. The 
success of the subsistence department of the army of the Po- 
tomac, was, in a great measure, attributable to the fact, that 
the subsistence department at Washington made ample pre- 
vious provision for sending supplies to the peninsula, and that 
it always exercised the most intelligent foresight. It more- 
over gave its advice and countenance to the officers charged 
with its duties and reputation in the field, and those officers, I 
am hajjpy to say, worked with it, and together, in perfect hai'- 
mony, for the public good. 

During the entire period that I Avas in command of the army 
of the Potomac, there was no instance within my knowledge, 
where the troops were without their rations from any fault of 
the officers of this department. 



ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 

This very important branch of the service, Avas placed under 
the charge of Capt. C. P. Kingsbury, ordnance corps. Colonel 
and A. D. C. Great difficulty existed in the proper organiza- 
tion of the department, from the want of a sufficient number 
of suitable officers to perform the duties at the various head- 
quarters, and depots of supply. But far greater obstacles had 
to be surmounted, from the fact, that the supply of small arms 
was. totally inadequate to the demands of a large army, and a 
vast proportion of those furnished, were of such inferior quali- 
ty, as to be misatisfactory to the troops, and condemned by 
their officers. The supply of artillery was more abundant, but 
of great variety. Rifled ordnance was just coming into use for 
the first time in this country, and the description of gun and 
kind o^ projectile, which would prove most effective, and 
should therefore be adopted, was a mere matter of theory. 

To obviate these difficulties, large quantities of small ;i'-ms 
of foreign manufacture were contracted for ; private enterpi ise 
in the construction of arms and ammunition was encouraged ; 
and by the time the army was ordered to move to the penin- 



12 FIRST PERIOD. 

sula, the amount of ordnance and ordnance stores was ample. 
Much, also, had been done to bring the quality, both of arms 
and ammunition, up to the proper standard. Boards of offi- 
cers were in session continually, during the autumn and winter 
of 1861, to test the relative merits of new arms and projectiles. 
The reports of these boards, confirmed by subsequent ex- 
perience in tlie field, have done much to establish the respec- 
tive claims of different inventions and manufactories. During 
the campaigns of the Peninsula and Maryland, the officers 
connected with the department, were zealous and energetic, 
and kept the troops well supplied, notwithstanding the per- 
plexing and arduous nature of their duties. One great source 
of perplexity, was the fact, that it had been necessary to issue 
arras of all varieties and calibres, giving an equal diversity in 
the kinds of ammunition required. Untiring watchfulness was 
therefore incumbent upon the officers in charge, to prevent 
confusion, and improper distribution of cartridges. Colonel 
Kingsbury discharged the duties of his office with great effi- 
ciency, until the of July, 1862, when his health required 

that he should be relieved. 1st Lieut. Thomas G. Baylor, 
ordnance corps, succeeded him, and performed his duty during 
the remainder of the Peninsular and Maryland campaigns, with 
marked ability and success. The want of reports from Colonel 
Kingsbury and Lieutenant Baylor, renders it impossible for me 
to enter, at all, into the details of the organization of the de- 
partment. 



PROVOST-MARSHAL'S DEPARTMENT. 

Immediately after I was placed in command of the " Divi- 
sion of the Potomac," I appointed Col. Anduew Portkr, 16th 
XJ. S. infantry. Provost Marshal of Washington. All the 
available regular infontry, a battery, and a squadron of cav- 
alry, were placed under his command ; and by his energetic 
action, he soon corrected the serious evils which existed, and 
restored order in the city. 

When the army was about to take the field, General Porter 
was appointed Provost Marshal General of the army of the 



PROVOST mabshal's depa^rtment. 73 

Potomac, and held that most important position until the end 
of the Peninsular campaign, when sickness, contracted in the 
untiring discharge of his duties, compelled him to ask to be 
relieved from the position he had so ably and energetically 
filled. The provost marshal general's department had the 
charge of a class of duties, which had not before, in our service, 
been defined and grouped under the management of a special 
department. The following subjects indicate the sphere of 
this department : 

Suppression of marauding and depredations, and of all 
brawls and disturbances. 

Preservation of good order, and suppression of drunkenness 
beyond the limits of the camps. 

Prevention of sti'aggling on the march. 

Suppression of gambUng-houses, drinking-houses, or bar- 
rooms, and brothels. 

Regulation of hotels, taverns, markets and places of public 
amusement. 

Searches, seizures and arrests. 

Execution of sentences of general courts-martial, involving 
imprisonment or capital punishment. 

Enforcement of orders prohibiting the sale of intoxicating 
liquors, whether by tradesmen or sutlers, and of orders re- 
specting passes. 

Deserters from the army. 

Prisoners of war taken from the enemy. 

Countersigning safe-guards. 

Passes to citizens, within the lines, and for purposes of trade. 

Complaints of citizens as to the conduct of the soldiers. 

General Porter was assisted by the following named officers 
Maj. W. H. Wood, nth TJ. S. Infantry. 

S. Infantry. 



Capt. W. P. Gentry, 


. l-i.. VI., \J . 

17th " 


Capt. J. W. Forsyth, 


18th " 


Lieut. J. W. Jones, 


12th " 


Lieut. C. F. Trowbridge, 


16th » 


Lieut. C. D. Mehaffey, 
4 


1st " 



74 FIKSTPEEIOD. 

The provost guard was composed of the 2d U. S. Cavalry, 
Major Pleasanton, and a battalion of the 8th anc l7th U. S. 
Infantry, Major Willard, 

After Geneial Porter was relieved, Major Wood was in 
charge of this department, until after the battle of Antietam, 
when Brig. -Gen Patrick was appointed Provost Marshal 
General. 



COMMANDANT OF GENERAL HEAD-QUARTERS. 

When the army took the field, for the purpose of securing 
order and regularity in the camp of head-quarters, and for 
facilitating its movements, the office of commandant of general 
head-quarters was created, and assigned to Maj. G. O. Haller, 
7th U. S. Infantry. Six companies of infentry were placed 
under his orders for guard and police duty. Among the orders 
appended to this report, is the one defining his duties, which 
were always satisfactorily performed. 

JUDGE- ADVOCATE. 

From August, 1861, the position of judge-advocate was 
held by Col. Thos. T. Gantt, A. D. C, until compelled by ill 
health to retire, at Harrison's Landing, in August, 1862. His 
revicAvs of the decisions of courts-martial during this period, 
were of great utility in correcting the practice in military 
courts, difiusing true notions of discipline and subordination, 
and setting before the army a high standard of soldierly 
honor. 

Upon the retirement of Colonel Gantt, the duties of judge- 
advocate were ably performed by Col. Thomas M. Key, 
A. D. C. 

SIGNAL CORPS. 

The method of conveying intelligence and orders, invented 
and introduced into the service by Maj. Albert J. Myer, 



TELEGFwAPHIC. 75 

signal officer, U. S. A., was first practically tested in large opera- 
tions, during the organization of the army of the Potomac. 

Under the direction of Major Myer, a signal corps was 
formed by detailing officers and men from the diflferent regi 
ments of volunteers, and instructing them in the use of the 
flags by day, and torches by night. 

The chief signal officer was indefatigable in his exertions to 
render his corps efiective, and it soon became available for 
service, in every division of the army. 

In addition to the flags and torches, Major Myer introduced 
a portable insulated telegraph wire, which could be readily 
laid from point to point, and which could be used under the 
same general system. 

In front of Washington, and on the lower Potomac, at any 
point within our lines not reached by the military telegraph, 
the great usefulness of this system of signals was made mani- 
fest. But it was not until after the arrival of the army upon 
the Peninsula, and during the siege and battles of that, and the 
Maryland campaign, that the great benefits to be derived from 
it on the field, and under fire, were fully appreciated. 

There was scarcely an action or skirmish in which the sig- 
nal corps did not render important services. Often, under 
heavy fire of artillery, and not nnfrequently while exposed to 
musketry, the officers and men of this corps gave information 
of the movements of the enemy, and transmitted directions foi 
the evolutions of our own troops. 

The report of the chief signal officer, with accompanying 
documents, will give the details of the services of this corps, 
and call attention to those members of it who were particu 
larly distinguished. 



TELEGRAPHIC. 

Tlie telegraphic operations of the army of the Potomac 
were superintended by Major Thomas J. Eckert, and under 

the immediate direction of Mr. Caldwell, who was with 

the corps of operatives attached to my head-quarters during 
the entire campaigns upon the peninsula and in Maryland. 



76 FIRSTPEKIOD. 

The services of this coi'ps were arduous and efficient. Un- 
der the admirable arrangements of Major Eckert they were 
constantly provided with all the material for constructing new 
lines, which were rapidly established whenever the array 
cfianged position; and it was not unfrequently the case that 
the operatives worked under fire from the enemy's guns, yet 
they invariably performed all the duties required of them with 
great alacrity and cheerfulness, and it was seldom that I was 
without the means of direct telegraphic communication with 
the War Department, and with the corps commanders. 

From the organization of the army of the Potomac up to 
November 1, 1862, including the Peninsular and Maryland 
campaigns, upwards of twelve hundred [1,200] miles of mili- 
tary telegraph lines had been constructed, in connection with 
the operations of the army, and the number of operatives and 
builders employed was about [200] two hundred. 

To Professor Lowe, the intelligent and enterprising aeronaut, 
who had the management of the balloons, I was greatly 
indebted for the valuable information obtained during his 
ascensions. 

I have more than once taken occasion to recommend the 
members of my staff, both general and personal, for promotion 
and reward. I beg leave to repeat these recommendations, 
and to record their names in the history of the army of the 
Potomac as gallant soldiers, to whom their country owes a 
debt of gratitude still unpaid, for the courage, ability, and 
untiring zeal they displayed during the eventful campaigns in 
which they bore so prominent a part. 



POSITION OF THE ARMY, OCTOBER, 1862. 

On the 15th of October, the main body of the army of the 
Potomac was in the immediate vicinity of Washington, with 
detachments on the left bank of the Potomac as far down as 
Liverpool Point, and as far up as Williarasport and its "vicinity. 
The different divisions were posted as follows : 

Hooker, at Budd's Ferry, lower Potomac. 



THE AFFAIR AT BALL's BLUFF. 7 

Heintzelmax, at Fort Lyon and vicinity. 

Franklin, near the Theological Seminary. 

Blenker, near Hunter's Chapel. 

McDowell, at Upton's Hill and Arlington. 

F. J. Porter, at Hall's and Miner's Hills. 

Smith, at Mackall's Hill. 

McCall, at Langley. 

BuELL, at Tenallytown, Meridian Hill, Emory's Chapel, &c. 
on the left bank of the river. 

Casey, at Washington. 

Stoxeman's Cavalry, at Washington. 

Hunt's Artillery, " " 

Banks, at Darnstown, with detachments at Point of Rocks, 
Sandy Hook, Williamsport, &c. • 

Stone, at Poolesville. 

Dix, at Baltimore, with detachments on the eastern shore. 



THE AFFAIR AT BALL'S BLUFF. 

On the 19th of October, 1861, Gen. McCall marched to 
Drainesville with his division, in order to cover reconnoissances 
to be made in all directions the next day, for the purpose ot 
learning the position of the enemy, and of covering the opera- 
tions of the topographical engineers in making maps of that 
region. 

On the 20th, acting in concert with Gen. McCall, Gen. 
Smith pushed strong parties to Freedom Hill, Vienna, Flint 
Hill, Peacock Hill, &c., to accomplish the same purpose in 
that part of the front. 

These reconnoissances were successful. 

On the morning of the 20th I received the following tele- 
gram from Gen. Banks' head-quarters : 

Darnesto'vtn, Oct. 20, 1861. 

Gen. Marct, — 

SiR,_The signal station at Sugar Loaf telegraphs that 
the enemy have moved away from Leesburg. All quiet here. 

R. M. Copeland, a. a. G. 



76 F I It S T P E R I O D . 

Whereupon I sent to Gen. Stone, at Poolesville, the follow- 
ing telegram : 

Camp Geiffin, Oct. 20, 1861 
Brig.-Gen. C. p. Stone, 

Poolesville, — 

Gen. McClellan desires me to inform you that Gen. MeCall 
occupied Drainesville yesterday, and is still there. Will send 
out heavy reconnoissances to-day in all directions from that 
point. The general desires that you keep a good lookout 
upon Leesburg, to see if this movement has the effect to drive 
them away. Perhaps a slight demonstration on your part 
would have the effect to move them. 

« A. V. COLBTJRN, 

Ass't.-Adj't.-Gen. 

Deeming it possible that Gen. McCall's movement to Draines- 
ville, together with the subsequent reconnoissances, might have 
the effect of inducing the enemy to abandon Leesburg, and 
the dispatch from Sugar Loaf appearing to confirm this view, 
I wished Gen. Stone, who had only a line of pickets on the 
river, the mass of his troops being out of sight of and beyond 
range from the Virginia bank, to make some display of an 
intention to cross, and also to watch the enemy more closely 
than usual. I did not direct him to cross, nor did I intend 
that he should cross the river in force for the piirpose of 
fiffhtinsr. 

The above dispatch was sent on the 20th, and reached Gen. 
Stone as early as 11 a.m. of that day. I expected him to 
accomplish all that was intended on the same day ; and this 
he did, as will be seen from the following' dispatch received 
at my head-quarters in Washington, from Poolesville, on the 
evening of October 20th. 

To Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

Made a feint of grossing at this place this afternoon, and 
at the same time started a reconnoitring party towards Lees- 
burg from Harrison's Island. The enemy's pickets retired to 
intrenchments. Report of reconnoitring party not yet re- 



THE AFFAIR AT BALL's BLUFF. 79 

ceived. I have means of crossing one hundred and twenty- 
6ve men once in ten minutes at each of two points. River 
falling slowly. 

C. P. Stone, 

Brigadier-General. 

As it was not foreseen or expected that Gen. McCall would 
be needed to co-operate with Gen. Stone in any attack, he was 
directed to fall back from Drainesville to his original camp near 
Prospect Hill, as soon as the required reconnoissances were 
completed. Accordingly he left Drainesville on his return at 
about 8^ A.ii. of the 21st, reaching his old camp at about 

1 P.M. 

In the meantime I was surprised to hear from Gen. Stone 
that a portion of his troops were engaged on the Virginia side 
of the river, and at once sent instructions to Gen. McCall to 
remain at Drainesville if he had not left before the order 
reached him. 

The order did not reach him until his return to his camp at 
Langley. He w^as then ordered to rest his men, and hold his 
division in readiness to return to Drainesville at a moment's 
notice, should it become necessary; 

Similar instructions were given to other divisions during 
the afternoon. 

The first intimation I received from General Stone of the 
real nature of his movements was in a telegram as follows : 

Edwards' Ferry, 11.10 a.m., Oct. 21. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

The enemy have been engaged opposite Harrison's Island, 
Our men are behaving admirably. 

C. P. Stone, 
Brigadier-General. 

At 2 P. M. Gen. Banks' adjutant-general sent the follow 
ing: 

DARNESTOWN, Oct. 21, 1861, 2 P.M. 

Gen. R. B. Marct, — 

Gen. Stone safely crossed the river this morning. Some 



80 FIKSTPERIOD. 

engagemeTits have taken place on the other side of the river ; 
how important is not known. 

R. M. C0PELA]ST>, 

A. A. A, G. 

Gen. Stone sent the following dispatches on the same day 
at the hours indicated : 

Edwards' Ferry, Oct. 21, 1861, 2 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McCleixan, — 

There has been sharp firing on the right of our lino, and 
our troops appear to be advancing there under Baker. The 
left, under Gorman, has advanced its skirmishers nearly one 
mile, and if the movement continues successful, will turn the 
enemy's right. 

C. P. Stone, 
Brigadier-Geaeral. 

Edward' Ferry, Oct. 21st, 1861, 4 p.m. 
Gen. McClellan, — 

Nearly all my force is across the river. Baker on the 
right, Gorman on the left, right sharply engaged. 

C. P. Stoxe, 
Brigadier-General. 

Edwards' Ferry, Oct. 21, 1861, 9.30 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

I am occupied in preventing further disaster, and trying to 
get into position to redeem. We have lost some of our best 
commanders — Baker dead, Cogswell a prisoner, or secreted. 
The wounded are being carefully and rapidly removed, and 
Gorman's wing is being cautiously withdrawn. Any advance 
from Drainesville must be made cautiously. AH was reported 
going well up to Baker's death, but in the confusion following 
that, the right wing -was outflanked. In a few hours I shall, 
unless a night attack is made, be in the same position as last 
night, save the loss of many good men. 

C. P. Stone, 
Brigadier-GeneraL 

Although no more fully informed of the state of affairs, I 
had, during the afternoon, as a precautionary measure, ordered 



THE AFFAIR AT BALl's BLUFF, 81 

Gen. Banks to send one brigade to the support of the troops 
at Ifarrison's Ishmd, and to move with the other two to Seneca 
Mills, ready to support Gen. Stone if necessary. The d.'-iO 
P.M. dispatch of Gen. Stone did not give me an entire under- 
standing of the state of the case. Aware of the difficultie?, 
and perhaps fatal consequences of recros^ng such a river as 
the Potomac after a repulse, and from these telegrams sup- 
posing his whole force to be on the Virginia side, I directed 
Gen. Stone to intrench himself, and hold the Virginia side at 
all hazards until reenforcements could arrive, when he could 
safely Avithdraw to the Maryland side, or hold his position on 
the Virginia side, should that prove advisable. 

Gen. Banks was instructed to move the rest of his division 
to Edwards' Ferry, and to send over as many men as possible 
before daylight, to reenforce Stone. He did not arrive in time 
to effect this, and was instructed to collect all the canal boats 
he could find, and use them for crossing at Edwards' Ferry in 
sufficient force to enable the troops already there to hold the 
opposite side. 

On the 2 2d I went to the gi'ound in person, and reaching 
Poolesville learned for the first time the full details of the 
affair. 

The following extracts from the evidence of Gen. Stone 
before the " Committee on the Conduct of the War," on the 
5th of January, 1862, will throw further light on this oc- 
currence. 

Gen. Stone says he received the orders from my head-quar- 
ters, to make a slight demonstration, at about 11 o'clock 
A.M. of the 20th, and that in obedience to that order he made 
the demonstration on the evening of the same day. 

In regard to the reconnoissance on the 21st, which resulted 
m the battle of Ball's Bluff, he was asked the following ques- 
tions : 

" Question. Did this reconnoissance originate with yourself, 
or had you orders from the General-in-Chief to make it ?" 

To which he replied : " It originated with myself — the re- 
connoissance." 

" Questioti. The order did not proceed from General 
McCleUan ?" 



82 FIRSTPEKIOD. 

" Answer. I was directed, the day before, to make a demon- 
stration. Thai demonstration teas made the day previous?^ 

" Question. Did you receive an order from the General-in- 
Chief to make the reconnoissance ?" 

Answer. — " No, sir." 

Making a personal examination on the 23d I found that the 
position on the Virginia side at Edward's Ferry was not a 
tenable one, but did not think it wise to withdraw the troops 
by daylight. I therefore caused more artillery to be placed 
in position on the Maryland side, to cover the approaches to 
the ground held by us, and crossed the few additional troops 
that the high Avind permitted us to get over, so as to be as 
secure as possible against any attack during the day. Before 
night-fall, all the precautions were taken to secure an orderly 
and quiet passage of tlie troops and guns. The movement 
was commenced soon after dark, under the general supervision 
of Gen. Stone, who received the order for the withdrawal at 
7.15 P.M. By 4 A.M. of the 24th every thing had reached the 
Maryland shore in safety. 

A few days afterwards I received information, which seems 
to be authentic, to the effect that large bodies of the enemy 
had been ordered from Manassas to Leesburg, to cut off our 
troops on the Virginia side. Their timely withdrawal had 
probably prevented a still more serious disaster. I refer to 
Gen. Stone's Report of this battle furnished to the War De- 
partment, and his published testimony before the " Committee 
on the Conduct of the War " for further details. 



THE NORTH CAROLINA EXPEDITION. 

The records of the War Department show my anxiety and 
efforts to assume active offensive operations in the fill and 
early winter. It is only just to say, however, that the unpre- 
cedented condition of the roads and Virginia soil wruld have 
delayed an advance till February had the discipline, organiza- 
tion and equipment of the army been as complete at the close 
of the fall as was necessary, and as I desired and labored, 



THE NORTH CAROLINA EXPEDITION. 83 

against every impediment, to make them. While still in 
command only of the army of the Potomac, namely, in early 
September, I proposed the formation of a corps of New Eng- 
landers for coast service in the bays and inlets of the Chesa- 
peake and Potomac to cooperate with my own command, 
from which most of its material was drawn. 

On the 1st of November, however, I was called to relieve 
Lieut.-Gen. Scott in the chief and general command of the 
armies of the Union. The direction and nature of this coast 
expedition, therefore, were somewhat changed, as will soon 
appear in the original plan submitted to the Secretary of War, 
and the letter of instructions later issued to Gen. Burnside, its 
commander. The whole country indeed had now become the 
theatre of mihtary operations from the Potomac to and be- 
yond the Mississippi, and to assist the Navy in perfecting and 
sustaining the blockade, it became necessary to extend those 
operations to points on the sea-coast, Hoanoke Island, Savan- 
nah, and New Orleans. It remained also to equip and organize 
the armies of the West, whose condition was little better than 
that of the army of the Potomac had been. 

The direction of the campaigns in the West, and of the 
operations upon the sea-board enabled me to enter upon larger 
combinations, and to accomplish results the necessity and 
advantage of which had not been unforeseen, but which had 
been beyond the ability of the single army formerly under my 
command, to effect. 

The following letters and a subsequent paper addressed to 
the Secretary of War sufficiently indicate the nature of those 
combinations to minds accustomed to reason upon military 
operations. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
"Washington, Sept. 6, 1861. 
Hon. Simon Cameron, 
Secretary of War, 

Sir : I have the honor to suggest the following proposi 
tion, with the request that the necessary authority be at once 
given me to carry it out ; to organize a foi'ce of two brigades 
of five regiments each of New England men, for the general 
service — but particularly adapted to coast service. The 



84 FIRSTPERIOD. 

officers and men to be sufficiently conversant Avith boat 
service to manage steamers, sailing vessels, launches, barges, 
surf boats, iioating batteries, &c. To charter or buy for the 
command a sufficient number of propellers or ti)g-boats for 
transportation of men and supplies, the machinery of Avhich 
should be amply protected by timber : the vessels to have 
permanent experienced officers from the merchant service, but 
to be manned by details from the command. A naval officer 
to be attached to the staff of the commanding officer. The 
flank companies of each regiment to be armed Avith Dahlgren 
boat-guns, and carbines with Avater-proof cartridges ; the 
other companies to have such arms as I may hereafter desig- 
nate, to be uniformed and equipped as the Rhode Island regi- 
ments are. Launches and floating batteries, Avith timber 
parapets of sufficient capacity to land or bring into action the 
entire force. 

The entire management and organization of the force to be 
under my control, and to form an integral part of the army of 
the Potomac. 

The immediate object of this force is for operations in the 
inlets of Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac : by enabling me 
thus to land troops at points Avhere they are needed — this 
force can also be used in conjunction Avith a naval force 
operating against points on the sea-coast. This coast division 
to be commanded by a general officer of my selection. The 
regiments to be organized as other land forces. The disburse- 
ments for vessels, <fec., to be made by the proper department 
of the army, upon the requisitions of the general commanding 
the division, Avith my approval. 

I think the entire force can be organized in thirty days, 
and by no means the least of the advantages of this proposi- 
tion is the fact, that it Avill call into the service a class of men 
Avho Avould not otherwise enter the army. 

You Avill immediately perceive that the object of this force 
is to follow along the coast, and up the inlets and rivers, the 
movements of the main array AA^hen it advancp« 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

G. B. MoClellan, 
Maj.-Gen. C^mdg. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO GENERAL BURNSIDE. 85 

Owing chiefly to the difficulty in procui'ing the requisite 
vessels, and adapting them to the special purposes contem- 
plated, this expedition was not ready for service until January, 
1862. 

Then in the chief command I deemed it best to send it to 
North Carolina with the design indicated in the following 
letter: 

Head-Quarters of the Army, 
■Washington, Jan. 7, 1862. 
Beig.-Gen. a. E. Burnside, 
Commanding Expedition. 
General : In accordance with verbal instructions hereto- 
fore given you — you will, after uniting with flag-officer Golds- 
borough, at Fort Monroe, proceed under his convoy to Hat- 
teras Inlet, where you will in connection with him, take the 
most prompt measures for crossing the fleet over the bulk- 
head into the waters of the sound. Under the accompanying 
general order constituting the DepArtment of North Carolina, 
you will assume command of the garrison at Ilatteras Inlet, 
and make such dispositions in regard to that place, as your 
ulterior operations may render necessary — always being careful 
to provide for the safety of that very important station in any 
contingency. 

Your first point of attack will be Roanoke Island and its 
dependencies. 

It is presumed that the navy can reduce the batteries on the 
marshes, and cover the landing of your troops on the main 
island, by which, in connection with a rapid movement of the 
gun-boats to the northern extremity — as soon as the marsh 
battery is reduced — it may be hoped to capture the entire 
garrison of the place. Having occupied the island and itff 
dependencies, you will at once proceed to the erection of the 
batteries and defenses necessary to hold the position with 
small force. Should the flag-officer require any assistance in 
seizing or holding the debouches of the canal from Norfolk — 
you will please afford it to him. 

The commodore and yourself having completed your ar- 
rangements in regard to Roanoke Island, and the waters 



86 FIRSTPERIOD. 

north of it ; you will please at once make a descent on New- 
bern ; having gained possession of which, and the railroad 
passing through it you will at once throw a sufficient force upon 
Beaufort, and take the steps necessary to reduce Fort Macon 
and open that port. When you seize Newbern, you will en- 
deavor to seize the railroad as far west as Goldsborough — 
should circumstances favor such a movement. The temper of 
the people^ the rebel force at hand, &c., will go far towards 
determining the question as to how far west the railroad can 
be safely occupied and held. Should circumstances render it 
advisable to seize and hold Raleigh — -the main north and 
south line of railroad passing through Goldsborough, should 
be so effectually destroyed for considerable distances north 
and south of that point, as to render it impossible for the 
rebels to use it to your disadvantage. A great point would 
be gained in any event, by the effectual destruction of the 
Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 

I would advise great caution in moving so far into the 
interior as upon Raleigh. Having accomplished the objects 
mentioned — the next point of interest would probably be Wil- 
mington, the reduction of which may require that additional 
means shall be afforded you. I would urge great caution in 
regard to proclamations. In no case would I go beyond a mod- 
erate joint proclamation with the naval commander, which 
should say as little as possible about politics or the negro, 
merely state that the true issue for which Ave are fighting is 
the preservation of the Union, and upholding the laws of the 
general government, and stating that all who conduct them- 
selves properly, will as far as possible be protected in their 
persons and property. 

You will please report your operations as often as an oppor 
tunity offers itself. 

With my best wishes for your success. 

I am, &c., &c., 

Geo. B. McClellan, 
Maj.-Geii. Com'g. in Chief 



OPEEATIONS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 87 



OPERATIONS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 

The following letters of instructions were sent to Generals 
Halleck, Buell, Sherman and Butler ; and I also communicated 
verbally to these officers my views in full, regarding the field 
of operations assigned to each, and gave them their instruc- 
tions as much in detail as was necessary at that time. 

Head-Quarters of the Army, 
"Washington, D. C, November 11, 1861. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, U. S. A. 

Comd'g. Dept. of Missouri. 
General : — In assigning you to the command of the De- 
partment of Missouri, it is probably unnecessary for me to state 
that I haA^e intrusted to you a duty which requires the utmost 
tact and decision. 

You have not merely the ordinary duties of a military com- 
mander to perform ; but the far more difficult task of reducing 
chaos to order, of changing probably the majority of the per- 
sonnel of the staff of the department, and of reducing to a 
point of economy consistent with the interests and necessities 
of the state, a system of reckless expenditure and fraud per- 
haps unheard of before in the history of the world. 

You will find in your department many general and staff 
officers holding illegal commissions and appointments not 
recognized or approved by the President or Secretary of War, 
you will please at once inform these gentlemen of the nulUty 
of their appointment, and see that no pay or allowances are 
issued to them until such time as commissions may be author- 
ized by the President, or Secretary of War. 

If any of them give the slightest trouble, you will at once 
arrest them and send them under guard, out of the limits of 
your department, informing them that if they retiirn they will 
be placed in close confinement. You will please examine into 
the legality of the organization of the troops serving in the 
department. When you find any illegal, unusual, or improper 
organizations you will give to the officers and men an oppor- 
tunity to enter the legal military establishment under general 



88 FIRST PERIOD. 

laws and orders from the War Department ; reporting in full 
to these head-quarters any officer or organization that may 
decline. 

You will please cause competent and reliable staff officers 
to examine all existing contracts immediately, and suspend all 
payments upon them until you receive the report in each case. 
Where there is the slightest doubt as to the propriety of 
the contract, you will be good enough to refer the matter, 
with full explanation, to these head-quarters, stating in each 
case what would be a fair compensation for the services or 
materials rendered under the contract. Discontinue at once 
the reception of material or services under any doubtful con- 
tract. Arrest and bring to prompt trial all officers who have 
in any way violated their duty to the government. In regard 
to the political conduct of affairs, you will please labor to 
impress upon the inhabitants of Missouri and the adjacent 
States, that we are fighting solely for the integrity of the 
Union, to uphold the power of our national goveimment and 
to restore to the nation the blessings of peace and good order. 

With respect to military operations, it is probable, from 
the best information in my possession, that the interests of the 
government will be best served by fortifying and holding in 
considerable strength, Rolla, Sedalia, and other interior points, 
keeping strong patrols constantly moving from the terminal 
stations, and concentrating the mass of the troops on or near 
the Mississippi, prepared for such ulterior operations as the 
public interests may demand. 

I would be glad to have you make, as soon as possible, a 
personal inspection of all the important points in your depart- 
ment, and report the result to me. I cannot too strongly im- 
press upon you the absolute necessity of keeping me constantly 
advised of the strength, condition, and location of your troops, 
together with all facts that will enable me to maintain that 
general direction of the armies of the United States which it is 
my purpose to exercise. I trust to you to maintain thorough 
organization, discipline and economy throughout your depart- 
ment. Please inform me, as soon as possible, of everything 
relating to the gun-boats now in process of construction, as 
well as those completed. 



OPERATIOXS IN THE SOUTH AND 'WEST. 89 

The militia force authorized to be raised by the State of 
Missouri for its defense, will be under your orders. 

I am, General, &c., &c., 
Geo. B. McClellan, 
Maj.-Gen. Com. U. S. A. 

Head-Quarters op the Army, 
Washington, Nov. 7, 1861. 

Brig.-Gen. D. C. Btteli,, 

General, — In giving you instructions for your guidance, 
in command of the Department of the Ohio, I do not design 
to fetter you. I merely wish to express plainly the general 
ideas which occur to me in relation to the conduct of opera- 
tions there. That portion of Kentucky west of the Cumber- 
land River is, by its position, so closely related to the States of 
Illinois and Missouri that it has seemed best to attach it to the 
Department of Missouri. Your operations, then, in Kentucky 
will be confined to that portion of the State east of the Cum- 
berland River. I trust I need not repeat to you that I regard 
the importance of the territory committed to your care as 
second only to that occupied by the army under my imme- 
diate command. It is absolutely necessary that Ave shall hold 
all the State of Kentucky ; not only that, but that the majority 
of its inhabitants shall be warmly in favor of our cause, it 
being that which best subserves their interests. It is possible 
that the conduct of our political affairs in Kentucky is more 
important than that of our military operations. I certainly 
cannot overestimate the importance of the former. You will 
please constantly bear in mind the precise issue for which we 
are fighting — that issue is the preservation of the Union, and 
the restoration of the full authority of the general government 
over all portions of our territory. We shall most readily sup- 
press this rebellion and restore the authority of the govern- 
ment by religiously respecting the constitutionnl rights of alL 
I know that I express the feelings and opinions of the Presi- 
dent when I say that we are fighting only to preserve the 
integrity of the Union, and the constitutional authority of the 
general government. 

The inhabitants of Kentucky may rely upon it, that their 



90 FIRSTPEEIOD. 

domestic institutions will in no manner be interfered with, and 
that they will receive at our hands every (constitutional pro- 
tection. I have only to repeat that you will, in all respects, 
carefully regard the local institutions of the region in which you 
command, allowing nothing but the dictates of military neces- 
sity to cause you to depart from the spirit of these instructions. 

So much in regard to political considerations. The military 
problem would be a simple one, could it be entirely separated 
from political influences ; such is not the case. Were the 
population among which you are to operate, wholly or gen- 
erally hostile, it is probable that Nashville should be your first 
and principal objective point. It so happens that a large ma- 
jority of the inhabitants of eastern Tennessee, are in favor of the 
Union ; it therefore seems proper that you should remain on 
the defensive on the line from Louisville to Nashville, while 
you throw the mass of your forces, by rapid marches, by Cum- 
berland Gap, or Walker's Gap, on Knoxville, in order to 
occupy the railroad at that point, and thus enable the loyal 
citizens of eastern Tennessee to use, while you at the same 
time cut oflf, the railway communication between eastern Vir- 
ginia and the Mississippi. 

It will be prudent to fortify the pass, before leaving it in 
your rear. I am, &c. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 
Maj.-Gen. Com. U. S. A. 

Head-Quarters of the Army, 
"Washington, Nov. 12, 1861. 
Brig.-Gen. D. C. Buell, 

Com^g. DepH. of the Ohio, — 
General : — Upon assuming command of the department, 
I will be glad to have you make, as soon as possible, a careful 
report of the condition and situation of your troops, and of the 
military and political condition of your command. The main 
point to which I desire to call your attention, is the necessity 
of entering eastern Tennessee as soon as it can be done with 
reasonable chances of success, and I hope that you will, Avitl'. 
the least possible delay, organize a column for that purpose, 
sufficiently guarding, at the same time, the main avenues by 
which the rebels might invade Kentucky. Our conversations 



OPERATIONS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. 91 

on the subject of military operations have been so full, and my 
confidence in your judgment is so great, that I will not dwell 
further upon the subject, except to urge upon you the neces- 
sity of keeping me fully infoi*med as to the state of affairs, 
both military and political, and your movements. 

In regard to political matters, bear in mind that we are 
fighting only to preserve the integrity of the Union, and to 
uphold the power of the general government ; as far as mili- 
tary necessity will permit, religiously respect the constitutional 
rights of all. Preserve the strictest discipline among the 
troops, and while employing the utmost energy in militaiy 
movements, be careful so to treat the unarmed inhabitants, as 
to contract, not widen, the breach existing between us and 
the rebels. I mean by this, that it is the desire of the govern- 
ment, to avoid unnecessary irritation by causeless arrests and 
persecution of individuals. Where there is good reason to 
believe that persons are actually giving aid, comfort, or infor- 
mation to the enemy, it is of course necessary to arrest them; 
but I have always found it is the tendency of subordinates, to 
make vexatious arrests on mere suspicion. You will find it 
well, to direct that no arrest shall be made except by your 
order, or that of your generals, unless, in extraordinary cases, 
always holding the party making the arrest, responsible for 
the propriety of his course. It should be our constant aim to 
make it apparent to all, that their property, their comfort, and 
their personal safety, will be best preserved by adhering to the 
cause of the Union. 

If the military suggestions I have made in this letter, prove 
to have been founded on erroneous data, you are, of course, 
perfectly free to change the plan of operations. 

I am, &c., &c. 

■ Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Com. U. S. L. 

Head-Quarters op the Army, 
Washington, Feb. 14, 1862. 
Brig.-Gen. P. W. Sherman, 
Goiii^cj. at Port Royal^ c&c, — 
General : — Your dispatches, in regard to the occupation 
of Dafuskie Island, &c., were received to-day. I saw, also, to- 



92 FIRSTPERIOD. 

day, for the first time, your requisition for a siege train for 
Savannah. 

After giving the subject all the consideration in my power, 
I am forced to the conclusion, that under present circum- 
stances, the siege and capture of Savannah, do not promise 
results commensurate with the sacrifices necessary. When I 
learned that it was possible for the gun-boats to reach the 
Savannah River above Fort Pulaski, two operations suggested 
themselves to my mind, as its immediate results. 

First. The capture of Savannah by a " couj) de main," the 
result of an instantaneous advance and attack by the army 
and navy. 

The time for this has passed, and your letter indicates that 
you are not accountable for the failure to seize the propitious mo- 
ment, but that, on the contrary, you perceived its advantages. 

Second. To isolate Fort Pulaski, cut off its supplies, and at 
least facilitate its reduction by a bombardment. 

Although "vve have a long delay to deplore, the second course 
still remains open to us ; and I strongly advise the close block- 
ade of Pulaski, and its bombardment as soon as the 13-inch 
mortars and heavy guns reach you. I am confident you can 
thus reduce it. With Pulaski, you gain all that is really essen- 
tial ; you obtain complete control of the harbor, you relieve 
the blockading fleet, and render the main body of your force 
disposable for other operations. 

I do not consider the possession of Savannah worth a siege, 
after Pulaski is in our hands. But the possession of Pulaski 
is of the first importance. The expedition to Fernandina is 
well, and I shall be glad to learn that it is ours. 

But, after all, the greatest moral effect would be produced 
by the reduction of Charleston, and its defenses. There the 
rebellion had its birth; there the unnatural hatred of our gov- 
ernment is most intense ; there is the centre of the boasted 
power and courage of the rebels. To gain Fort Sumter, and 
hold Charleston, is a task well worthy of our greatest efforts, 
and considerable sacrifices. That is the problem I would be 
glad to have you study. Some time must elapse before we 
can be in all respects ready to accomplish that purpose. Fleets 
are en route, and armies in motion, Avhich have certain pre- 



OPERATIONS IN THE "WEST AND SOUTH, 93 

liminary objects to accomplish, before we are ready to take 
Charleston in hand. But the time will before long arrive, when 
I shall be prepared to make that movement. In the mean time, 
it is my advice and wish that no attempt be made upon Savan- 
nah, unless it can be carried with certainty by a " coup de main." 
Please concentrate your attention and forces upon Pulaski, 
and Fernandina. St. Augustine might as well be taken by 
way of an interlude, while awaiting the preparations for 
Charleston. Success attends us every whero at present. 
Very truly yours, 

Geo. B. McGlellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Com. U. S. A^ 

Head-Quakters of the Army, 
Washington, Feb. 23, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. B. F. Bittlee, 
?7i S. Volunteers^ — 
General .•— Tou are assigned to the command of the land 
forces destined to co-operate with the navy, in the attack upon 
New Orleans. You will use every means to keep your desti- 
nation a profound secret, even from your staff officers, with 
the exception of your chief of staff, and Lieut. Weitzel, of the 
engineers. The force at your disposal, will consist of the first 
13 regiments named in your memorandum handed to me in 
person, the 21st Indiana, 4th Wisconsin, and 6th Michigan, 
(old and good regiments from Baltimore.) 

The 21st Indiana, 4th Wisconsin, and 6th Michigan, will 
await your orders at Fort Monroe. 

Two companies of the 21st Indiana, are well drilled as heavy- 
artillery. The cavali-y force already en route for Ship Island, 
will be sufficient for your purposes. 

After full consultation with officers well acquainted with 
the country in which it is proposed to operate, I have arrived 
at the conclusion that (2) two light batteries fully equipped, 
and (l) one without horses, will be all that are necessary. 

This will make your force about 14,400 infantry, 275 cavalry, 
C80 artillery; total 1.5,255 men. 

The commanding general of the Department of Key West, ia 
authorized to loan you, temporarily, 2 regiments ; Fort Pickens 



94 FIRSTPEKIOD. 

can probably give you another, which will bring your force to 
nearly 18,000. 

The object of your expedition is one of vital importance, 
the capture of New Orleans. The route selected is up the 
Mississippi River, and the first obstacle to be encountered, 
(perhaps the only one), is in the resistance offered by Forts St. 
Philip and Jackson. It is expected that the navy can reduce 
these works ; in that case, you will, after their capture, leave 
a sufficient garrison in them to render them perfectly secure ; 
and it is recommended, that on the upward passage, a few 
heavy guns, and some troops, be left at the Pilot Station, 
(at the forks of the river), to cover a retreat in the event of a 
disaster. These troops and guns, will, of course, be removed 
as soon as the forts are captured. 

Should the navy fail to reduce the works, you will land your 
forces and siege train, and endeavor to breach the works, 
silence their fire, and carry them by assault. 

The next resistance will be near the English Bend, where 
there are some earthen batteries ; here it may be necessary for 
you to land your troops and co-operate with the naval attack, 
although it is more than probable, that the navy, unassisted, 
can accomplish the result. If these works are taken, the city 
of New Orleans necessarily falls. In that event, it will pro- 
bably be best to occupy Algiers with the mass of your troops, 
also, the eastern bank of the river above the city, it may be 
necessary to place some troops in the city to preserve order, 
but if there appears sufficient Union sentiment to control the 
city, it may be best for purposes of discipline, to keep your 
men out of the city. 

After obtaining possession of New Orleans, it will be neces- 
sary to reduce all the works guarding its approaches from the 
east, and particularly to gain the Manchac Pass. Baton 
Rouge, Berwick Bay, and Fort Livingston will next claim 
your attention. 

A feint on Galveston may facilitate the objects we have ia 
view. I need not call your attention to the necessity of gain- 
ing possession of all the rolling stock you can on the different 
railways, and of obtaining control of the roads themselves. 
The occupation of Baton Rouge by a combined naval and land 



THE AKMY OP THE POTOMAC. 95 

force, should be accomplished as soon as possible after you 
have gained New Orleans. Then endeavor to open your com- 
munication with the northern column by the Mississippi, 
always bearing in mind the necessity of occupying Jackson, 
Mississippi, as soon as you can safely do so, either after, or 
before you have eflfected the junction. Allow nothing to 
divert you from obtaining full possession of all the approaches 
to New Orleans. When that object is accomplished to its 
fullest extent, it will be necessary to make a combined attack 
on Mobile, in ordej- to gain possession of the harbor and works, 
as well as to control the railway terminus at the city. 

In regard to this, I will send more detailed instructions as 
the opex'ations of the northern column develop themselves. 

I may briefly state that the general objects of the expedition 
are: First, The reduction of New Orleans and all its ap- 
proaches : then MobUe and its defenses : then Pensacola, 
Galreston, &c. It is probable that by the time New Orleans 
is reduced it will be in the power of the government to rein- 
force the land forces sufficiently to accomplish all these objects: 
in the meantime you will please give all the assistance in your 
power to the army and navy commanders in your vicinity, 
never losing sight of the fact, that the great object to be' 
achieved is the capture and firm retention of New Orleans. 

I am, &c., 

Geo. B, McCleixan, 
Maj.-Gen. Com'g U. S. A. 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

The plan indicated in the above letters comprehended in its 
scope the operations of all the armies in the Union — the army 
of the Potomac as well. It was my intention, for reason 
easy to be seen, that its various parts should be carried out 
simultaneously, or nearly so, and in cooperation along ou 
whole line. If this plan was wise, and events have failed to 
prove that it Avas not, then it is unnecessary to defend any 
delay which would have enabled the army of the Potomac to 
perform its share in the execution of the whole work. 



96 FIKST PERI OD. 

But about the middle of January, 1862, upon recovering 
from a severe illness, I found that excessive anxiety for an 
immediate movement of the array of the Potomac had taken 
possession of the minds of the administration. 

A change had just been made in the War Department, and 
I was soon urged by the new secretary, Mr. Stanton, to take 
immediate steps to secure the reopening of the Potomac and 
Ohio Railroad, and to free the banks of the lower Potomac 
from the rebel batteries which annoyed passing vessels. 

Very soon after his entrance upon office, I laid before him, 
verbally, my design as to the part of the plan of campaign to 
be executed by the army of the Potomac, which was to attack 
Richmond by the lower Chesapeake. 

He instructed me to develop it to the President, which I 
did. The result was, that the President disapproved it, and 
by an order of January 31, 1862, substituted one of his own. 

On the 27th of January, 1862, the following order was issued 
without consultation with me : 



Executive Mansion, ■Washington, Jan. 21, 1862. 
President's General War Order, No. 1. 

Ordered: That the 22d day of February, 1862, be the day 
for a general movement of the land and naval forces of the 
United States against the insurgent forces. 

That, especially, 

The army at and about Fortress Monroe, 

The army of the Potomac, 

The army of Western Virginia, 

The army near Mumfordsville, Kentucky, 

The army and flotilla at Cairo, 

And a naval force in the Gulf of Mexico, be ready to move 
on that day. 

That all other forces, both land and naval, with their re- 
spective commanders, obey existing orders for the time, and 
be ready to obey additional orders when duly given. 

That the heads of departments, and especially the Secretaries 
of War and of the Navy, with all their subordinates, and the 
General-in-Chief, with all other commanders and subordinates 



THE ABMT OP THE POTOMAC. 97 

of land and naval forces, will severally be held to their strict 
and full responsibilities for prompt execution of this order, 

Abraham Lincoln. 

The order of January 31, 1862, is as follows : 

Executive Mansion', 
Washington, Jan. 31, 1862. 
Peesidekt's Special War Orders, No. 1. 

Ordered: That all the disposable force of the army of the 
Potomac, after providing safely for the defense of Washing- 
ton, be formed into an expedition for the immediate object 
of seizing and occupying a point upon the railroad south- 
westward of wliat is known as Manassas Junction, all details 
to be in the discretion of the Commander-in-Chief, and the 
expedition to move before or on the 22d day of February next. 

Abraham Lincoln. 

I asked his Excellency whether this order was to be regarded 
as final, or whether I could be permitted to submit, in writing, 
my objections to his plan, and my reasons for preferring my 
own. Permission was accorded, and I therefore prepared the 
letter to the Secretary of War which is given below. Before 
this had been submitted to the President, he addressed me the 
following note : 

Executive Mansion, 
"Washington, February 3, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

My Dear Sir, — You and I have distinct and different plans 
for a movement of the army of the Potomac. Yours to be 
done by the Chesapeake, up the Rappahannock to XJrbana, 
and across and to the terminus, of the railroad on the York 
River : mine to move directly to a point on the railroad south- 
west of Manassas. 

If you will give me satisfactory answers to the following 
questions, I shall gladly yield my plan to yours. 

1st. Does not your plan involve a greatly larger expendi- 
ture of time and money than mine ? 

2d. Wherein is a victory more certain by your plan than 
mine ? 

5 



98 FIRST PERIOD. 

3d. Wherein is a victory more valuable by your plan than 
mine ? 

4th. In fact would it not be less valuable in this ; that it 
would break no great line of the enemy's communications, 
while mine would ? 

5th. In case of disaster, would not a retreat be more diflS- 
cult by your plan than mine ? 

Yours truly, 

Abraham Lincoln. 

These questions were substantially answered by the follow- 
ing letter of the same date to the Secretary of War. 

Head-Quarters of the Abut, 
Washington, Feb 3, 1862. 

Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

Sir, — I ask your indulgence for the following paper ren- 
dered necessary by circumstances. 

I assumed command of the troops in the vicinity of Wash- 
ington on Saturday, July 27, 1861, six days after the Battle 
of Bull Run. 

I found no army to command ; a mere collection of regi- 
ments, cowering on tlie banks of the Potomac, some perfectly 
raw, others dispirited by the recent defeat. 

Nothing of any consequence had been done to secure the 
southern approaches to the capital by means of defensive works: 
— nothing whatever had been imdertaken to defend the ave- 
nues to the city on the northern side of the Potomac. 

The troops were not only undisciplined, imdrilled, and dis- 
pirited ; they were not even placed in military positions — the 
city was almost in a condition to have been taken by a dash 
of a regiment of cavalry. 

AVithout one day's delay I undertook the difficult task as 
signed to me ; that task the Hon. Secretary knows was given 
to me without my solicitation or foreknowledge. Hon- far I 
have accomplished it will best be shown by the past and the 
present. 

The capital is secure against attack ; the extensive fortifica- 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 99 

tions erected by the labor of our troops enable a small garri 
son to hold it against a numei'ous army ; the enemy have been 
held in check; the State of Maryland is securely in our pos- 
session; the detached counties of Virginia are again within 
the pale of our laws — and all apprehension of trouble in Dela- 
ware is at an end : the enemy are confined to the positions 
they occupied before the disaster of the 21st July: more than 
all this, I have now under my command, a well drilled and 
reliable army, to which the destinies of the country may be 
confidently committed : this array is young and untried in 
battle — but it is animated by the highest spirit, and is capable 
of great deeds. 

That so much has been accomplished and such an army 
created, in so short a time, from nothing will hereafter be 
regarded as one of the highest glories of the administration and 
the nation. 

Many weeks, I may say many months ago, this army of the 
Potomac was fully in condition to repel any attack : but there 
is a vast difference between that and the efficiency required to 
enable troops to attack successfully an army elated by victory 
and intrenched in a position long since selected, studied and 
fortified. 

In the earliest papers I submitted to the President, I asked 
for an effective and movable force far exceeding the aggre- 
gate now on the banks of the Potomac. I have not the force 
I asked for. Even when in a subordinate position, I always 
looked beyond the operations of the army of the Potomac : I 
was never satisfied in my own mind with a barren victory — 
but looked to combined and decisive operations. 

When I was placed in command of the armies of the United 
States, I immediately turned my attention to the whole field 
of operations, regarding the army of the Potomac as only one, 
while the most important, of the masses under my com- 
mand. 

I confess that I did not then appreciate the total absence of 
a general plan, which had before existed — nor did I know that 
utter disorganization and want of preparation pervaded the 
Western armies. 

I took it for granted that they were nearly, if not quite, in 



100 " FIRST PERIOD. 

condition to move towards the fulfillment of my plans ; I ao* 
knowledge that I made a great mistake. 

I sent at once, with the approval of the Executive, officers 
I considered competent to command in Kentucky and Missouri 
— their instructions looked to prompt movements — I soon 
found that the labor of creation and organization had to be 
performed there ; transportation, arms, clothing, artillery dis- 
cipline, all were wanting : these things required time to pro- 
cure them. The generals in command have done their work 
most creditably — but we are still delayed. I had hoped that 
a general advance could be made during the good weather of 
December ; I was mistaken. 

My wish was to gain possession of the Eastern Tennessee 
Railroad as a preliminary movement — then to follow it up 
immediately by an attack on Nashville and Richmond, as 
nearly at the same time as possible. 

I have ever regarded our true policy as being that of fully 
preparing ourselves and then seeking for the most decisive 
results. I do not wish to waste life in useless battles — but I 
prefer to strike at the heart. 

Two bases of operations seem to present themselves for the 
advance of the army of the Potomac. 

1st. That of Washington, its present position, involving a 
direct attack upon the intrenched positions of the enemy at 
Centreville, Manassas, &c., or else a movement to turn one or 
both flanks of those positions : or a combination of the two plans. 

The relative force of the two armies will not justify an attack 
on both flanks ; an attack on his left flank alone involves a 
long line of wagon communication, and cannot prevent him 
from collecting for the decisive battle all the detachments now 
on his extreme right and left. 

Should we attack his right flank by the line of the Occo- 
quan, and a crossing of the Potomac below that river and near 
his batteries, we could, perhaps, prevent the junction of the 
enemy's right with his centre, (we might destroy the former,) 
we would remove the obstructions to the navigation of the 
Potomac, reduce the length of wagon transportation by estab- 
lishing new depots at the nearest points of the Potomac, and 
strike more directly his main railway communication. 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 101 

The fords of the Occoquan, below the mouth of Bull Run, 
are watched by the rebels ; batteries are said to be placed on 
the heights in rear, ( concealed by the woods,) and the arrange- 
ment of his troops is such that he can oppose some consider 
able resistance to a passage of that stream. Information has 
just been received, to the eiFect that the enemy are intrench- 
ing a line of heights, extending from the vicinity of Sangsters, 
(Union Mills,) towards Evansport. Early in January Sprigg's 
Ford was occupied by Gen. Rhodes with 3,000 men and eight 
guns. There are strong reasons for believing that Davis's 
Ford is occupied. These circumstances indicate, or prove 
that the enemy anticipates the movement in question, and is 
prepared to resist it. Assuming, for the present, that this 
operation is determined upon, it may be well to examine 
briefly its probable progress. In the present state of affairs, 
our columns (for the movement of so large a force must be 
made in several columns, at least five or six,) can reach the 
Accotink without danger ; during the march thence to the 
Occoquan, our right flank becomes exposed to an attack from 
Fairfax Station, Sangsters, and Union Mills : this danger must 
be met by occupying, in some force, either the two first-named 
places, or, better, the point of junction of the roads leading 
thence to the village of Occoquan. This occupation must be 
sustained so long as we continue to draw supi^lies by the 
roads from this city, or until a battle is won. 

The crossing of the Occoquan should be made at all the 
fords from "Wolf's Run to the mouth, the points of crossing 
not being necessarily confined to the fords themselves. Should 
the enemy occupy this line in force, we must, with what 
assistance the flotilla can afford, endeavor to force the passage 
near the mouth, thus forcing the enemy to abandon the whole 
line, or be taken in flank himself. 

Having gained the line of the Occoquan, it would be neces- 
sary to throw a column, by the shortest route, to Dumfries, 
partly to force the enemy to abandon his batteries on the 
Potomac, partly to cover our left flank against an attack from 
the direction of Acquia : and lastly, to establish our communi- 
cation with the river by the best roads, and thus give us- new 
depots. The enemy would by this time have occupied the 



102 FIRST PEEIOD. 

jiine of the Occoquan above Bull Run, holding Brentsvil/e in 
force, and perhaps extending his lines somewhat further to 
the south-west. 

Our next step would be to prevent the enemy from crossing 
the Occoquan between Bull Run and the Broad Run, to fall 
upon our right flank while moving on Brentsville. This 
might be effected by occupying Bacon Race Church and the 
cross-roads near the mouth of Bull Run, or still more effec- 
tually, by moving to the fords themselves, and preventing 
him from debouching on our side. 

These operations would possibly be resisted, and it would 
require some time to effect them. As nearly at the same time 
as possible, we should gain the fords necessary to our purposes 
above Broad Run. Having secured our right flank, it would 
become necessary to carry Brentsville at any cost, for we could 
not leave it between our right flank and the main body. The 
final movement on the railroad must be determined by circum- 
stances existing at the time. 

This brief sketch brings out in bold relief the great advan- 
tage possessed by the enemy in the strong central position he 
occupies, with roads diverging in every direction, and a strong 
line of defense, enabling him to remain on the defensive, with 
a small force on one flank, while he concentrates everything 
on the other for a decisive action. 

Should Ave place a portion of our force in front of Centre- 
ville, while the rest crosses the Occoquan, we commit the error 
of dividing our army by a very difficult obstacle, and by a dis- 
tance too great to enable the two parts to support each other, 
should either be attacked by the masses of the enemy, while 
the other is held in check. 

I should, perhaps, have dwelt more decidedly on the fact, 
that the force left near Sangsters, must be allowed to remain 
somewhere on that side of the Occoquan, until the decisive 
battle is over, so as to cover our retreat, in the event of disas- 
ter ; unless it should be decided to select and intrench a new 
base somewhere near Dumfries, a proceeding involving much 
time. 

After the passage of the Occoquan by the main army, this 
covering force could be drawn in to a more central and 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 103 

less exposed position, say Brimstone Hill, or nearer the Oc- 
coquan. 

In this latitude, the weather, will, for a considerable period, 
be very uncertain, and a movement commenced in force, on 
roads in tolerably firm condition, will be liable, almost certain, 
to be much delayed by rains and snow. It will therefore be 
next to impossible to surprise the enemy, or take him at a 
disadvantage by rapid mana3uvres. Our slow progress will 
enable him to divine our purposes, and take his measures ac- 
cordingly. The probability is, from the best information we 
possess, that the enemy has improved the roads leading 
to his lines of defense, while we will have to work as we 
advance. 

Bearing in mind what has been said, and the present un- 
precedented and impassable condition of the roads, it will be 
evident that no precise period can be fixed upon for the move- 
ment on this line. N"or can its duration be closely calculated ; 
it seems certain that many weeks may elapse, before it is pos- 
sible to commence the march. Assuming the success of this 
operation, and the defeat of the enemy as certain, the question 
at once arises, as to the importance of the results gained. I 
think these results would be confined to the possession of tlie 
field of battle, the evacuation of the line of the upper Potomac by 
the enemy, and the moral eflect of the victory ; important results 
it is true, but not decisive of the war, nor securing the de- 
struction of the enemy's main army, for he conld fall back 
upon other positions and fight us again and again, should the 
condition of his troops permit. If he is in no condition to 
fight us again out of range of the intrenchments at Richmond, 
we would find it a very difficult and tedious matter to follow 
him up there, for he would destroy his railroad bridges, and 
otherwise impede our progress through a region where the 
roads are as bad as they well can be, and Ave Avould probably 
find ourselves forced, at last, to change the whole theatre of 
wai', or to seek a shorter land route to Richmond, with a 
smaller available force, and at an expenditure of much more 
time, than Avere we to adopt the short line at once. We 
would also have forced the enemy to concentrate his forces, 



104 FI EST PERIOD. 

and perfect his defensive measures at the very points where it 
is desirable to strike him wlien least prepared. 

II. The second base of operations available for the army of 
the Potomac, is that of the lower Chesapeake Bay, which 
affords the shortest possible land route to Richmond, and 
strikes directly at the heart of the enemy's power in the east. 

The roads in that region are passable at all seasons of the 
year^ 

The country now alluded to, is much more favorable for 
offensive operations, than that in front of Washington, (which 
is very unfavorable), much more level, more cleared land, the 
woods less dense, the soil more sandy, the spring some two 
or three weeks earlier. A movement in force on that line, 
obliges the enemy to abandon his intrenched position at Ma- 
nassas, in order to hasten to cover Richmond and Noifolk. 
He must do this ; for should he permit us to occupy Rich- 
mond, his destruction can be averted only by entirely defeat- 
ing us in a battle, in which he must be the assailant. This 
movemeht, if successful, gives us the capital, the communica- 
tions, the supplies of the rebels ; Norfolk would fall ; all the 
waters of the Chesapeake Avould be ours, all Virginia would 
be in our power ; and the enemy forced to abandon Tennessee 
and North Carolina. The alternative presented to the enemy, 
would be to beat us in a position selected by ourselves ; dis- 
perse or pass beneath the Caiidine Forks. 

Should we be beaten in a battle, we have a perfectly secure 
retreat down the Peninsula upon Fort Monroe; with our 
flanks perfectly covered by the fleet. During the whole 
movement our left flank is covered by the water, our right is 
secure, for the reason that the enemy is too distant to reach 
us in time ; he can only oppose us in front ; we bring our fleet 
into full play. 

After a successful battle, our position would be, Burnside 
forming our left, Norfolk held securely, our centre connecting 
Burnside with Buell, both by Raleigh and Lynchburg, Buel 
in Eastern Tennessee and Northern Alabama, Halleck at Nash- 
ville and Memphis. 

The next movement would be to connect with Sherman on 
the left, by reducing AVilmington and Charleston ; Xq advance 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOITAC. 105 

our centre into South Carolina and Georgia, to push Buell 
either towards Montgomery, or to unite with the main army 
in Georgia, to throw Halleck southward to meet the naval 
expedition from 'New Orleans. 

We should then be in a condition to reduce, at our leisure, 
all the southern seaports ; to occupy all the avenues of commu- 
nication, to use the great outlet of the Mississippi ; to re-estab- 
lish our government and arms in Arkansas, Louisiana and 
Texas ; to force the slaves to labor for our subsistence, instead 
of that of the rebels ; to bid defiance to all foreign inter- 
ference. Such is the object I ever had in view ; this is the 
general plan which I hope to accomplish. 

For many long months, I have labored to prepare the array 
of the Potomac to play its part in the programme ; from the 
day when I was placed in. command of all our armies, I have 
exerted myself to place all the other armies in such a condi- 
tion, that they too could perform their allotted duties. 

Should it be determined to operate from the lower Chesa- 
peake, the point of landing which pi-omises the most brilliant 
results, is Urbana, on the lower Rappahannock. This point 
is easily reached by vessels of heavy draught, it is neither oc- 
cupied nor observed by the enemy, it is but one march from 
West Point, the key of that region, and thence, but two 
marches to Richmond. A rapid movement from Urbana, 
would probably cut off Magruder in the Peninsula, and enable 
us to occupy Richmond before it could be strongly reinforced. 
Should we fail in that, we could, with the co-operation of the 
navy, cross the James and show ourselves in rear of Rich- 
mond, thus forcing the enemy to come out and attack us, for 
his position would be untenable, with us on the southern bank 
of the river. 

Should circumstances render it not advisable to land at 
Urbana, we can use Mob Jack Bay — or the worst coming to 
the worst, we can take Fort Monroe as a base, and operate 
with comi^lete security, although with less celerity aud bril- 
liancy of results, up the Peninsula. 

To reach whatever point may be selected as a base, a large 
amount of cheap water transportation must be collected, con- 
sisting mainly of canal-boats, barges, wood-boats, schooners, 



106 FIRST PERIOD. 

&c., towed by small steamers, all of a very different character 
from those required for all previous expeditions. This can 
certainly be accomplished within thirty days from the time the 
order is given. I propose as the best possible plan tliat can, 
in my judgment, be adopted, to select Urbana as a landing- 
place for the first detachments. To transport by water four 
divisions of infantry with their batteries, the regular infantry, 
a few wagons, one bridge train, and a few squadrons of 
cavalry, making the vicinity of Hooker's position the place of 
embarkation for as many as possible. To move the regular 
cavalry and reserve artillery, the remaining bridge trains and 
wagons to a point somewhere near C.ipe Lookout, then ferry 
them over the river by means of North River ferry-boats, 
march them over to the Rappahannock (covering the move- 
ment by an infantry force near Heath sville) and to cross the 
Rappahannock in a similar way. The expense and difficulty 
of the movement will thus be very much diminished (a saving 
of transportation of about 10,000 horses) and the result none 
the less certain. 

The concentration of the cavalry, &c., in the lower counties 
of Maryland, can be effected without exciting suspicion, and 
the movement made without delay from that cause. 

This movement, if adopted, will not at all expose the city 
of Washington to danger. 

The total force to be thrown upon the new line would be, 
according to circum.stances, from 110 to 140,000, I hope to 
use the latter number by bringing fresh troops into Washing- 
ton, and still leaving it quite safe. I fully realize that in all 
projects offered, time will probably be the most valuable con- 
sideration. It is my decided opinion, that in that point of 
view, the second plan should be adopted. It is possible, nay 
highly probable, that the weather and state of the roads, may 
be such as to delay the direct movement from Washington, 
with its unsatisfactory results and great risks — far beyond the 
time required to complete the second plan. In the first case 
wc can fix no definite time for an advance. The roads have 
gone from bad to worse — nothing like their present condition 
has ever been known here before ; they are impassable at pre- 
sent, we are entirely at the mercy of the weather. It is by no 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 107 

means certain tliat we can beat them at Manassas. On +Jig 
other line, I regard success as certain by all the chances of 
war. We demoralize the enemy by forcing him to abandon 
his prepared position for one which we have chosen, in which 
all is in our favor, and where success must produce immense 
results. 

My judgment as a general, is clearly in favor of this project. 
Nothing is certain in war, but all the chances are in favor of 
this movement. So much am I in favor of the Southern line 
of operations, that I would prefer the move from Fort Monroe 
as a base — as a certain though less brilliant movement, than 
that from Urbana — to an attack upon Manassas. 

I know that his Excellency the President, you and I, all 
agree in our wishes, and that these wishes are to bring the war 
to a close, as promptly as the means in our possession will 
permit. I believe that the mass of the people have entire con- 
fidence in us. I am sure of it. Let us then look only to the 
great result to be accomplished, and disregard every thing 
else. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

This letter must have produced some effect upon the mind 
of the President, since the execution of his order was not re- 
quired, although it was not revoked as formally as it had been 
issued. Many verbal conferences ensued, in which among 
other things, it was determined to collect as many canal-boats 
as possible, with a view to employ them largely in the trans- 
portation of the army to the Lower Chesapeake. The idea 
was at one time entertained by the President to use them in 
forming a bridge across the Potomac, near Liverpool Point, 
in order to throw the army over at that point, but this was 
subsequently abandoned. It was also found by experience, 
that it would require much time to prepare the canal-boats for 
use in transportation to the extent that had been anticipated. 

Finally, on the 27th of February, 1862, the Secretary of 
"War, by the authority of the President, instructed Mr. John 
Tucker, Assistant Secretary of War, to procure at once the 



108 FIBST PERIOD. 

necessary steamers and sailing craft to transport the army of 
the Potomac to its new field of operations. 

The following extracts from the report of Mr. Tucker, dated 
April 5th, will show the nature and progress of this well-exe- 
cuted service : 

^ ^ H» T^ ^ V 1^ 

"I was called to Washington by telegraph on 1 7 th Janu- 
ary last, by Assistant-Secretary of War Thomas A. Scott. I 
was informed that Maj.-Gen. McClellan wished to see me. 
From him I learned that he desired to know if transportation 
on smooth water could be obtained, to move at one time, for 
a short distance, about 50,000 troops, 10,000 horses, 1,000 
wagons, 13 batteries, and the usual equipment of such an 
army. He frankly stated to me, that he had always supposed 
such a movement entirely feasible until two experienced quar- 
ter-masters had recently reported it impracticable, in their 
judgment. A few days afterwards, I reported to General 
McClellan that I was entirely confident the transports could 
be commanded, and stated the mode by which his object 
could be accomplished. A week or more afterwards, I had 
the honor of an interview with the President and General 
McClellan, when the subject was further discussed, and es- 
pecially as to the time required. 

" I expressed the opinion, that as the movement of the 
horses and wagons would have to be made chiefly by schooners 
and barges, that as each schooner would require to be properly 
fitted for the protection of the horses, and furnished with a 
supply of water and forage, and each transport for the troops 
provided with water, I did not deem it prudent to assume 
that such an expedition could start within thirty days from 
the time the order was given. 

" The President and General McClellan both urgently stated 
the vast importance of an earlier movement. I replied that if 
favorable winds prevailed, and there was great dispatch in 
loading, the time might be materially diminished. 

" On the 14th of February, you [Secretary of War] adver- 
tised for transports of various descriptions, inviting bids. On 
the 27th February I was informed that the proposed move- 
ment by water was decided upon. That evening the quarter- 



THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 109 

master-general was informed of the decision. Directions were 
given to secure the transportation, and my assistance was 
tendered. 

" He promptly detailed to this duty two most efficient 
assistants in his department : Col. Rufus Ingalls was stationed 
at Annapolis, where it was then pi-oposed to embark the troops, 
and Capt, Henry C. Hodges Avas directed to meet me in Phila- 
delphia, to attend to chartering the vessels. With these 
arrangements, I left Washington on the 28th February. 
* * * * * * * 

" I beg to hand herewith a statement prepared by Captain 
Hodges, of the vessels chartered, wliich exhibits the pricea 
paid and the parties from whom they were taken, viz. : 

"113 Steamers, at an average price per day . . $215.10 

188 Schooners " " " "... 24.45 

88 Barges " " " "... 14.27 

" In thirty-seven days from the time I received the order in 
Washington (and most of it was accomplished in thirty days) 
these vessels transported from Perryville, Alexandria, and 
Washington to Fort Monroe — (the place of departure having 
been changed which caused delay) — 

" 121,500 Men, 
14,592 Animals, 
1,150 Wagons, 
44 Batteries, 
74 Ambulances, 

" Besides pontoon bridges, telegraph materials, and the 
enormous quantity of equipage, &c., required for an army of 
such magnitude. The only loss of which I have heard, is 
eight mules and nine barges, which latter went ashore in a 
gale within a few miles of Fort Monroe, the cargoes being 
saved. With this trifling exception, not the slightest accident 
has occurred, to my knowledge. 

" I respectfully, but confidently, submit that, for economy 
and celerity of movement, this expedition is without a parallel 
on record. 

" John Tucker, 
" Assistant-Secretary of War." 



110 FIRST PERIOD. 



THE E]!^EMT'S BATTERIES ON THE POTOMAC. 

In the meantime the destruction of the batteries on the 
lower Potomac, by crossing our troops opj^osite them, was 
considered, and preparations were even made for throwing 
Hooker's division across the river to carry them by assault. 
Finally, however, after an adverse report from Brig.-General 
J, G. Barnard, chief engineer, given below, who made a recon- 
noissance of the positions; and in view of the fact that it was 
still out of the power of the navy department to furnish suita- 
ble vessels to co-operate with the land troops, this plan wa3 
abandoned as impracticable, A close examination of the 
enemy's works and their approaches, made after they were 
evacuated, showed that the decision was a wise one. The 
only means, therefore, of accomplishing the capture of these 
works, so much desired by the President, was by a movement 
by land, from the left of our lines, on the right bank of the 
Potomac, a movement obviously unwise. 

The attention of the Navy Department, as early as August 
12, 1861, had been called to the necessity of maintaining a 
strong force of efficient war vessels on the Potomac. 

Head-Quarters, Division op the Potomac, 
Washington, August 12, 1861. 
Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Sec'y. IT. /S. JVavy, — .. 

Sir, — I have, to-day, received additional information 
which convinces me that it is more than probable that the 
enemy will, within a very short time, attempt to throw a re- 
spectable force from the mouth of Acquia Creek into Maiy- 
land. This attempt will probably be preceded by the erection 
of batteries at Mathias and White House Points. Such a 
movement on the part of the enemy, in connection with others 
probably designed, would place Washington in great jeopardy. 
I most earnestly urge that the strongest possible naval force, 
be at once concentrated near the mouth of Acquia Creek, and 
that the most vigilant watch be maintained day and night, so 
as to render such passage of the river, absolutely impossible. 



THB ENEMY S BATTERIES ON THE P0T0 5IAC. Ill 

I recommend that the Minnesota, and any other vessels 
available from Hampton Roads, be at once ordered up there, 
and that a great quantity of coal be sent to that vicinity, 
suflBcient for several Aveeks' supply. At least one strong war 
ves:?el should be kept at Alexandria ; and I again urge the 
concentration of a strong naval force in the Potomac without 
delay. 

If the naval department will render it absolutely impossible 
for the enemy to cross the river below Washington, the 
security of the capital will be greatly increased. 

I cannot too earnestly urge an immediate compliance with 
these requests. 

I am sir, very respectfully, your ob't. serv't., 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Com'g. 

It was on the 27th September, 1861, that General Barnard, 
Chief Engineer, in company with Captain Wyman, of the Po- 
tomac Flotilla, had been instructed to make a recounoissance 
of the enemy's batteries as far as Mathias Point. In his re- 
port of his observations, he says : — "Batteries at High Point 
and Cockpit Point, and thence down to Chopawampsic, can,' 
not be prevented. We may, indeed, prevent their construction 
on certain points, but along here, somewhere, the enemy can 
establish, in spite of us, as many batteries as he chooses. What 
is the remedy ? Favorable circumstances, not to be antici- 
pated nor made the basis of any calculations, might justify 
and render successful the attack of a particular battery. To 
suppose that we can capture all, and by mere attacks of this 
kind prevent the navigation being molested, is very much the 
same as to suppose that the hostile army in our own front, can 
prevent us building and maintaining field-works to protect Ar- 
lington and Alexandria, by capturing them one and all as fast 
as they are built." 

In another communication upon the subject of ci'ossing 
troops for the purpose of destroying the batteries on the Vir- 
ginia side of the Potomac, General Barnard says : 



112 FIEST PERIOD. 

" The operation involves the forcing of a very strong line of 
defense of the eiieniy, and all that we would have to do, if we 
were really opening a campaign against them there. 

" It is true we hope to force this -line by turning it, by land- 
ing on Freestone Point. 

" With reason to believe that this may be successful, it can- 
not be denied that it involves a risk of failure. 

" Should we then, considering all the consequences which 
may be involved, enter into the operation merely to capture 
the Potomac batteries? I think not. 

"Will not the Erricson, assisted by one other gun-boat, 
capable of keeping along side these batteries, so far control their 
fire as to keep the navigation sufficiently free as long as we 
require it ? Captain Wyman says yes." 

It was the opinion of competent naval officers, and I concur 
with them, that had an adequate force of strong and well armed 
vessels, been acting upon the Potomac from the beginning ot 
August, it would have been next to impossible for the rebels 
to have constructed or maintained battei'ies upon the banks 
of the river. The enemy never occupied Mathias Point, nor 
any other point on the river, which was out of supportmg dis- 
tance from their main army. 

When the enemy commenced the construction of these 
batteries, the army of the Potomac was not in condition to 
prevent it ; their destruction, by our army, would have af- 
forded but a temporary relief, unless we had been strong 
enough to hold the entire line of the Potomac. This could be 
done either by driving the enemy from Manassas and Acquia 
Creek by main force, or by manoeuvring to compel them to 
evacuate their positions. The latter course was finally pur- 
sued, and with success. 



THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 

About the 20th of February, 1862, additional measures were 
taken to secure the re-opening of the Baltimore and Ohio 



THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 113 

Railroad. The preliminary operations of General Lander for 
this object are elsewhere described. 

I had often observed to the President, and to members of 
the Cabinet, that the reconstruction of this railway could not 
be undertaken, until we were in a condition to fight a battle 
to secure it. I regarded the possession of Winchester and 
Strasburg as necessary to cover the railway in rear, and it 
was not until the month of February, that I felt prepared to 
accomplish this very desirable, but not vital purpose. 

The whole of Banks's division, and two brigades of Sedg- 
wick's division, were thrown across the river at Harper's 
Ferry, leaving one brigade of Sedgwick's division to observe 
and guard the Potomac from Great Falls to the mouth of the 
Monocacy. A sufficient number of troops of all arms, were 
held in readiness in the vicinity of Washington, either to 
march via Leesburg, or to move by rail to Harper's Ferry, 
should this become necessary in carrying out the objects in view. 
The subjoined notes from a communication subsequently ad- 
dressed to the War Department, will sufficiently explain the 
conduct of these operations. 



NOTES. 

" When I started for Harper's Ferry, I plainly stated to the 
President and Secretary of War, that the chief object of the 
operation would be to open the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
by crossing the river in force at Harper's Ferry ; that I had 
collected the material for making a permanent bridge by means 
of canal-boats ; that from the nature of the river, it was doubt- 
ful whether such a bridge could be constructed ; that if it could 
not, I would at least occupy the ground in front of Harper's 
Ferry, in order to cover the rebuilding of the railroad bridge, 
and finally, when the communications were perfectly secure, 
move on Winchester. 

" When I arrived at the place, I found the batteau bridge 
nearly completed ; the holding ground proved better than had 
been anticipated, the weather was favorable, there being no 
wind. I at once crossed over the two brigades which had ar 



114 FIRST PERIOD. 

rived, and took steps to hurry up the other two, belonging 
respectively to Banks's and Sedgwick's divisions. The difficulty 
of crossing supplies had not then become apparent. That 
night I telegraphed for a regiment of regular cavalry and four 
batteries of heavy artillery, to come up the next day (Thursday) 
besides directing Keyes's division of infantry to be moved up 
on Friday. 

" Next morning the attempt was made to pass the canal- 
boats through the lift |ock, in order to commence at once the 
construction of a permanent bridge ; it was then found for the 
first time that the lock was too small to permit the passage of 
the boats, it having been built for a class of boats running on 
the Shenandoah Canal, and too narrow by some four or six 
inches for the canal-boats. The lift locks above and below are 
all large enough for the ordinary boats. I had seen them at 
Edward's Ferry thus used ; it had always been represented to 
the engineers by the militaiy railroad employees and others, 
that the lock was large enough, and the difference being too 
small to be detected by the eye, no one had thought of 
measuring it, or suspected any difficulty. I thus suddenly 
found myself unable to build the permanent bridge. A violent 
gale had ai-isen, which threatened the safety of our only means 
of communication : the narrow approach to the bridge was so 
crowded and clogged with wagons, that it was very clear that 
under existing circumstances nothing more could be done than 
to, cross over the baggage and supplies of the two brigades : of 
these, instead of being able to ci'oss both during the morning, 
the last arrived only in time to go over just before dark. It 
was evident that the troops under orders, would only be in the 
way, should they arrive, and that it w^ould not be possible to 
subsist them for a rapid march on Winchester, It was there- 
fore deemed necessary to countermand the order, content our- 
selves with covering the reopening of the railroad for the pre- 
sent, and in the mean time use every exertion to establish as 
promptly as possible, depots of forage and subsistence on the 
Virginia side, to supply the troops and enable them to move 
on Winchester, independently of the bridge. The next day 
(Friday) I sent a strong reconnoissance to Charleston, and under 
its protection went there myself. I then determined to hold 



PBEPABATIONS TO MOVE. 115 

that place, and to move the troops composing Lander's and 
Williams's commands at once on Martinsburg and Bunker Hill 
— thus effectually covering the reconstruction of the railroad, 
" Having done this, and taken all the steps in my power to 
ensure the rapid transmission of supplies over the river, I re- 
turned to this city, well satisfied with what had been accom- 
plished. While up the river I learned that the President was 
dissatisfied with the state of affiiirs — but on my return here, 
understood from the Secretary of War, that upon learning the 
whole state of the case, the President was fully satisfied. I 
contented myself, therefore, with giving to the Secretary a 
brief statement, about as I have written it here." 

The design aimed at was entirely compassed, and before the 
first of April, the date of my departure for the Peninsula, the 
railroad was in running order. As a demonstration upon the 
left flank of the enemy, this movement no doubt assisted in 
determining the evacuation of his lines on the eighth and ninth 
of March. 



PREPARATIONS TO MOVE FROM WASHINGTON. 

Upon my return from Harper's Ferry, on the 28th of Feb- 
ruary, the preparations necessary to carry out the wishes of 
the President and Secretary of War in regard to destroying 
the batteries on the lower Potomac, were at once undertaken. 
Mature reflection convinced me that this operation would 
require the movement of the entire army, for I felt sure that 
the enemy would resist it with his whole strength. I under- 
took it with great reluctance, both on account of the extremely 
unfavorable condition of the roads, and my firm conviction 
that the proposed movement to the lower Chesapeake would 
necessarily, as it subsequently did, force the enemy to abando 
all his positions in front of Washington. Besides, it did no 
forward my plan of campaign to precipitate this evacuation by 
any direct attack, nor to subject the army to needless loss of 
life and material, by a battle near Washington, which could 
produce no decisive results. The preparations for a move- 



116 FIRST PERIOD. 

ment towaids the Occoquan, to carry the batteries, were how- 
ever advanced as rapidly as the season pei'mitted, and I had 
invited the commanders of divisions to meet at head-quarters 
on the 8th of March, for the purpose of giving them their in- 
structions, and receiving their advice and opinions in regard 
to their commands, when an inter\new with the President in- 
dicated to me the possibiUty of a change in ray orders. 

His Excellency sent for me at a very early hour on the 
morning of the 8th, and renewed his expressions of dissatisfac- 
tion with the affairs at Harper's Ferry, and with my plans for 
the new movement down the Chesapeake. Another recital of 
the same facts which had before given satisfaction to his Ex- 
cellency, again produced, as I supposed, the same result. The 
views which I expressed to the President, were reinforced by 
the results of a meeting of my general officers at head-quarters. 
At that meeting, my plans were laid before the division com- 
manders, and were approved by a majority of those present. 
Nevertheless, on the same day two important orders were 
issued by the President, without consultation with me. The 
first of these was the General War Order, No. 2, directing the 
formation of army corps, and assigning their commanders. 

I had always been in favor of the principle of an organiza- 
tion into army corps, but preferred deferring its practical exe- 
cution, until some little experience in campaign, and on the 
field of battle, should show what general officers were most 
competent to exercise these high commands ; for it must be 
remembered that we then had no officers whose experience in 
war, on a large scale, was sufficient to prove that they pos- 
sessed the necessary qualifications. An incompetent com- 
mander of an army corps, might cause irreparable damage, 
while it was not probable that an incompetent division com- 
mander, could cause any very serious mischief. These views 
had frequently been expressed by me to the President and 
members of the Cabinet ; it was, therefore, with as much re* 
gret as surprise, that I learned the existence of this order. 

The first order has been given above, the second order was 
as follows : 



PREPARATIONS TO MO VB. Ill 



Executive Mansion, 
"Washington, March 8, 1862. 
President's General War Order, No. 3. 

Ordered: That no change of the base of operations of tho 
army of the Potomac, shall be made without leaving in and 
about Washington such a force, as, in the opinion of the General- 
in-Chief, and the commanders of ai'my corps, shall leave said 
city entirely secure. 

That no more than two army corps (about fifty thousand 
troops) of said army of the Potomac, shall be moved en route 
for a new base of operations, until the navigation of the Poto- 
mac, from Washington to the Chesapeake Bay, shall be freed 
from enemy's batteries, and other obstructions, or until the 
President shall hereafter give express permission. 

That any movement, as aforesaid, en route for a new base 
of operations, which may be ordered by the General-in-Chief, 
and which may be intended to move upon the Chesapeake 
Bay, shall begin to move upon the bay as early as the 18th of 
March, instant, and the General-in-Chief shall be responsible 
that it so moves as early as that day. 

Ordered: That the army and navy co-operate in an im- 
mediate effort to capture the enemy's batteries upon the Poto- 
mac, between Washington and the Chesapeake Bay. 

Abraham Lincoln. 
L. Thomas, Adj't. Gen'l. 

After what has been said already in regard to the effect of 
a movement to the lower Chesapeake, it is unnecessary for me 
to comment upon this document, further than to say, that the 
time of beginning the movement, depended upon the state of 
readiness of the transports, the entire control cf which, had 
been placed by the Secretary of War, in the hands of one of 
the Assistant Secretaries, and not under the Quarter-master 
General ; so that, even if the movement were not impeded by 
the condition imposed in regard to the batteries on the Poto- 
mac, it could not have been in my power to begin it before 
the 18th of March, unless the Assistant Secretary of War had 
completed his arrangements by that time. 



118 FIRSTPERI-OD. 

Meanwhile, important events were occurring, which ma- 
terially modified the designs for the subsequent camj^aign. 
The appearance of the Merrimac off Old Point Comfort, and 
the encounter with the XJ. S. Squadron on the 8th of March, 
threatened serious derangement of the plan for the Peninsular 
movement. But the engagement between the Monitor and 
the Merrimac, on the 9th of March, demonstrated so satisfac- 
orily, the power of the former, and the other naval preparations 
were so extensive and formidable, that the security of Fort 
Monroe as a base of operations, was placed beyond a doubt, 
and, although the James River was closed to us, the York 
River, with its tributaries, was still open as a line of 
water communication with the Fortress. The general plan, 
therefore, remained undisturbed, although less promising 
in its details than when the James River was in our con- 
trol. 

On Sunday the 9th of March, information from various 
sources made it apparent that the enemy was evacuating his 
positions at Centreville and Manassas, as Avell as on the upper 
and lower Potomac. The President and Secretary of "War 
were present when the most positive information reached me, 
and I expressed to them my intention to cross the river im- 
mediately, and there gain the most authentic information, prior 
to determining what course to pursue. 

The retirement of the enemy towards Richmond had been 
expected, as the natural consequence of the movement to the 
Peninsula ; but their adoption of this course immediately on 
ascertaining that such a movement was intended, while it re- 
lieved me from the results of the undue anxiety of my supe- 
riors, and attested the character of the design, was unfortunate 
in that the then almost impassable roads between our positions 
and theirs, deprived us of the opportunity for inflicting dam- 
age, usually afforded by the withdrawal of a large army in the 
face of a powerful adversary. 

The retirement of the enemy, and the occupation of the 
abandoned positions which necessarily followed, presented an 
opportunity for the troops to gain some experience on the 
march and bivouac, preparatory to the campaign, and to get 
rid of the supei"fluous baggage and other "impedimenta," 



SECRET SERVICE. 119 

which accumulate so easily around an army encamped for a 
long time in one locality. 

A march to Manassas and back could produce no delay in 
embarking for the lower Chesapeake, as the transports could 
not be ready for some time, and it afforded a good interme- 
'iiate step between the quiet and comparative comfort of the 
camps around Washington, and the rigors of active operations, 
besides accomphshing the important object of determining the 
positions and perhaps the future designs of the enemy, with 
the possibility of being able to harass their rear. 

I therefore issued orders during the night of the 9th of 
March for a general movement of the army the next morning 
towards Centreville and Manassas, sending in advance two 
regiments of cavalry under Col. Averill, with orders to reach 
Manassas if possible, ascertain the exact condition of affairs, 
and do whatever he could to retard and annoy the enemy, if 
really in retreat. At the same time, I telegraphed to the 
Secretary of "War, that it would be necessary to defer the 
organization of army corps until the completion of the pro- 
jected advance upon Manassas, as the divisions could not be 
brought together in time. The Secretary replied, requiring 
immediate compliance with the President's order ; but on my 
again representing that this would compel the abandonment 
or postponement of the movement to Manassa'*, he finally con- 
sented to its postponement. At noon, on the 10th of March, 
the cavalry advance, reached the enemy's lines at Centreville, 
passing through his recently occupied camps and works, and 
finding still burning heaps of military stores and much valua 
ble property. 



SECRET SERVICE. 

Immediately after being assigned to the command of the 
troops around Washington, I organized a secret service force 
under Mr. E. J, Allen, a very experienced and efficient person. 
This force, up to the time I was relieved from command, was 
continually occupied in procuring, from all possible sources, 
information regarding the strength, positions and movements 



120 FIRST PERIOD. 

of the enemy. All spies, " contrabands," deserters, refugees, 
and many prisoners of war, coming into our lines from the 
front, were carefully examined — first, by the outpost and 
division commanders, and then by my chief-of-staff and the 
provost-marshal-general. Their statements, taken in writing, 
and in many cases under oath, from day to day, for a long 
period previous to the evacuation of Manassas, comprised a 
mass of evidence which, by careful digests and collations, en- 
abled me to estimate with considerable accuracy the strength 
of the enemy before us. Summaries, showing the character 
and results of the labors of the secret service force, accompany 
this report, and I refer to them for the facts they contain, and 
as a measure of the ignorance which led some journals at that 
time, and persons in high office, unwittingly to trifle Avith the 
reputation of an army, and to delude the country with Quaker- 
gun stories of the defenses, and gross understatements of the 
numbers, of the enemy. 

The following orders were issued for the examination of 
persons coming from the direction of the enemy : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Washington, Dec. 16, 1861. 

Circular. — The Major-General commanding directs, That 
all deserters, prisoners, spies, " contrabands," and all other 
persons whatever, coming or brought within our lines from 
Virginia, shall be taken immediately to the quarters of the 
commander of the division within Avhose lines they may come 
or be brought, without previous examination by any one, ex- 
cept so far as may be necessary for the officer commanding 
the advanced guard, to elicit information regarding his particu- 
lar post : That the division commander examine all such per- 
sons himself, or delegate such duty to a proper officer of his 
staff*, and allow no other persons to hold any communication 
with them : That he then immediately send them, with a suffi 
cient guard, to the provost marshal in this city for further ex 
amination and safe keeping ; and that stringent orders be 
given to all guards having such persons in charge not to hold 
any communication with thera whatever ; and further, that 
the information elicited from such persons shall be immediately 



SBCRET SERVICE 121 

communicated to the major-general commanding, or to the 
chief-of-staff, and to no other person whatever. 

The major-general commanding further directs that a snffi 
cient guard be placed around every telegraph station pertain- 
ing to this army, and that such guards be instructed not to 
allow any person, except the regular telegraph corps, general 
officers, and such staff officers as may be authorized by their 
chief, to enter or loiter around said stations Avithin hearing of 
the sound of the telegraphic instruments. 
By command of 

Maj.-Gen. McClellan. 

S. Williams, Asst.-Adj.-Gen. 

Head-Quartees, Army of the Potomao, 

Washikgton, Feb 26, 1862. 

General Orders, No. 27. . 
***** 

All deserters from the enemy, prisoners, and other persons 
coming within our lines will be taken at once to the provost 
marshal of the nearest division, who will examine them in pre- 
sence of the division commander, or an officer of his staff de- 
signated for the purpose. This examination will only refer to 
such information as may affect the division and those near it ; 
especially those remote from general head-quarters. 

As soon as this examination is completed, and it must be 
made as rapidly as possible, the person will be sent under 
proper guard to the provost-marsh al-general, with a state- 
ment of his replies to the questions asked. Upon receiving 
him the provost-marshal-general will at once send him with 
this statement to the chief-of-staff of the Army of the Potomac, 
who will cause the necessary examination to be made. The 
provost-marshal-general will have the custody of all such per- 
sons. Division commanders will at once communicate to other 
division commanders all information thus obtained which 

affects them. 

***** 

By command of 

Maj.-Gen. McClellan, 
S. Williams, Asst.-Adj.-Gen. 

6 



122 FIRSTPEKIOD. 

In addition to the foregoing orders, the division com 
manders were instructed whenever they desired to send out 
scouts towards the enemy, to make known the object at 
Iiead-qnarters, in order that I might determine whether we 
had the information it was proposed to obtain, and that I 
might give the necessary orders to other commanders so that 
the scouts should not be molested by the guards. 

It "s^ll be seen from the report of the chief of the secret 
service corps, dated March 8th, that the forces of the rebel 
army of the Potomac at that date were as follows : — 

At Manassas, Centreville, Bull Run, Upper 

Occoquan, and vicinity .... 
» At Brooks's Station, Dumfries, Lower Occu- 

quan, and vicinity ..... 
At Leesburg and vicinity .... 
In the Shenandoah Valley . " . 

Total Number ... . 115,500 " 

About three hundred field-guns, and from twenty-six to 
thirty siege-guns M'ere with the rebel army in front of Wash- 
ington, 

The report made on the l7th of March, after the evacuation 
of Manassas and Centreville corroborates the statements con- 
tained in the report of the 8th, and is fortified by the afiidavits 
of several railroad engineers, conductors, baggage-masters, 
&c., whose opportunities for forming correct estimates were 
unusually good. These aflSdavits will be found in the accom 
pauying reports of the chief of the secret service corps. 



ENEMY'S WORKS AT AND NEAR MANASSAS. 

A reconnoissance of the works at Centreville made by 
Lieut. McxVlester, U. S. Engineers, on March 14th, 18G2, and a 
survey of those at Manassas made by a party of the U. S. Coast 



80,000 


men 


18,000 


(( 


4,500 


(( 


13,000 


(( 



ENKMY S WORKS AT MANASSAS. 123 

Survey in April, 1862, confirmed also my conclusious as to tho 
strength of the enemy's defenses. 

Those at Centreville consisted of two lines, one facing east, 
and the other north. 

The former consisted of seven works, viz. : one bastion-fort, 
two redoubts, two lunettes, and two batteries : all containing 
embrasures for forty guns, and connected by infantry parapets 
and double caponnieres. It extended along the crest of the 
ridge about one mile and three-quai'ters from its junction with 
the northern front, to ground thickly wooded, and impassable 
to an attacking column. 

The northern front extended about one mile and a quarter 
to Great Rocky Run, and thence three-quarters of a mile fur- 
ther, to thickly wooded impassable ground in the valley of 
Cub Run. It consisted of six lunettes -and batteries, with 
embrasures for thirty-one guns, connected by an infantry para- 
pet in the form of a creraalliere line with redans. 

At the town of Centreville, on a high hill commanding the 
rear of all the works within range, was a large hexagonal 
redoubt with ten embrasures. 

Manassas Station w\as defended in all directions by a system 
of detached works, with platforms for heavy gims arranged 
for marine carriages, and connected by infantry parapets. 
This system was rendered complete by a very large work with 
sixteen embrasures, which commanded the highest of the 
other works by about fifty feet. 

Sketches of the reconnoissances above referred to will be 
found among the maps appended to this report. 

From this it will be seen that the positions selected by the 
enemy at Centreville and Manassas were naturally very strong, 
with impassable streams and broken ground, affording ample 
protection to their flanks, and that strong lines of intrencli- 
ments swept all the available approaches. 

Although the history of every former war has conclusively 
shown the great advantages which are possessed by an enemy 
acting on the defensive and occupying strong positions de- 
fended by heavy earthworks, yet, at the commencement of 
this war but few civilians in our country, and, indeed, not all 
military men of rank, had a just appreciation of the fact. 



124 FIRST rERI0 1>. 

Now levies that have never been in battle, cannot be ex- 
pected to advance without cover under the murderous fire 
from such defenses, and carry them by assault. This is work 
in which veteran troops frequently falter, and are repulsed 
with loss. That an assault of the enemy's positions, in front of 
Washington, with the new troops composing the army of the 
Potomac, during the winter of 1861-2, would have resulted 
in defeat and demoralization, was too probable. The same 
army, <lhough enured to war in many battles hardly fought 
and bravely won, has thrice, imder other generals, suffered 
such disasters as it was no excess of prudence then to avoid. 

My letter to the Secretary of War, dated February 3d, 
1862, and given above, expressed the opinion that the move- 
ment to the Peninsula, would compel the enemy to retire 
from his position at Manassas, and free Washington from 
danger. 

When the enemy first learned of that plan, they did thus 
evacuate Manassas. During the Peninsula campaign, as at no 
former period, northern Virginia was completely in our pos- 
session, and the vicinity of Washington free from the presence 
of the enemy. The ground so gained was not lost, nor Wash- 
ington again put in danger, until the enemy learned of the 
orders for an evacuation of the Peninsula, sent to me at Har- 
rison's Bar, and were again left free to advance northward, 
and menace the nationa. capital. Perhaps no one now doubts 
that the best defense of Washington, is a Peninsular attack on 
Richmond. 



THE PRESIDENT'S ORDER RELIEVING GENERAL 
McCLELLAN OF THE COMMAND-IN-CIIIEF. 

My order for the organization of the army corps, was issued 
on the 13th of March. 

It has been given above. 

While at Fairfax Court House, on March 12th, I was in- 
formed through the telegraph, by £, member of my staff, that 
the following document had appeared in the " National Intel- 
ligencer," of that morning. 



the president s order of relief. 125 

Executive Mansion, 
Washington, March 11, 1862. 
President's War Order, N'o. 3, — 

Major-General McClellan, having personally taken the field, 
at the head of the array of the Potomac, until otherwise 
ordered, he is relieved from the command of the other military 
departments, he retaining command of the Department of 
the Potomac. 

Ordered further. That the departments, now under the 
respective commands of Generals Halleck and Hunter, to- 
gether with so much of that under General Buell, as lies west 
of a north and south line indefinitely drawn through Knox- 
ville, Tennessee, be consolidated and designated the Depart- 
ment of the Mississippi, and that until otherwise ordered, 
Major-General Halleck have command of said department. 

Ordered also, That the country, west of the Department of 
the Potomac, and east of the Department of the Mississippi, 
be a military department, to be called the Mountain Depart- 
ment, and that the same be commanded by Major-General 
Fremont. 

That all the commanders of departments, after the receipt 
of this order by them, respectively report, severally and 
directly, to the Secretary of War, and that prompt, full, 
and frequent reports, will be expected of all and each of 
theip. 

Abraham Lincoln. 

Though unaware of the President's intention to remove me 
from the position of general-in-chief, I cheerfully acceded to 
the disposition he saw tit to make of my services, and so in- 
formed him in a note, on the 12th of March, in which occur 
these words: — 

"I believe I said to you some weeks since, in connection 
with some Western matters, that no feeling of self-interest or 
ambition, should ever prevent me from devoting myself to the 
service. I am glad to have the opportunity to prove it, and 
vou will find, that under present circumstances, I shall work 



126 FIRST PERIOD. 

just as cheerfully as before, and that no consideration of self, 
will, in any manner, interfere with the discharge of my public 
duties. Again thanking you for the official and pei'sonal kind- 
ness you have so often evinced towards me, I am, etc., etc." 



A iieco:n^n"oissance. 

On the 14th of March, a reconnoissance of a large body of 
cavalry, with some infantry, under command of General 
Stoneman, was sent along the Orange and Alexandria railroad, 
to determine the position of the enemy, and, if possible, force 
his rear across the Rappahannock, but the roads were in such 
condition, that, finding it impossible to subsist his men. Gen- 
eral Stoneman was forced to return, after reaching Cedar Run. 
The following dispatch from him, recites the result of this 
expedition : 

Head-Quarters, 
'^ Union Mills, March 16, 1862. 

Col. Colburn : — We arrived here last evening about dark ; 
we got corn for horses ; no provisions for men ; Bull Run too 
high to cross ; had we stayed an hour longer, we should 
not have got here to-day, owing to the high water in the 
streams ; felt the enemy cautiously, and found liinj in force at 
Warrenton Junction ; saw two regiments of cavalry, and three 
bodies of infantry, on the other side of Cedar Run ; had we 
crossed, should not have been able to get back for high water ; 
had three men of 5th Cavalry hit driving in enemy's pickets; 
one slightly wounded in the head. 

Enemy acted confidently, and followed us some way back 
on the road, but did not molest us in any way. Enemy's force 
consisted of Stuart's ^nd Ewell's cavalry, a battery of artillery, 
and some infantry ; railroad bridges all burnt down up to 
Warrenton Junction ; still entire beyond, but all in readiness 
to burn at a moment's warning, having dry wood ]«led upon 
them ; heard cars running during the night before last, pro- 
bably bringing up troops from Rappahannock ; heard of two 
regiments of infantry at Warrenton, engaged in impressing 



DEFENSE OF WASHINGTON, 127 

the militia and securing forage ; heard of a large force of in 
fantry this side of Rappahannock River, having come up to 
Warrenton Junction from Acquia Creek day before yesterday ; 
bridges all destroyed this side of Broad Run. The aids who 
take this will give you further particulars. 

Very respecfully, &c., 

Geo. Stoneman, 

Brig.-Gren. Com'g. 



DEFENSE OF WASHINGTON. . 

The main body of the army, was, on the 11th of March, 
moved back to the vicinity of Alexandria to be embarked, 
leaving a part of General Sumner's corps at Manassas, until 
other troops could be sent to relieve it. 

Before it was withdrawn a strong reconnoissance under 
Gen. Howard was sent towards the Rappahannock, the result 
of which appears in the following dispatch : 

■Warrenton Junction, March 29, 1862. 
Geneeal S. Williams, — 

Express just received from Gen. Howard. He drove the 
enemy across the Rappahannock bridge, and is now in camp 
on this bank of and near the Rappahannock River. The 
enemy blew up the bridge in his retreat. There was skirmish- 
ing during the march, and a few shots exchanged by the artil- 
lery, without any loss on our part. Their loss, if any, is not 
known. General Howard will return to this can^ to-morrow 
morning. 

E. V. SUIMNER, 

Brigadier-Geueral. 

The line of the Rappahannock and the Manassas Gap Rail 
road, was thus left reasonably secure from menace by any con 
siderable body of the enemy. 

On the 13th of March a council of war was assembled at 
Fairfax Court House, to discuss the military status. The 
President's Order No. 3, of March 8th, was considered. The 



_128 FIRST PERIOD. 

following is a memorandum of the proceedings of the 
council : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomao, 
Fairfax Court House, March 13th, 1862. 

A council of the generals commanding army corps, at th 
head-quarters of the army of the Potomac, were of the 
opinion : 

I. That the enemy having retreated from Manassas to Gor 
donsville, behind the Rappahannock and Rapidan, it is the 
opinion of generals commanding army corps that the operar 
tions to be carried on will be best undertaken from Old Point 
Comfort, between the York and James Rivers. 

Provided — 

1st. That the enemy's vessel, Merrimac, can be neutral- 
ized. 

2d. That the means of transportation sufficient for an im- 
mediate transfer of the force to its new base can be ready at 
Washington and Alexandria, to move down the Potomac, 
and, 

3d. That a naval auxiliary force can be had to silence, or aid 
in silencing the euemy's batteries on the York River. 

4th. That the force to be left to cover Washington shall be 
such as to give an entire feeling of security for its safety from 
menace. — (Unanimous.) 

II. If the foregoing cannot be, the army should then be 
moved against the enemy, behind the Rappahannock at the 
earliest possible moment, and the means for reconstructing 
bridges, repairing railroads, and stocking them with material 
sufficient for supplying the army, should at once be collected 
for both the Orange and Alexandria and Acquia and Rich 
mond Railroads. — (Unanimous.) 

N. B. That, with the forts on the right bank of the Poto. 
mac fully garrisoned, and those on the left bank occupied, a 
covering force in front of the Virginia line of 25,000 men 
would suffice. — (Keyes, Heintzelman and McDowell.) 

A total of forty thousand men for the defense of the city 
would suffice. — (Sumner.) 

This was assented to by myself and immediately communi- 



DEFENSE OF WASHINGTON. 129 

cated to the War Depai'tment. The following reply was re- 
ceived the same day : 

"War Department, March 13, 1862. 
To Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

The President, having considered the plan of operations 
agreed upon by yourself and the commanders of army corps, 
makes no objection to the same, but gives the folloAving direc- 
tions as to its execution ; 

1st, Leave such force at Manassas Junction as shall make it 
entirely certain that the enemy shall not repossess himself of 
that position and line of communication. 
2d. Leave Washington entirely secure. 
3d. Move the remainder of the force down the Potomac — 
choosing a new base at Fortress Monroe, or any where be- 
tween here and there ; or at all events move such remainder 
of the army at once in pursuit of the enemy by some route. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

My preparations were at once begun in accordance with 
these directions, and on the 16th of March the following in- 
structions were sent to Generals Banks and Wads worth : 

Head-Qitarters, Army of the Potomac, 
March 16, 1862. 

Sir, — You will post your command in the vicinity of Ma- 
nassas ; intrench yourself strongly, and throw cavalry pickets 
well out to the front. 

Your first care will be the rebuilding of the railway from 
Washington to Manassas, and to Strasburg, in order to open 
your corannmications with the Valley of the Shenandoah. As 
soon as the Manassas Gap Railway is in running order, intrench 
a brigade of infantry, say four regiments, Avith two batteries, 
at or near the point where the railway crosses the Shenandoah. 
Something like two regiments of cavalry should be left in that 
vicinity to occupy Winchester, and thoroughly scour the 
country south of the railway and up the Shenandoah Valley, 
as well as through Chester Gap, which might perhaps be ad- 



130 FIRST PEEIOD. 

vantageously occupied by a detachment of infantry well 
intrenched. Block houses should be built at all the railway 
bridges. Occupy by grand guards Warrenton Junction, or 
Warrenton itself, and also some little more advanced point on 
the Orange and Alexandria Railway, as soon as the railway 
bridge is repaired. 

Great activity should be observed by the cavalry. Besides 
the two regiments at Manassas, another regiment of cavalry 
will be at your disposal, to scout towards the Occoquan, and 
probably a fourth towards Leesburg. 

To recapitulate : The most important points which should 
engage your attention are as follows : 

1st. A strong force, well inti'enched, in the vicinity of Ma- 
nassas, perhaps even Centreville, and another force, (a brigade), 
also well intrenched, near Strasburg. 

2d. Block houses at the railway bridges. 

3d. Constant employment of the cavalry well to the front. 

4th. Grand guards at Warrenton Junction, and in advance 
as far as the Rappahannock if possible. 

5th. Great care to be exercised to obtain full and early 
information as to the enemy. 

6th. The general object is to cover the line of the Potomac 
and Washington. 

The foregoing is communicated by command of Maj.-Gen. 
McCleUan. 

S. Williams. 
Assistant- Adjutant-General. 
To Maj.-Gen. N. p. Banks, 

Comd^g. 5th Corps Army of the Potomac. 

Head-Quarters Army op the Potomao, 
March 16, 18G2. 

Sir : — The command to which you have been assigned 
by instructions of the President, as Military Governor of th 
District of Columbia, embraces the geographical limits of the 
district, and will also include the city of Alexandria, the de- 
fensive works south of the Potomac, from the Occoquan to 
Difficult Creek, and the post of Fort Washington. 



ORDEKS TO GENERAL WADSAVOETH. 131 

I inclose a list of the troops, and of the defenses embraced 
in these limits. 

General Banks will command at Manassas Junction, with 
the divisions of Williams and Shields, composing the 5th 
Corps, but you should nevertheless exercise vigilance in your 
front — carefully guard the approaches in that quarter, and 
maintain the duties of advanced guards. You wUl use the 
ame precautions on either flank. 

All troops not actually needed for the police of Washington 
and Georgetown, for the garrisons north of the Potomac, and 
for other indicated special duties, should be moved to the 
south side of the river. 

In the centre of your front you should post the main body 
of your troops, and proper proportions at suitable distances 
towards your right and left flanks. Careful patrols will be 
made, in order thoroughly to scour the country in front from 
right to left. 

It is specially enjoined upon you to maintain the forts and 
their armaments in the best possible order, to look carefully 
to the instruction and discipline of their garrisons, as well as 
all other troops under your command, and by frequent and 
rigid inspections to insure the attainment of these ends. 

The care of the railways, canals, depots, bridges and ferries, 
within the above-named limits, will devolve upon you, and you 
are to insure their security and provide for their protection by 
every means in your power. You will also protect the depots 
of the public stores, and the transit of stores to troops in 
active service. 

By means of patrols you will thoroughly scour the neighbor- 
ing country, south of the eastern branch, and also on your 
right, and you will use every possible precaution to intercept 
mails, goods, and persons passing unauthorized to the enemy's 
lines. The necessity of maintaining good order within your 
limits, and especially in the capital of the nation, cannot b 
too strongly enforced. 

You will forward and facilitate the movement of all troops 
destined for the active part of the army of the Potomac, and 
(jspecially the transit of detachments to their proper regiments 
uid corps. 



132 FIEST PERIOD. 

The charge of the new troops arriving in "Washington, and 
ail troops tem2)orarily there, will devolve upon you. Yon will 
form them into provisional brigades, promote their instruction 
and discipline, and facilitate their equipment. 

Report all arrivals of troops — their strength, composition 
and equipment — by every opportunity. 

Besides the regular reports and returns, which you will be 
required to render to the adjutant-general of the army, you 
will make to these head-quarters a consolidated report of your 
command every Sunday morning, and monthly returns on the 
first day of each month. 

The foregoing instructions are communicated by command 
of Major-General McClellan. 

S. Williams, 
Assistant-Adjutant-GeneraL 
To Brig.-Gen. J. S. Wadsworth, 

Military Governor of the District of Columbia. 



THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN ON THE PENINSULA. 

The Secretary of War had expressed a desire that I should 
communicate to the War Department my designs with regard 
to the employment of the array of the Potomac, in an official 
form. I submitted on the 19th of March the following : — 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Theological Seminary, Va., March 19, 1862. 

Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War : 

Sir : — I have the honor to submit the following notes on 
the proposed operations of the active portion of the army of 
the Potomac. 

The proposed plan of campaign is to assume Fort Monroe as 
the first base of operations, taking the line by Yorktown and 
West Point upon Richmond as the Une of operations, Rich- 
mond being the objective point. It is assumed that the fall of 
Richmond involves that of Norfolk and tlie whole of Virgini-a; 
also that we shall fight a decisive battle between West Point 



PLAN OF CAMPAIGN ON THE PENINSULA. 133 

and Richmond, to give wkich battle the rebels will concentrate 
all their available forces, understanding, as they will, that it in- 
volves the fate of their cause. It therefore follows : 

1st. That Ave should collect all our available forces and 
operate upon adjacent lines, maintaining perfect communica- 
tion between our columns. 

2d. That no time should be lost in reaching the field of 
battle. 

The advantages of the Peninsula between the York and 
James Rivers are too obvious to need explanation. It is also 
clear that West Point should as soon as possible be reached 
and used as our main depot, that we may have the shortest 
line of land transportation for our supplies and the use of the 
York River. 

There are two methods of reaching this point. 

Is^. By moving directly fVom Fort Monroe as a base, and 
trusting to the roads for our supplies, at the same time landing 
a strong corps as near YorktowTi as possible, in order to turn 
the rebel lines of defense south of Yorktown, then to reduce 
Yorktown and Gloucester, by a siege in all probability, involv- 
ing a delay of weeks perhaps. 

2d. To make a combined naval and land attack upon York- 
town, the first object of the campaign. This leads to the 
most rapid and decisive results. To accomplish this the navy 
should at once concentrate upon the York River all their 
available and most powerful tjatteries. Its reduction should 
not, in that case, require many hours. A strong corps would 
be pushed up the York, under cover of the navy, directly up- 
on West Point, immediately upon the fall of Yorktown, and 
we could at once establish our new base of operations at a 
distance of some twenty-five miles from Richmond, with every 
facility for developing and bringuig into play the whole of our 
available force on either or both banks of the James. 

It is impossible to urge too strongly the absolute necessity 
of the cooperation of the navy, as a part of this programme ; 
without it the operations may be prolonged for many weeks, 
and we may be forced to carry in front several strong posi- 
tions, which, by their aid, could be turned without serious loss 
of either time or men. 



134 FIRST PERIOD. 

It is also of first importance to bear in mind tlie fact already 
alluded to, that the cajiture of Richmond necessarily involves 
the prompt fall of Norfolk ; while an operation against Nor- 
folk, if successful, as the beginning of the campaign, facilitates 
the reduction of Richmond merely by the demoralization of 
the rebel troops involved, and that after the fall of Norfolk 
"we should be obliged to undertake the capture of Richmond 
by tlie same means which would have accomplished it in the 
beginning, having meanwhile afforded the rebels ample time 
to perfect their defensive arrangements, for they could well 
know from the moment the army of the Potomac changed its 
base to Fort Monroe that Richmond must be its ultimate 
object. 

It may be summed up in few words, that, for the prompt 
success of this campaign, it is absolutely necessary that the 
navy should at once throw its whole available force, its most 
powerful vessels, against Yorktown. There is the most im- 
portant point — there the knot to be cut. An immediate deci- 
sion upon the subject matter of this communication is highly 
desirable, and seems called for by the exigencies of the occa- 
sion. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your ob't servant, 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 



A REDUCTION OF FORCE. 

In the meantime the troops destined to form the active army 
were collected in camps convenient to the points of embarka- 
tion, and every j^reparation made to embark them as rapidl 
as possible, when the transports were ready. 

A few days before sailing for Fort Monroe, while still en- 
camped near Alexandria, I met the President by appointment, 
on a steamer. He then informed me that he had been strongly 
pressed to take General Blenker's division from my command 
and give it to General Fremont. His Excellency was good 
enough to suggest several reasons for not taking Blenker's 
division from me. I assented to the force of his suggestions, 



THE SHE-VANDOAH VALLEY. 135 

and was extremely gratified by his decision to allow the divi- 
sion to remain with the army of the Potomac. It was, there- 
fore, with surprise that I received on the 31st the following 
note: 

Executive Mansion, 
"Washington, March 31, 1862. 
Major-General McClellan, 

My DeaK" Sir : — This morning I felt consti'ained to order 
Blenker's division to Fremont ; and I write this to assure you 
that I did so with great pain, understanding that you would 
wish it otherwise. If you could knoAV the full pressure of the 
case, I am confident you would justify it, even beyond a mere 
acknowledgment, that the commander-in-chief may order what 
he pleases. 

Yours very truly, 
• A. Lincoln. 

To this, I replied in substance, that I regretted the order, 
and could ill-afford to lose 10,000 troops, which had been 
counted upon in forming my plan of campaign, but as there 
was no remedy I would yield and do the best I could without 
them. In a conversation with the President a few hours after- 
wards, I repeated verbally the same thing, and expressed my 
regret that Blenker's division had been given to Fremont, from 
any "pressure" other than the requirements of the national 
exigency. I was partially relieved, however, by" the Presi- 
dent's positive and emphatic assurance that I might leave, con- 
fident that no more troops beyond these 10,000 should, in any 
event, be taken from me, or in any way detached from my 
command. 



OPERATIONS IN" THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 

At the time of the evacuation of Manassas by the enemy, 
Jackson was at Winchester, our forces occupying Charlestown, 
and Shields's reaching Bunker Hill on the 1 1th. On the morn- 
ing of the 12th, a brigade of General Banks's troops, under 
General Hamilton, entered Winchester, the enemy having left 



136 FI EST PERIOD. 

at 5 o'clock the evening before, his rear guard of cavalry 
leaving an hour before our advance entered the place The 
enemy having made his preparations ibr evacuation some days 
before, it was not possible to intercept his retreat. On the 
13th, the mass of Banks's corps was concentrated in the im- 
mediate vicinity of Winchester, the enemy being in the 
rear of Strasburg. On the 19th, General Shields occupied 
trasburg, driving the enemy twenty miles south, to Mount 
Jackson. 

On the 20th, the first division of Bank's corps, commenced 
its movement towards Manassas, in compliance with my letter 
of instructions of the 16th. 

Jackson probably received information of this movement, 
and supposed that no force of any consequence was left in the 
vicinity of Winchester, and upon the falling back of Shields 
to that place on the 20th, for the purpose of enticing Jackson 
in pursuit, the latter promptly followed, whereupon ensued a 
skirmish on the 22d, in which General Shields was wounded, 
and an affair at Winchester on the 23d, resulting in the defeat 
of Jackson, who was pursued as rapidly as the exhaustion of 
our troops, and the difficulty of obtaining supplies, permitted. 
It is presumed that the full reports of the battle of Winchester, 
were forwarded direct to the War Department by General 
Banks. 

It being now clear that the enemy had no intention of re- 
tm-ning by the Manassas route, the following letter of AprU 
1st, was written to General Banks. 

Head-Quarters, Abmt op the Potomac, 
On Board the Commodore, April 1, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. N. p. Banks, 

Commanding Fifth Cor2)s, — 
General: — The change in affairs in the valley of the 
Shenandoah, has rendered necessary a corresponding depart- 
ure, temporarily at least, from the plan we some days since 
agreed upon. 

In my arrangements, I assume that you have with you a 
force amply sufficient to drive Jackson before you, provided 
he is not reinforced largely. I also assume, that you may find 



I 



THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 18Y 

it impossible to detach any thing towards Manassas for some 
dL,ys, probably not until the operations of the main army 
have drawn all the rebel force toward Richmond. 

You are aware that General Sumner has for some days 
been at Manassas Junction, with two divisions of infantry, six 
batteries, and two regiments of cavalry, and that a recon- 
noissance to the Rappahannock, forced the enemy to destroy 
the railroad bridge at Rappahannock Station, on the Orange 
and Alexandria Railroad. Since that time our cavalry have 
found nothing on this side of the Rappahannock in that direc- 
tion, and it seems clear that we have no reason to fear any 
return of the rebels in that quarter. Their movements near 
Fredericksburg, also indicate a final abandonment of that 
neighborhood. I doubt whether Johnson will now reinforce 
Jackson, with a view of ofiensive operations. The time is 
probably .passed when he could have gained any thing by 
doing so. i have ordered in one of Sumner's divisions (that 
of Richardson, late Sumner's) to Alexandria for embarkation, 
Blenker's has been detached from the army of the Potomac, 
and oi'dered to report to General Fremont. 

Abercrombie is probably at Warrenton Junction to-day ; 
Geary is at White Plains. 

Two regiments of cavalry have been ordered out, and are 
now on the way to relieve the two regiments of Sumner. 

Four thousand infantry, and one battery, leave Washington 
at once for Manassas. Some 3000 more will move in one or 
two days, and soon after some 3000 additional. 

I will order Blenker to march on Strasburg, and to report 
to you for temporary duty, so that, should you find a large 
force in your front, you can avail yourself of his aid. As soon 
as possible, please direct him on Winchester, thence to report 
to the adjutant-general of the army for orders, but keep him 
until you are sure what you have in front. 

In regard to your own movements, the most important 
thing at present is to throw Jackson well back, and then to 
assume such a position as to enable you to prevent his return. 
As soon as the railway communications are reestablished, it 
will be, probably, important and advisable to move on Staun- 
ton, but this would require secure communications, and a force 



138 FIRSl PKKIOD. 

of from 25,000 to 30,000 for active operations. It should also 
be nearly coincident with my own move on Richmond ; at all 
events, not so long before it as to enable the rebels to concen- 
trate on you, and then return on me. I fear that you cannot 
be ready in time, although it may come in vety well with a 
force less than that I have mentioned, after the main battle 
near Richmond. When General Sumner leaves Warren ton 
Junction, General Abercrorabie, will be placed in immediate 
command of Manassas and Warrenton Junction, under your 
general orders. Please inform me' frequently, by telegraph, 
and otherwise, as to the state of things in your front. 
I am very truly yours, 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Com'g. 

P. S. — From what I have just learned it would seem that 
the two regiments of cavalry intended for WarroBton Junc- 
tion have gone to Harper's Ferry. Of the foiir additional 
regiments placed under your orders, two should, as promptly 
as possible, move" by the shortest route on Warrenton Junc- 
tion. I am, sir, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

Geo. B. McClellan, 
;i^ Maj.-Gen. Com'g. 

This letter needs no further explanation than to say that it 
was my intention, had the operations in that quarter remained 
under my charge, either to have resumed the defensive posi- 
tions marked out in the letter of March 16, or to have ad- 
vanced General Banks upon Staunton, as might in the pro- 
gress of events seem advisable. It is to be remembered that 
when I wrote the preceding and following letters of April 1 
I had no expectation of being relieved from the charge of th 
operations in the Shenandoah Valley and in front of Washing- 
ton, the President's War Order No. 3 giving no intimation of 
such an intention ; alid that, so far as reference was made to 
final operations after driving Jackson back and taking such a 
position as to prevent his return, no positive orders were given 
in the letter — the matter being left for future consideration, 
when the proper time arrived for a decision. 



TK00P8 LEFT TN AND NEAB WASHINGTON. 139 



TROOPS LEFT IN AND NEAR WASHINGTON. 

From the following letter to the adjutaiit-geaeral, dated 
April 1, 1862, it will be seen that I left for the defense of the 
national capital and its approaches, when I sailed for the 
Peninsula, 73,456 men, with 109 pieces of light artillery, in 
eluding the 32 pieces in Washington alluded to, but not enu 
raerated in my letter to the adjutant-general. It will also be 
seen that I recommended other available troops in New York 
(more than 4,000) to be at once ordered forward to reinforce 
them. 

Headquarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Steamer CoMiiODORB, April 1, 1562. 
Brig.-Gen. L. Thomas, 

Adjuta?it- GeJieral U. S. A. 

General : — I have to request that you will lay the fol- 
lowing communication before the Hon. Secretary of War. 

The approximate numbers and positions of the troops left 
near and in rear of the Potomac is as follows : — 

Gen. Dix has, after guarding the railroads under his charge, 
sufficient to give him 5,000 for the defense of Baltimore, and 
i,988 available for the eastern shore, Annapolis, &c. Fort 
Delaware is very well garrisoned by about 400 men. 

The garrisons of the forts around Washitigton amount to 
10,600 men, other disposable troops now with Gen. Wads- 
worth being about 11,400 men. 

The troops employed in guarding the various railways in 
Maryland amount to some 3,359 men. These it is designed to 
relieve, being old regiments, by dismounted cavalry, and to 
send forward to Manassas. 

Gen. Abercrombie occupies Warrenton with a force which 
including Col. Geary at White Plains and the cavaliy to be at 
his disposal, will amount to some 7,780 men, with 12 pieces of 
artillery. 

I have the honor to request that all the troops organized for 
service in Pennsylvania and New York, and in any of the 
Eastern States, may be ordered to Washington. I learn from 
Governor Curtin that there are some 3,500 men now ready in 



140 FIESTPBRIOD. 

Pennsylvania. This force I should be glad to have sent to 
Manassas. Four thousand men from Genei'al Wads K-^orth I 
desire to be ordered to Manassas. These troops, with the rail- 
road guards above alluded to, will make up a force under the 
command of General Abercrombie of something like 18,639 men. 
It is my design to push General Blenker's division from 
Warrenton upon Strasburg. He should remain at Strasburg 
long enough to allow matters to assume a definite form in 
that region, before proceeding to his ultimate destination. 

Tlie troops in the valley of the Shenandoah will thus be, in- 
cluding Blenker's division, 10,028 strong, with 24 pieces of 
artillery. Banks' 5th Corps, which embraces the command of 
General Shields, 19,687 strong, with 41 guns — some 3,652 
disposable cavalry and the railroad guards, about 2,100 men — ■ 
amount to about 35,467 men. 

It is designed to relieve General Hooker by one regiment, 
say 850 men, being, with some 500 cavalry, 1,350 men on the 
lower Potomac. To recapitulate : — 

At Warrenton there is to be, 7,780 men. 

At Manassas, say 10,859 " 

In the valley of the Shenandoah, 35,467 " 
On the lower Potomac, 1,350 " 



In all, 55,456 " 

There would thus be left for the garrisons and the front of 
Washington under General Wadsworth some 18,000 men, in- 
clusive of the batteries under instruction. 

The troops organizing or ready for service in New York, I 
learn will probably number more than four thousand. These 
should be assembled at Washington, subject to disposition 
where their services may be most required. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Geo. B. McClellan, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

The following letter from Gen. Barry shows that thirty-two 
(32) field-guns with men, horses and equipment3, were also 
left in Washington City when the army sailed. These were 
the batteries under insti'uction referred to above. 



TROOPS LEFT IN AND NEAR WASHINGTON. 141 

Head-Quarters, Inspector op Artillebt, 
Washington, Dec. 16, 1862. 

Maj.-Gen. McClellan, U. S. A. 

General : — It having beeii'Stated in various public prints, 
and in a speech of Senator Chandler, of Michigan, in his place 
m the U. S. Senate, quoting what he stated to be a portion of 
the testimony of Brig.-Gen. Wadsworth, military governor of 
Washington, before the Joint Senate and House Committee, 
on the conduct of the war, that Maj.-Gen. McClellan had left 
an insufficient force for the defense of Washington, and " ?iot 
a gu7i on wheels,^'' 

I have to contradict this charge as follows : — 
From official reports made at the time to me (the chief of 
artillery of the army of the Potomac) and now in my posses- 
sion, by the commanding officer of the light artillery troops 
left in camp in the city of Washington by your order, it ap- 
pears that the following named field-officers were left : — 



Battery " C" 1st N. T. ArliUery . 
It «'K^" " " 
« "L" 2d " " 


Capt. Barnes, 
" Crounse, 
" Robinson, 


2 Guna. 
6 " 
6 " 


9tb N. T. Independent Battery 
16th " " " . . 


" Morozowi, 
" Locke, 


6 " 


Battery " A" 2d Battery N. T. Artillery, 
(1 (1 g'l 11 " «' 


" Hogan, 
" McMahon, 


6 " 
6 " 


Total of Batteries, 


32 " 



With the exception of a few horses, which could have been 
procured from the quarter-master's department in a few hours, 
the batteries were all fit for immediate service, excepting the 
16th N. Y. battery, which, having been previously ordered on 
Gen. Wads worth's application, to report to him for special 
service, was unequipped with either guns or horses. 
I am, general, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 
Wm. F. Barry. 
Brig.-Gen., Inspec. of Art., U. S. Army. 

It is true that Blenker's division, which is included in the 
forces enumerated by me, was under orders to reinforce Gen. 



142 FIRST PERI OD. 

Fremont, but the following dispatch from the Secretary of 
War, dated March 31, 1862, will show that I was authorized 
to detain him at Strasburg until matters a^^sumed a definite 
form in that region before proceeding to his ultimate destina- 
tion ; in other words, until Jackson was disposed of, and had 
he been detained there, instead of moving on to Harper's 
Ferry and Franklin, Avith other orders, it is probable that 
Gen. Banks Avould have defeated Jackson, instead of bein^ 
himself obliged subsequently to retreat to Williamsport. 

"War Department, 
WAsnixaTON, D. C, March 31, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClella:n^. 

The order in respect to Blenker is not designed to hinder or 
delay the movement of Richardson or any other force. He 
can remain wherever you desire him as long as required for 
your movements, and in any position you desire. The order 
is simply to place him in position for reinforcing Fremont, as 
soon as your dispositions will permit, and he may go to Har- 
per's Ferry, by such route and at such time, as you shall direct 
— state your own wishes as to the movement — when and how 
it shall be made. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 
Secretary of War. 

Without including Gen. Blenker's division, there were left 
67,428 men, and 85 pieces of light artillery, which, under ex- 
isting circumstances, I deemed more than adequate to insure 
the perfect security of Washington against any force the ene- 
my could bring against it, for the following reasons : 

The light troops I had thrown forward under Gen. Stone- 
man, in pursuit of the rebel army, after the evacuation of Ma- 
nassas and Centreville, had driven their rear guard across 
Cedar Run, and subsequent expeditions from Sumner's corps 
Had forced them beyond the Rappahannock ; they had de- 
stroyed all the railroad bridges behind them, thereby indicat- 
ing that they did not intend to return over that route. In- 
deed, if they had attempted such a movement, their ^irogress 
must have been slow and difficult, as it would have involved 



TBOOPS LEFT IN AND NEAR WASHINGTON. 143 

the iieconstraction of the bridges, and if my orders for keeping 
numerous cavalry patrols well out to the front, to give timely 
notice of any approach of the enemy, had been strictly enforced, 
(and I left seven regiments of cavalry for this express pur- 
pose,) they could not, by any possibility, have reached Wash- 
ington before there would have been ample time to concen- 
trate the entire forces left for its defense, as well as those at 
Baltimore, at any necessary point. 

It was clear to my mind, as I reiterated to the authorities, 
that the movement of the army to the Peninsula, would have 
the eifect to draw off the rebel army from Manassas to the 
defense of their capital, and thus free Washington from menace. 
This opinion was confirmed the moment the movement com- 
menced, or rather as soon as the enemy became aware of our 
intentions ; for, with the exception of Jackson's force of some 
15,000, which his instructions show to have been intended to 
operate in such a way as to prevent McDowell's corps from 
being sent to reinforce me, no rebel force of any magnitude 
made its appearance in front of Washington during the prog- 
ress of our operations on the Peninsula ; nor until the order 
was given for my return from Harrison's Landing was Wash- 
ington again threatened. 

Surrounded as Washington was witn numerous and strong 
fortifications well garrisoned, it was manifest that the enemy 
could not afford to detach from his main army a force suffi- 
cient to assail them. 

It is jiroper to remark, that just previous to my departure 
for Fort Monroe, I sent my chief-of-staff to Gen. Hitchcock, 
who at tliat time held staff relations with his excellency the 
President and the Secretary of War, to submit to him a list 
of the troops I proposed to leave for the defense of Washing 
ton, and the positions in which I designed posting them. Gen. 
Hitchcock, after glancing his eye over the list, observed that 
he was not the judge of what was required for defending the 
capital, that Gen. McClellan's position was such as to enable 
him to understand the subject much better than he did, and 
he presumed that if the force designated was in his judgment 
sufiicient, nothing more would be required. He was then told 
by the chief-of-staff that I would be glad to have his opinion, 



144 FIRST PERIOD. 

as an old and experienced officer. To this he replied, that as 
I had had the entire control of the defenses for a long time, I 
was the best judge of what was needed, and he declined to 
give any other expression of opinion at that time. 

On the 2d of April, the day following my departure for Fort 
Monroe, Generals Hitchcock and Thomas were directed by the 
Secretary of War to examine and report whether the Presi- 
dent's instructions to me of March 8th and 13th had been 
complied with. On theasame day their report was submitted, 
and their decision was, 

" That the requirements of the President, that this city 
(Washington) shall be left entirely secure, has not been fully 
complied with." 

The President, in his letter to me on the 9th of April, says • 

" And now allow-me to ask, do you really think I should 
permit the line from Richmond, via Manassas Junction, to this 
city to be entirely open, except what resistance could be pre- 
sented by less than 20,000 unorganized troops ?" 

In the report of Generals Hitchcock and Thomas, .alluded 
to, it is acknowledged that there was no danger of an attack 
from the direction of Manassas in these words : 

" In regard to occupying Manassas Junction, as the enemy 
have destroyed the railroads leading to it, it may be fair to 
assume that they have no intention of returning for the re- 
occupation of their late position, and therefore no large force 
would be necessary to hold that position." 

That, as remarked before, was precisely the view I took of 
it, and this was enforced by the subsequent movements of the 
enemy. 

In another paragraph of the report, it is stated that 55,000 
men was the number considered adequate for the defense of 
the capital. That General McClellan, in his enumeration 
of the forces left, had included Banks's army corps, operating 
in the Shenandoah Valley, but whether this corps should be re- 



THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 145 

garded as available for the protection of Washington, they 
decline to express an opinion. " 

At the time this report was made, the only enemy on any 
approach to Washington, was Jackson's force, in front of 
Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, with the Manassas Gap Rail- 
road leading from this valley to Washington, and it will he 
admitted, I presutjie, that Banks occupying the Shenandoah 
Valley, was in the best position to defend, not only that ap- 
proach to Washington, but the roads to Harper's Ferry and 
above. The numbers of troops left by me for the defenses of 
Washington, as given in my letter to the adjutant-general, 
were taken from the latest official returns of that date, and 
these, of course, constitute the most trustworthy and authentic 
source, from which such information could be obtained. 

Another statement made by General Hitchcock, before the 
"Committee on the Conduct of the' War," in reference to this 
same order, should be noticed. He was asked the following 
question : 

" Do you understand now that the movement made by Gen- 
eral McClellan to Fort Monroe, and up the York River, was 
iu compliance with the recommendation of the council of gen- 
erals commanding corps, and held at Fairfax Court House, on 
tne 13th of Mai'ch last, or in violation of it ?" 

To which he replied as follows : 

" I have considered, and do now consider, that it was in 
violation of the recommendation of that council, in two im- 
portant particulars ; one particular, b5ing that portion of this 
report which represents the council as agreeing to the expedi- 
tion by way of the Peninsula, in-ovided., the rebel steamer 
Merrimac could first be neutralized. That important provi- 
sion General McClellan disregarded." 

******* 

The second particular alluded to by General Hitchcock, was 
in reference to the troops left for the defense of Washington, 
which has been disposed of above. 

7 



146 FIRST PEKIOD. 

In regard to the steamer Merriinac, I have also stated, that 
so far as our operations on York River were concewied, tlie 
power of this vessel was neutralized. I now proceed to give 
some of the evidence which influenced me in coming to that 
conclusion. 

Previous to our departure for the Peninsula, Mr. Watson, 
Assistant-Secretary of War, was sent by the President to 
Fort Monroe, to consult with Flag Officer Goldsborough upon 
this subject. The result of that consultation is contained in 
the following extract from the evidence of Admiral Goldsbo- 
rough before the " Committee on the Conduct of the War," 
viz.: "I told Mr. Watson, Assistant-Seci-etary of War, that 
the President might make his mind perfectly easy about the 
Merriraac going up York River, that she could never get there, 
for I had ample means to prevent that." 

Captain G. V. Fox, Assistant-Secretary of the Navy, testi- 
fies before the Committee as follows : 

"General McClellan expected the Navy to . neutralize the 
Merrimac, and I promised that it should be done." 

General Keyes, commanding 4th Army Corps, testifies as 
follows before the Committee : 

"During the time that the subject of the change of base was 
discussed, I had refused to consent to the Peninsula line of 
operations, until I had sent word to the Navy Department and 
asked two questions. 1st. Whether the Merrimac was cer- 
tainly neutralized or not ? 2d. Whether the navy was in a 
condition to co-operate efficiently with the army, to break 
through between Yorktown and Gloucester Point ? To both 
of these questions answers Avere returned in the affirmative, 
that is? the Merrimac was neutralized, and the navy was in a 
condition to co-operate efficiently to break through between 
Yorktown and Gloucester Point." 



MANASSAS JUNCTION. 147 



ORDERS FOR THE FORTIFICATION OF 
MANASSAS JUNCTION. 

Before starting for the Peninsula, I instructed Lieut,-Col. B, 
S. Alexander, of the U. S. corps of engineers to visit Manassas 
Junction and its vicinity, for the purpose of determining upon 
the defensive works necessary to enable us to hold that place 
with a small force. The accompanying letters from Col. Alex- 
ander Avill shew what steps were taken by him to carry into 
effect this important order. 

I regret to say that those who succeeded me in command of 
the region in front of "Washington, whatever were the fears 
for its safety, did not deem it necessary to carry out my plans 
and instructions to him. 

Had Manassas been placed in condition for a strong defense, 
and its communications secured as recommended by Col. Alex- 
ander, the result of Gen. Pope's campaign would probably 
have been different. 

"Washington, D. C, April 2, 1862. 

SiK : — You will proceed to Manassas at as early a moment 
as practicable, and mark on the ground the works for the de- 
fense of that place, on the positions which I indicated to you 
yesterday. You will find two carpenters experienced in this 
kind of work, ready to accompany you, by calling on Mr. 
Dougherty, the master carpenter of the Treasury Extension. 

The general idea of the defense of this position, is to occupy 
the fringe of elevations, which lies about half-way between 
Manassas depot and the junction of the railroad, with a series 
of works, open to the reai-, so that they may be commanded 
by the work hereafter to be described. 

There will be at least four of these works, three of them 
being on the left of the railroad leading from Alexandria, at 
the positions occupied by the enemy's works. The other on 
the right of this road, on the position we examined yesterday. 
The works of the enemy to the north of this latter position, 
numbered Nos. 1 and 2 on Lieut. Comstock's sketch, may also 
form a part of the front line of our defenses ; but the sides of 



148 FIRST PERIOD. 

these works, looking townrds Manassas station should be 
leveled, so that the interior of the works may be seen from 
the latter position. 

Embrasures should be arranged in all these works for field 
artillery. The approaches should be such, that a battery can 
drive into the works. The number of embrasures in each bat- 
tery will depend upon its size and the ground to be commanded. 
It is supposed that there will be from four to eight embrasures 
in each battery. 

The other works of the enemy looking towards the east and 
south, may be strengthened so as to afford sufficient defense 
in these directions. The work, No. 3, on Lieut. Comstock's 
sketch may be also strengthened and arranged for field ai'til- 
lery, when time will permit. This work is in a good position 
to cover a retreat, which Avould be made down the valley in 
which the railroad runs towards Bull Rim. 

At Manassas station there should be a fort constructed. 
The railroad will pass through this fort, and the depot, if one 
should be built, should be placed in its rear. This latter work 
should be regarded as the key of the position. It should be as 
large as the nature of the ground M'ill permit. 

By going down the slopes, which are not steep, it may be 
made large enough to accommodate 2,000 or 3,000 men. The 
top of the position need not be cut away, it will be better to 
throw up the earth into a large traverse which may also be 
a bomb proof. Its profile should be strong, and its ditches 
should be flanked. It should receive a heavy armament of 24 
or 32 pounders, with some rifled (Parrott) 20 or 30 pounders. 
Its guns should command all the exterior works, so that these 
works could be of no use to the enemy, should he take them. 
In accommodating the fort to the ground, this consideration 
should not be lost sight of. 

After tracing these works on the ground, you will make a 
sketch embracing the whole of them, showing tlieir relative 
positions and size. This sketch should embrace the junction 
of the railroads and the ground for some distance around the 
mainwork. It need not be made with extreme accuracy. The 
distances may be paced or measured with a tape-line. The 
bearings may be taken by compass. 



MANASSAS JUNCTION. 149 

Having located the works and prepared your sketch, you 
will report to Capt. Frederick E. Piime of the corps of en- 
gineers, "who will furnish you the means of construction. 

It is important that these works should be built with the 
least possible delay ; you will therefore expedite matters as fast 
as possible. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

B. S. Alexander, 

Lt.-Col. A. D. C. 
To Capt, Fred. R. Munthee. 
I^esent. 

"Washington, D. C, April 6, 1862. 
Bbig-Gen. J. G. Barnard, 

Chief Engineer Army of the Potomac. 
Sir, — I enclose you herewith a copy of the instructions 
which I gave to Captain Munther, in reference to the defenses 
of Manassas. 

As there has been a new department created (that of the 
Rappahannock) it is possible that you and I, as well as General 
McClellan, are relieved from the further consideration of this 
subject at the present time. 

I will, however, state, for your information, should the sub- 
ject ever come before you again, that in my opinion the com. 
munication Avith Manassas by land should be secured. 

To effect this in the best manner, so far as my observations 
extended, I think the bridge over Bull Run, near Union Mills 
and just above the railroad bridge, should be rebuilt or tho- 
roughly repaired, and that a small work, or perhaps two or 
three open batteries, should be erected on the adjacent heights, 
to protect it as well as the railroad bridge. 

The communication by land would then be through or near 
Centreville, over the road used by the enemy. 

I write this for fear something should detain me hei-e, but I 
hope to leave here to join you to-morrow. My health is much 
improved. 

"Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

B. S. Alexander, 

Lt.-Col. A. D. 0. 



150 FIRST PERIOD. 

I may be permitted also to mention that the plans (also un- 
executed by my snccefesor) indicated in my letter of instruc- 
tions to General Banks dated March 16, 1862, for intrenching 
Chester Gap and the point where the Manassas Gap Railroad 
crosses the Shenandoah, were for the purpose of preventing 
even the attempt at such a raid as that of Jackson in the 
month of May following. 



MILITARY INCIDENTS OF THE FIRST PERIOD. 

Before taking up the history of the embarkation and the 
Peninsular campaign, I should remark that during the fall and 
winter of 1861-2, wliile tlie army of the Potomac was in po- 
sition in front of Washington, reconnoissances were made from 
time to time, and skirmishes frequently occurred, which were 
of great importance in the education of the troops, accustom- 
ing them to the presence of the enemy, and giving them confi- 
dence under fire. There were many instances of individual 
gallantry displayed in these affairs : the reports of most of 
them will be found among the documents which accompany 
this report. 

One of the most brilliant of these affairs was that which 
took place at Drainesville on Dec. 20, 1861, when the 3d Bri- 
gade of McCall's Division, under Brig.-Gen. E. O. C. Ord, 
with Easton's Battery, routed and pursued four regiments of 
infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery of six pieces. 

The operations of Brig.-Gen. F. W. Lander on the Upper 
Potomac during the months of January and February, 1862, 
frustrated the attempts of General Jackson against the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, Cumberland, &c., and obliged him 
to fall back to Winchester. His constitution was impaired by 
the hardships he had experienced, and on the 2d of March the 
fearless General Lander expired, a victim to the excessive 
fatigues of the campaign. 



SECOND PERIOD, 



PART I 



THE MOVEMENT TO THE PENINSULA. 

The council, composed of four corps commanders, organ- 
ized by the Piesident of the United States, at its meeting on 
the 13th March, adopted Fort Moni-oe as the base of opera- 
tions for the movement of the army of the Potomac upon 
Richmond. 

For the prompt and successful execution of the projected 
operation, it was regarded by all as necessary that the whole 
of the four corps should be employed, with at least the addi- 
tion of ten thousand men drawn from the forces in the vicinity 
of Fortress Monroe : that position and its dependencies being 
regarded as amply protected by the naval force in its neigh- 
borhood, and the advance of the main army up the Peninsula, 
so that it could be safely left with a small garrison. 

In addition to the land forces, the cooperation of the navy 
was desired in the projected attack upon the batteries at York- 
town and Gloucester, as well as in controlling the York and 
James Rivers for the protection of our flanks, and the use of 
transports, bringing supplies to the army. With these expec- 
tations, and for reasons stated elsewhere in this report, my 
original plan of moving by Urbana and West Point was aban- 
doned, and the line with Fort Monroe as a base adopted. In 
the arrangements for the transportation of the army to the 
Peninsula by water, the vessels were originally ordered to ren- 
dezvous mainly at Annapolis, but upon the evacuation of 
Manassas and the batteries of the lower Potomac by the 
enemy, it became more convenient to embark the troops and 



152 SECOND PERIOD. 

material at Alexandria, and orders to that effect were at onfte 
given. 

In making the preliminary arrangements for the movement, 
it was determined that the 1st Corps (Gen. McDowell's) should 
move as a unit, first, and effect a landing either at the Sand- 
Box, some four miles south of Yorktown, in order to turn all 
the enemy's defenses at Ship Point,. Howard's Bridge, Big 
Bethel, etc., or else, should existing circumstances render it 
preferable, land on the Gloucester side of York River, and 
move on West Point. 

The transports, however, arrived slowly and fQVf at a time. 
In order, therefore, to expedite matters, I decided to embark 
the army by divisions as transports arrived, keeping army 
corps together as much as possible, and to collect the troops 
at Fort Monroe. In determining the order of embarkation, 
convenience and expedition were especially consulted, except 
that the 1st Corps was to be' embaiked last, as I intended to 
move it in mass to its point of disembarkation, and to land it 
on either bank of the York, as might then be determined. 

On the 17th of Marcli, Hamilton's division of the 3d corps 
embarked at Alexandria, and proceeded to Fort Monroe, with 
the following orders : 

Washington, D. C, March It, 1862. 
Gen. C. S. Hamilton, 
ComcVg Divisio7i, — 
You will, on your arrival at Fort Monroe, report to Gen. 
Wool, and request him to assign you ground for encamping 
your division. You will remain at Fort Monroe x;ntil furtlier 
orders from Gen. McClellan. Should Gen. Wool require the 
services of your division in repelling an attack, you will please 
obey his orders, and use every effort to carry out his views. 

R. B. Marct, 

Chief-of-Staff. 

On the 22d of March, as soon as transportation was ready, 
Gen. Fitz John Porter's division of the same corps embarked. 
Gen. Heintzelman was ordered to accompany it, under the 
follow in cr instructions : 



the motement to the peninsula. 153 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Seminary, March 22, 1862. 
Brig.-Gen. S. p. Heintzelman, 
ComcVg 3(? Corps, — 
General, — Upon the disembarkation of Porter's division 
at Fort Monroe, I have to request that you will move your two 
divisions (Porter's and Hamilton's) some three or four miles 
out from the fort, to find good camping places where wood 
and water can be readily obtained, and where your position 
will be good in a defensive point of view. You may find it 
advisable to place one division on or near the road leading to 
Yorktown from Newport News, the other upon that leading 
to Yorktown direct from Fort Monroe. 

If you find that *the nature of the country will pefrmit easy 
communication and mutual support between the two divisions, 
it will be best to place one on each road. It will be best to 
remain pretty near the fort for the present, in order to give 
the impression that our object is to attack Norfolk rather than 
Yorktown. You will do Avell, however, to push strong recon- 
noissances well to the front, to ascertain the position of the 
enemy and his pickets. I will, as soon as possible, reinforce 
you by the 3d division of your corps, and it is probable that a 
part or the whole of the 4th Corps will also move from Fort 
Monroe : this will probably be determined before your disem- 
barkation is completed, and you will be informed accordingly. 

My desire would be to make no important move in advance 
until you are fully prepared to follow it up, and give the ene- 
my no time to recover. 

The quarter-masters of your corps will receive detailed in- 
structions, in regard to land transportation, from General Van 
Vliet. 

It will be advisable to mobilize your corps Avith the least 
possible delay, and have it prepared for an advance. I have 
directed extra clothing, ammunition, etc., to be sent to Fort 
Monroe, so that all deficiencies may be supplied without 
delay. 

Please rej^ort to me frequently and fully the condition of 
things on the new field of operations, and whatevei* intelli- 
gence you gain as to the enemy. 



154 SECOND PERIOD. • 

Engage guides in sufficient numbers at once, and endeavor 
to send out spies. 

I am very truly yours, 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

The remaining divisions embarked as rapidly as transports 
could be supplied. 

On the 1st of April I embarked, with the head-quarters on 
the steamer Commodore, and reached Fort Monroe on the 
afternoon of the 2d. 

In consequence of the delay in the arrival of the horse trans- 
ports at Alexjindria, but a small portion of the cavalry had 
arrived, mid the artillery reserve had not yet completed its 
disembarkation. 

I found there the 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry, and the 5th 
Regular Cavalry ; the 2d Regular Cavalry and a portion of the 
1st had arrived, but not disembarked: so few wagons had 
arrived that it was not possible to move Casey's division at 
all for several days, while the other divisions were obliged to 
move with scant supplies. 

As to the force and position of the enemy, the information 
then in our possession was vague and untrustworthy. Much 
of it was obtained from the staff-oflicers of General Wool, and 
was simply to the effect that Yorktown was surrounded by a 
continuous line of earth-works, with strong water batteries on 
the York River, and garrisoned by not less than 15,000 troops, 
under the command of General J. B. Magruder. Maps which 
had been prepared by the Topographical Engineers under 
General Wool's command were furnished me, in which, the 
Warwick River was represented as flowing parallel to, but 
not crossing the road from Newport News to Williamsburg, 
making the so-called Mulberry Island a real island ; and we 
had no information as to the true course of the Warwick 
across the Pesinsula, nor of the formidable line of works 
which it covered.* 

* The dotted line on the accompanying nap shows the line of the "Warwick 
River, as laid down on the maps referred to. 



, TiTATP OP THE 

I 'peninsula 








assa:^^ 



THE MOYKMENT TO THK PENINSULA. 155 

Information which I had collected during the winter placed 
General Magruder's command at from 15,000 to 20,000 men, 
independently of General Huger's force at Norfolk, estimated 
at about 15,000. It was also known that there were strong 
defensive works at or near Williamsburg. 

Knowing that Gen. Huger could easily spare some troops 

o reinforce Yorktown, that he had indeed done so, and that 

Johnston's army of Manassas could be brought rapidly by the 

James and York rivers to the same point, I proceeded to 

nvest that town without delay. 

The accompanying map of Colonel Cram, United States 
Topographical Engineers, attached to General Wool's staff, 
given to me as the result of several months' labors, indicated 
the feasibility of the design. It was also an object of primary 
importance to reach the vicinity of Yorktown before the ene- 
my was reinforced sufficiently to enable him to hold in force 
his works at Big Bethel, Howard's Bridge, Ship Point, etc., 
on the direct road to Yorktown, and Young's MiUs on the road 
from Newport News. This was the more urgent as it was 
now evident that some days must elapse before the 1st Corps 
could arrive. 

Every thing possible was done to hasten the disembarkation 
of the cavalry, artillery and wagons in the harbor, and on the 
3d the orders of march were given for the following day. 

There were at Fort Monroe and its vicinity, on the 3d, ready- 
to move, two divisions of the 3d Corps, two divisions of the 
4th Corps, one division of the 2d Corps, and Sykes's brigade of 
regular infantry, together with Hunt's artillery reserve, and 
the regiments of cavalry before named, in all about 58,000 
men and 100 guns. Richardson's and Hooker's divisions of 
the 2d and 3d Corps had not yet arrived, and Casey's division 
of the 4th Corjjs was unable to mote for want of wagons. 



ANOTHER REDUCTION OF FORCE. 

Before I left Washington an order had boen issued by the 
War Department, placing Fort Monroe and its dependencies 
under ray control, and authorizing me to draw from the troops 



156 SECOND PERIOD. 

under General Wool, a division of about 10,000 rten, which waa 
to b& assigned to tlie 1st Corps. During the night of the 3d 
I received a telegram from the adjutant-general of the army, 
stating that, by the President's order, I was deprived of all 
control over General Wool and the troops under his com- 
mand, and forbidden to detach any of his troops without his 
sanction. 

Tliis order left me without any base of operations imder ray 
own control, and to this day I am ignorant of the causes which 
led to it. 

CO-OPERATION OF THE NAVY. 

On my arrival at Fort Monroe the James River was declared, 
by the naval authorities, closed to the operations of their ves- 
sels, by the combined influence of the enemy's batteries on its 
banks and the confederate steamers Merrimac, Yorktown, 
Jamestown, and Teazer. Flag-ofiicer Goldsborough, then in 
command of the United States squadron in Hampton Roads, 
regarded it (and, no doubt, justly) as his highest and most 
imperative duty to watch and neutralize the Merrimac, and as 
he designed using his most powerful vessels in a contest with 
her, he did not feel able to detach, for the assistance of the 
army, a suitable force to attack the water batteries at York- 
town and Gloucester. All this was contrary to what had 
been previously stated to me, and materially affected my plans. 
At no time during the operations against Yorktown was the 
navy prepared to lend us any material assistance in its reduc- 
tion, until after our land batteries had partially sUenced the 
works. 

ADVANCE FROM FORT MONROE. 

I had hoped, let me say, by rapid movements, to drive be- 
fore me or capture the enemy on the Peninsula, open the 
James River, and press on to Richmond before he should be 
materially reinforced from other jDortions of his territory. As 
tlie narrative proceeds, the causes will be developed which 
frustrated these apparently well-grounded expectations. 



ADVANCE FROM FORT MONROE. 157 

I determined, then, to move the two divisions of the 4th 
Corps by the Newport News and Williamsbnrg road, to take 
up a position between Yorktown and WilUamsburgh, while 
the two divisions of the 3d Corps moved direct from Fort 
Monroe upon Yorktown, the reserves moving so as to support 
either corps, as might prove necessary. I designed, should 
the works at Yorktown and Williamsburg offer a serious 
resistance, to land the Ist Corps, reinforced, if necessary, on the 
left bank of the York, or on the Severn, to move it on 
Gloucester and West Point, in order to take in reverse what- 
ever force the enemy might have on the Peninsula, and com- 
pel him to abandon his positions. 

In the commencement of the movement from Fort Monroe, 
serious difficulties were encountered from the want of precise 
topographical information as to the country in advance. 

Correct local maps were not to be found, and the country, 
though known in its general features, we found to be inaccu* 
rately described, in essential j^articulars, in the only maps and 
geographical memoirs or papers to which access could be had; 
erroneous courses to streams and roads were frequently given, 
and no dependence could be placed on the information thus 
derived. This difficulty has been found to exist with respect 
to most portions of the State of Virginia, through which my 
military operations have extended. Reco^noissances, frequently 
under fire, proved the only trustworthy sources of infoi-mation. 
Negroes, however truthful their reports, possessed or were 
able to communicate, very IHtle accurate and no comprehen- 
sive topographical information. 

On the 3d the following orders were given for the move- 
ment of the 4 th : 
< 

*' Porter's and Hamilton's divisions, and Averill's cavalry of 
the 3d corps, and Sedwick's division of the 2d Corj^s, under 
Brig.-Gen. Heintzelman, commanding 3d Corps, will move to- 
morrow in the following order : Porter's division, with Ave- 
rill's cavalry, at 6 a.m., over the New Market and New Bridges 
to Big Bethel and Howard's Bridge. This division will send 
forward to the batteries where the Ship Point road intersects 
the main Yorktown road, a sufficient force to hold that point, 



158 SECOND PKEIOD. 

and cut off the garrison of the Ship Point batteries ; the whole 
division may be used for this purpose, if necessary, and it 
possible the batteries should be occupied by our troops to- 
morrow. The portion of the division not necessary for this 
purpose will encamp at Howard's Bridge, 

"Hamilton's division will march at 7 a.m. by the New 
Bridge road to Big Bethel, and will encamp on Howard's 
Creek. 

"Sedgwick's division will march at 8 a.m. by the New 
Market Bridge, taking the direct road to Big Bethel, and will 
also encamp at Howard's Bridge. 

" Brig.-Gen. Keyes, commanding 4th Corps, will move with 
Smith's and Couch's divisions at 6 a.m. (Smith's division in 
advance), by the James River road ; the 5th Regular Cavalry, 
temporarily assigned to this corps, will move with Smith's di- 
vision, which will encamp at Young's Mills, throwing forward 
at least one brigade to the road from Big Bethel to War- 
wick ; Couch's division will encamp at Fisher's Creek. 

" The reserve cavalry, artillery, and infantry will move at 
8.30 A.M. by the New Market Bridge to Big Bethel, where it 
will encamp ; on the march it will keep in the rear of Sedg- 
wick's division." 

The following is an extract from the orders issued on the 4th 
for the march of the 5th. 

" The following movements of the army will be carried out 
to-morrow (5th). 

" General Keyes will move forward Smith's division at 6 
A.M., via Warwick Court House, and the road leading near 
the Old Ship Yard, to the Half Way House'on the Yorktown 
and Williamsburg road. 

" General Couch's division will march at 6 a.m. to close up 
on General Smith's division at the Half Way House. 

" General Keyes' command will occupy and hold the nai'row 
dividing ridge near the Half Way House, so as to prevent the 
escape of the garrison at Yorktown by land, and prevent rein- 
forcements being thrown in. ^^ 

" General Heintzelman will move forward General Porter's 



ADVANCK PROM FORT MONROE. 159 

two rear brigades at 6 a.m. upon the advanced guard, when 
the entire division will advance to a point about two and three 
quarters miles' from Yorktown, where the road turns abruptly 
to the north, and where a road comes in from Warwick Court 
House. General Hamilton's division will move at 6 a.m. and 
follow General Porter's division, camping as near it as possible. 
General Sedgwick's division will march at 5 a.m. as far as the 
Warwick road, which enters the main Yorktown road near Dr. 
Power's house, and^will await further orders. 

The reserves will march at C a.m. upon the main Yorktown 
road, halting for further orders at Dr. Power's house ; the in- 
fantry leading, the artillery following next, and the cavalry in 
rear. ^ 

" General Sedgwick's division will, for the present, act with 
the reserve, and he will receive orders from head-quarters." 

In giving these orders of march for the 4th and 5th, it was 
expected that there would be no serious opposition at Big 
Bethel, and that the advance of the 3d Corps beyond that 
point would force the enemy to evacuate the works at Young's 
Mills, while oitr possession of the latter would make it necessary 
for him to abandon those at Howard's Bridge, and the advance 
thence on Yorktown would place Ship Point in our possession, 
together with its garrison, unless they abandoned it promptly. 
The result answered the expectation. 

During the afternoon of the 4th, General Keyes obtained in- 
formation of the presence of some 5,000 to 8,000 of the enemy, 
in a strong position at Lee's Mills : the nature of that position 
in relation to the Warwick not being at that time understood, 
I instructed General Keyes to attack and carry this position on 
coming in front of it. 

Early in the afternoon of the 5th, the advance of each column 
was brought to a halt : that of Heintzelman (Porter's division) 
in front of Yorktown, after overcoming some resistance at 
Big Bethel and Howard's Bridge : that of Keyes (Smith's di- 
vision) unexpectedly before the enemy's works at Lee's Mills, 
where the road from Newport News to Williamsburg crosses 
Warwick River. The progress of each column had been retarded 
by heavy rains on that day, which had made the roads almost 



160 SECOND PEBIOD. 

impassable to the infantry of Keyes's column and impracticable 
to all but a small portion of the artillery, while the ammunition, 
provision, and forage coiild not be brought up at all. 

When Gen. Keyes's approached Lee's Mills his left flank was 
exposed to a sharp artillery fire from the further bank of the 
Warwick, and upon reaching the vicinity of the mill, he found 
't altogether stronger than was expected, unapproachable by 
eason of the Warwick River, and incapable of being carried 
by assault. 

The troops composing the advance of each column were 
during the afternoon under a warm artillery fire — the sharp- 
shooters even of the right column being engaged, when cover- 
ins: reconnoissauces. 



THE FIRST CORPS WITHDRAWN BY ORDER OF 
THE PRESIDENT. 

It was at this stage and moment of the campaign that the 
following telegram was sent .to me : — 

Adjutant-Gejteral's Officb, 
AprU 4th, 1862. 
Gen. McClbllan, — 

By directions of the President Gen. McDowell's array 
corps has been detached from the force under your immediate 
command ; and the general is ordered to report to the Secre- 
tary of War ; letter by mail. 

L. TUOMAS, 

Adj't.-Gen. 

The President having promised in our interview following 
his order of Mai'ch 31st, withdrawing Blenkej's division of 
10,000 men from my command, that nothing of the sort should 
be repeated, that I might rest assured that the campaign 
should proceed with no further deductions from the force upon 
which its operations had been planned, I may confess to hav- 
ing been shocked at this order, which, with that of the 31st 
ult., removed nearly 60,000 men from my command, and re- 
duced my force by more than one-third after its task had been 
assigned, its op^^rations planned, its fighting begun. To me 



THE FIRST CORPS WITHDRAWN*. _ 16] 

the blow was most discouraging. It frustrated all my plans 
for impending operations. It fell when I was too deeply com- 
mitted to withdraw. It left me incapable of continuing opera- 
tions which had been begun. It compelled the adoption of 
another, a different, and a less effective plan of campaign. It 
made rapid and brilliant operations impossible. It was a fatal 
error. 

It was now of course out of my power to turn Torktown 
by West Point, I had therefore no choice left, but to attack it 
directly in front, as I best could with the force at my com- 
mand. Reconnoissances made under fire on that and the fol- 
lowing day determined, that the sources of the Warwick River 
were near Yorktown, commanded by its guns, while that 
stream for some distance from its mouth on the James River 
was controlled by the confederate gun-boats ; that the fords 
had been destroyed by dams, the approaches to which were 
generally through dense forests and deep swamps, and defended 
by extensive and formidable works ; that timber felled for de- 
fensive purposes, and the flooding of the roads caused by the 
dams had made these works apparently inaccessible and im- 
possible to turn ; that Yorktown was strongly fortified, armed 
and garrisoned, and connected with the defenses of the War- 
wick by forts and intrenchments, the ground of which was 
swept by the guns of Yorktown. It was also ascertained that 
tbe garrisons had been and were daily being reinforced by 
troo])S from Norfolk, and the array under Gen. J. E. Johnston. 

Heavy rains made the roads to Fort Monroe impassable and 
delayed the arrival of troops, ammunition and supplies, while 
storms prevented, for several days, the sailing of transports 
from Hampton Roads, and the establishment of depots on the 
creeks of Yorti River near the army. 

The ground bordering the Warwick River is covered by Very 
dense and extensive forests, the clearings being small and few. 
This, with the comparative flatness of the country, and the 
alertness of the enemy, everywhere in force, rendered thorough 
reconnoissances slow, dangerous and difficult, yet, it was im- 
possible otherwise to determine whether any assault was any- 
where practicable, or whether the more tedious, but sure 
operations of a siege must be resorted to. 



162 ^ SECOND PERIOD. - 

I made, on the 6th and 7th, close personal reconnoissances 
of the right and left of the enemy's positions, which, with in- 
formation acquired already, convinced me that it was best to 
prepare for an assault by the preliminary employment of 
heavy guns, and some siege operations. Instant assault would 
have been simple folly. 

On the Vth, I telegraphed to the President as follows : 

Head-Quaetbrs, Army of the Potomac, 
April 7, 1862. 

To THE President, 

Washington, D. C, — 

Your telegram of yesterday received. In reply I have the 
honor to state that my entire force for duty, amounts to only 
about (85,000) eighty-five thousand men. General Wool's 
command, as you will observe from the accompanying 
order, has been taken out of my control, although he has 
most cheerfully co-operated with me. The only use that can 
be made of his command, is to protect my communications in 
rear of this point. At this time only fifty-three thousand men 
have joined me, but they are coming up as rapidly as my 
means of transportation will permit. 

Please refer to my dispatch to the Secretary of War of to- 
night, for the details of our present situation. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

On the same day I sent the following : 

Head-Quarters, Armt op the Potomac, 
In Front op Torktown, April 7, 1862, 7 p.m. 

ECoN. E. M, Stanton, 

Secretary of War^ — 

Your telegram of yesterday, arrived here while I was ab 
Bent examining the enemy's right, which I did pretty closely. 

The whole line of the Warwick, which really heads within 
a mile of Yorktown, is strongly defended by detached re- 
doubts, and other fortifications, armed with heavy and light 
guns. The approaches, except at Yorktown, are covered by 



THE FIRST CORPS WITHIIRAWN. 163 

the Warwick, over Avhich there is but one, or at most, two 
passages, both of which are covered by strong batteries. It 
will be necessary to resort to the use of heavy guns, and some 
siege operations, before we can assault. All the prisoners state 
that Gen. J. E. Johnston arrived in Yorktown yesterday with 
strong reinforcements. It seems clear that I shall have the 
whole force of the enemy on my hands, probably not less than 
(100,000) one hundred thousand men, and possibly more. lu 
consequence of the loss of Blenker's division, and the 1st Coi'ps, 
my force is possibly less than that of the enemy, while they 
have all the advantage of position. 

I am under great obligations to you for the offer that the 
whole force and material of the government, will be as fully 
and speedily under my command as heretofore, or as if the 
new departments had not been created. 

Since my arrangements were made for this campaign, at 
least (50,000) fifty thousand men have been taken from my 
command. 

Since my dispatch of the 5th instant, five divisions have been 
in close observation of the enemy, and frequently exchanging 
shots. When my present command all joins, I shall have 
about (85,000) eighty-five thousand men for duty, from which 
a large force must be taken for guards, escorts, etc. With 
this army I could assault the enemy's works, and perhaps carry 
tliem, but were I in possession of their intrenchments, and as- 
sailed by double my numbers, I should have no fears as to the 
result. 

Under the circumstances that have been developed since my 
arrival here, I feel fully impressed Avith the conviction, that 
here is to be fought the great battle that is to decide the ex- 
isting contest. I shall, of course, commence the attack as soon 
as I can get up ray siege train, and shall do all in my power 
to carry the enemy's works ; but to do this with a reasonable 
degree of certainty, requires, in my judgment, that I should 
if possible, have at least, the whole of the 1st Corps to land 
upon the Severn River, and attack Gloucester in the rear. 
My present strength will not admit of a detachment suflicient 
for this purpose, without materially impairing the efiiciency 
of this column. Flag-officer Goldsborough, thinks the works 



104 SECOND PERIOD. 

too strong for his available vessels, unless I can turn Glouces- 
ter. I send, by mail, copies of this letter, and one of the com- 
mander of the gun-boats here. 

Geo. B. McClellax, 

Major-GeneraL 



THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 

I had provided a small siege train, and moderate supplies of 
intrenching tools, for such a contingency as the present. Im- 
mediate steps were taken to secure the necessary additions. 

While the engineer officers were engaged in ascertaining 
the character and strength of all the defenses, and the config- 
uration of the ground in front of Yorktown, in order to deter- 
mine the point of attack, and to develop the approaches, the 
troops were occupied in opening roads to the depots estab- 
lished at the nearest available points on branches of York 
River. Troops were brought to the front as rapidly as possi- 
ble, and on the 10th of April the army was posted as follows : 
Heintzelman's corps, composed of Porter's, Hooker's and 
Hamilton's divisions, in front of Yorktown, extending in the 
order named from the mouth of Wormley's Creek to the War- 
wick road opposite Winn's Mills ; Sumner's corps, Sedgwick's 
division only having arrived, on the left of Hamilton, extend- 
ing down the Warwick and opposite the Winn's Mills works ; 
Keyes's corps, (Smith's, Couch's, and Casey's divisions,) on the 
left of Sedgwick, facing the works at the one-gun battery, 
Lee's Mills, etc., on the west bank of the Warwick. Sumner, 
after the 6th of April, commanded the left wing, composed of 
his own and Keyes's corps. 

Throughout the preparations for, and during the siege of 
Yorktown, I kept the corps under Gen. Keyes, and afterwards 
the left wing under Gen. Sumner, engaged in ascertaining the 
character of the obstacles presented by the Warwick, and the 
enemy intrenched on the right bank, with the intention, if 
possible, of overcoming them and breaking that line of defense, 
so as to gain possession of the road to Williamsburg, and cut 
off Yorktown from its supports and supplies. The forcea 



THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 165 

under Gen. Heintzelman were engaged in similar effort? 'jpon 
the works between Winn's Mills and Yorktown. Gen. Keyes's 
report of the 16th of April, enclosing reports of brigade com- 
manders engaged in reconnoissances up to that day, said, 
"that no part of his (the enemy's line opposite his) line, as far 
as discovered, can be taken by assault without an enormous 
waste of life." Reconnoissances on the right flank demon- 
strated the fact that the Warwick was not passable in that 
direction except over a narrow dam, the approaches to which 
were swept by several batteries and intrenchments, which 
could be filled quickly with supports sheltered by the timber 
immediately in rear. 

Gen. Barnard, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, 
whose position entitled his opinions to the highest considera- 
tion, expressed tfee judgment that those formidable works 
could not, with any reasonable degree of certainty, be carried 
by assault. Gen. Keyes, commanding 4th Army Corps, after 
the examination of the enemy's defenses on the left, before 
alluded to, addressed the following letter to the Hon. Ira 
Harris, U. S. Senate, and gave me a copy. Although not 
strictly oflicial, it describes the situation at that time in some 
respects so well that I have taken the liberty of introducing it 
here. 

Head-Qttartebs 4th Corps, 
"Warwick Court House, Va., April 1, 1862. 

Mt Dear Senator, — 

The plan of campaign on this line was made with the 
distinct understanding that four army corps should be em- 
ployed, and that the navy should co-operate in the taking of 
Yorktown, and also (as I understood it) support us on our left 
by moving gun-boats up James River. 

To-day I have learned that the 1st Corps, which, by the 
President's order, was to embrace four divisions, and one 
division (Blenker's) of the 2d Corps, have been withdrawn 
altogether from this line of operations, and from the army of 
the Potomac. At the same time, as I am informed, the navy 
has not means to attack Yorktown, and is afraid to send gun- 
boats up James River for fear of the Merrimac. 



166 SECOND PERIOD. 

The above plan of campaign was adopted unanimously by. 
Gen. McDowell "and Brig.-Gen's. Sumner, Heintzehnan and 
Keyes, and was concurred in by Major-General McClellan, 
who first proposed Urbana as our base. 

This army being reduced by forty-five thousand troops, 
some of them among the best in the service, and without the 
support of the navy, the plan to which we are reduced bears 
scarcely any resemblance to the one I voted for. 

I command the James River column, and I left my camp, 
near Newport News, the morning of the 4tli instant. I only 
succeeded in getting my artillery ashore the afternoon of the 
day before, and one of my divisions had not all arrived in 
camp the day I left, and, for the want of transportation, has 
not yet joined me. So you will observe that not a day was 
lost in the advance ; and in fact we marched so quickly and 
so rapidly that many of our animals were twenty-four and 
forty-eight hours without a ration of forage. But, notwith- 
standing the rapidity of our advance, we are stopped by a line 
of defense nine or ten miles long, strongly fortified by breast- 
works, erected nearly the Avhole distance, behind a stream or 
succession of ponds no where fordable, one terminus being 
Yorktown and the other ending in the James River, which is 
commanded by the enemy's gun-boats. Yorktown is fortified 
all around with bastioned works, and on the water side, it 
and Gloucester are so strong that the navy are afraid to attack 
either. 

The approaches on our side are generally through low, 
swampy, or thickly wooded ground, over roads which we are 
obliged to repair or to make, before we can get forward our 
carriages. The enemy is in great force, and is constantly re- 
ceiving reinforcements from the two rivers. The line in front 
of us is therefore one of the strongest ever opposed to an in- 
vading force in any country. 

You will then ask, why I advocated such a line for our oper- 
ations ? My reasons are feWy but, I think, good. 

With proper assistance from the navy, Ave could take York- 
town, and then, with gun-boats on both rivers, we could beat 
any force opposed to us on Warwick River, because the shot 
and shells from the gun-boats would nearly overlap across the 



THE SIEGE OF TORKTOWN. 167 

Peninsula, so that, if the enemy should retreat, and retreat he 
must, he would have a long way to go without rail or steam 
transportation, and every soul of his army must fall into our 
hands or be destroyed. 

Another reason for my supporting the new base and plan 
was, that this line, it was expected, would furnish water trans- 
portation nearly to Richmond. 

Now, supposing we succeed in breaking through the line in 
front of us, what can we do next ? The roads are very bad, 
and if the enemy retains command of James River, and we do 
not first reduce Yorktown, it would be impossible for us to 
subsist this army three marches beyond where it is now. As 
the roads are at present, it is with the utmost difficulty that 
we can subsist it in the position it now occupies. 

You will see, therefore, by what I have said, that the force 
originally intended for the capture of Richmond should be all 
sent forward. If I thought the four ai-my corps necessary 
whefl I supposed the navy would cooperate, and when I 
judged of the obstacles to be encountered by what I learned 
from maps and the opinions of officers long stationed at Fort 
Monroe, and from all other sources, how much more should I 
think the full complement of troops requisite, now that the 
navy cannot co-operate, and now that the strength of the ene- 
my's lines and the number of his guns and men prove to be 
almost immeasurably greater than I had been led to expect! 

The line in front of us, in the opinion of all the military men 
here who are at all competent to judge, is one of the strongest 
in the world, and the force of the enemy capable of being in- 
creased beyond the numbers we now have to oppose to him. 
Independently of the strength of the lirtes in front of us, and 
of the force of the enemy behind them, we cannot advance 
until we get command of either York River or James River. 
The efficient co-operation of the navy is, therefore, absolutely 
essential, and so I considered it when I voted to change our 
base from the Potomac to Fort Monroe, 

An iron-clad boat must attack Yorktown, and if several 
strong gun-boats could be sent up James River also, our suc- 
cess will be certain and complete, and the rebellion will soon 
be put down. 



168 SECOND PElllDP. 

On the other hand, we must butt against the enemy's works 
with heavy artillery and a great waste of time, life and mate- 
rial. 

If we break through and advance, both our flanks will be 
assailed from two great watei'-courses in the hands of the 
enemy ; our supplies would give out, and the enemy, equal, 
if not superior, in numbers, Avould, with the other advantages, 
beat and destroy this army. 

The greatest master of the art of war has said that " if you 
would invade a country successfully, you must have OJie line 
of operations and one army, under one general." But what 
is our condition ? The State of Virginia is made to constitute 
the command, in part or wliolly, of some six generals, viz. : 
Fremont, Banks, McDowell, "Wool, Burnside, and McClellan, 
besides the scrap, over the Chesapeake, in the care of Dix. 

The great battle of the war is to come off here. If \\e win 
it, the rebellion will be crushed. If we lose it, the conse- 
quences will be more horrible than I care to foretell. ^The 
plan of campaign I voted for, if carried out with the means 
proposed, will certainly succeed. If any part of the means 
proposed are withheld or diverted, I deem it due to myself to 
say that our success will be uncertain. 

It is no doubt agreeable to the commander of the 1st Corps 
to have a separate department, and, as this letter advocates his 
return to General McClellan's command, it is proper to state 
that I am not at all influenced by personal regard or dislike to 
any of my seniors in rank. If I were to credit all the opinions 
which have been poured into my ears, I must believe that, in 
regard to my present fine command, I owe much to General 
McDowell and nothing' to General McClellan. But I have dis- 
regarded all such ofliciousness, and I have from last July to 
the present day, supported General McClellan and obeyed all 
his oiders with as hearty a good will as though he had been 
my brother or the friend to whom I owed most. I shall con- 
tinue to do so to the last, and so long as he is my commander 
and I am not desirous to displace him, and would not if I 
could. He left Washington with the understanding that he 
was to execute a definite plan of campaign with certain pre- 
scribed means. The plan was good and the means suffcient, 



THE SIEGE OF YORK TOWN. 109 

and, without modification, the enterprise was certain of suc- 
cess. But, with the reduction of force and means, the pJan is 
entirely changed, and is now a bad plan, with means insuf- 
ficient for certain success. 

Do not look upon this communication as the offspring of 
despondency. I never despond ; and when you see me work- 
ing tTie hardest, you may be sure that fortune is frowning upon 
me. I am Avorking noto^ to my utmost. 

Please show this letter to the President, and I should like 
also that Mr. Stanton should know its contents. Do me the 
honor to write to me as soon as you can, and believe me, with 
perfect respect, 

Your most obedient servant, 

E. D. Ketes, 
Brig.-Gen. Comd'g 4th Army Corps. 
Hon. Ira Harris, 
Zr. S. Sejiate. 

On- the Vth of April, and before the arrival of the divisions 
of Generals Hooker, Richardson, and Casey, I received the 
following dispatches from the President and Secretary of 
War. 

"Washington, April 6, 1862. 8 p.m. 
Gen. G. B. McClellan. 

Tours of 11 A.M. to-day received. Secretary of War in. 
forms me that the forwarding of transportation, ammunition, 
and Woodbury's Brigade, under your orders, is not and will 
not be interfered with. You now have over one hundred 
thousand troops with you, independent of General Wool's 
command. I think you had better break the enemy's line from 
Yorktown to Warwick River at once. This will probably use 
time as advantageously as you can. 

% A, Lincoln. 

President. 

"Washington, April 6, 1862. 2 p.m. 
Gen, G, B, McClellan, 

The President directs me to say that your dispatch to 
him has been received. General Sumner's corps is on the road 



1^0 SECOND PEBIOD. 

to join you, and will go forward as last as possible. Frank- 
lin's division is now on the advance towards Manassas. There 
is no means of transpoi'tation here to send it forward in time 
o be of service in your present operations. Telegraph fre- 
quently, and all in the power of the government shall be don 
to sustain you as occasion may require. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

By the 9th of April I had acquired a pretty good knowledge 
of the position and strength of the enemy's works and the ob- 
stacles to be overcome. 

On that day I received the following letter from the Presi- 
dent. 

WASHnfGTON, April 9th, 1862. 
Major-General McClellan : — 

My Dear Sir, — Your dispatches, complaining that you are 
not properly sustained, while they do not offend me, do pain 
me very much. 

Blenker's division was withdrawn from you before you left 
here, and you know the pressure under which I did it, and, as 
I thought, acquiesced in it, certainly not without reluctance. 

After you left I ascertained that less than twenty thousand 
unorganized men, without a single field battery, Avere all you 
designed to be left for the defense of Washington and Manas- 
sas Junction ; and j^art of this even was to go to General 
Hooker's old position. General Banks' corps, once designed 
for Manassas Junction, was diverted and tied up on the line 
of Winchester and Strasburg, and could not leave it without 
again exposing tl)e upper Potomac, and the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad. This presented (or would present, Avhen 
McDowell and Sumner should begone) a great temptation to 
the enemy to turn back from tne Rappahannock and sack 
Washington. My explicit order that Washington should, by 
the judgment of all the commanders of army corps, be left 
entirely secure, had been neglected. It was precisely this that 
drove me to detain McDowell. 

I do not forget that I was satisfied with your an-angement 



THE SIEGK OF TORKTOWN. 171 

to leave Banks at Manassas Junction ; but when that arrange- 
ment was broken up and nothing was substituted for it, of 
course I was constrained to substitute something for it myself. 
And allow me to ask, " Do you really think I should permit 
the line from Richmond via Manassas Junction to this city to 
be entirely open, except what resistance could be presented by 
less than twenty thousand unorganized troops? This is a 
uestion which the country will not allow me to evade. 

There is a curious mystery about the numbers of the troops 
now with you. When I telegraphed you on th« 6th, saying 
you had over a hundred thousand with you, I had just obtained 
from the Secretary of War a statement, taken, as he said, from 
your own returns, making 108,000 then with you and en route 
to you. You now say you will have but 85,000 when all en 
route to you shall have reached you. How can the discrep- 
ancy of 23,000 be accounted for ? 

As to General Wool's command, I understand it is doing 
for you precisely what a like number of your own would have 
to do, if that command was away. 

I suppose the whole force which has gone forward for you 
is with you by this time, and if so, I think it is the precise 
time to strike a blow. By delay the enemy will relatively 
gain upon you — that is, he Avill gain faster, by fortifications 
and reinforcements^ than you can by reinforcements alone. 

And once more, let me tell you, it is indispensable to you 
that you strike a blow. I am powerless to help this. You 
will do me the justice to remember, I always insisted that 
going down the bay in search of a field, instead of fighting at 
or near Manassas, was only shifting and not surmounting a 
diflSculty ; that we would find the same enemy, and the same 
or equal intrenchments, at either place. The country will not 
fail to note — is now noting — that the present hesitation to 
move upon an intrenched enemy, is but the story of Manassas 
repeated. 

I beg to assure you that I have never written you, or 
spoken to you, in greater kindness of feeling than now, nor 
with ar fulleii purpose to sustain you, so far as in my most 
inxious judgment I consistently can. But you must act. 

Yours, very truly, 

A. LiNCOLK. 



172 SECOND PERIOD. 

With great deference to the opinions and wishes of His 
Excellency the President, I most respectfully beg leave to re- 
fer to the facts which I have presented, and those contained in 
the accompanying letter of General Keyes, with the reports of 
General Barnard and other officers, as furnishing a reply to 
the above letter. His Excellency could not judge of the 
formidable character of the works before us as well as if he 
had been upon the ground, and whatever might have been his 
desire for prompt action (certainly no greater than mine), I 
feel confident, if he could have made a personal inspection of 
the enemy's defenses, he would have forbidden me from risk- 
ing the safety of the army and the possible successes of the 
campaign on a sanguinary assault of an advantageous and 
formidable position, which, even if successful, could not have 
been followed up to any other or better result than would 
have been reached by the regular operations of a siege. Still 
less could I forego the conclusions of my most instructed 
judgment for the mere sake of avoiding the personal conse- 
quences intimated in the President's dispatch. 

The following extracts from the report of the chief engineer 
(Brig.-Gen. J. G. Barnard), embody the result of our recon- 
noissances, and give, with some degree of detail, the character 
and strength of the defenses of Yorktown and the Warwick, 
and some of the obstacles which the army contended against 
and overcame. 



EXTRACTS FROM GEN. BARNARD'S REPORT. 

" The accompanying drawing (map I^o. 2) gives with accu- 
racy the outline and armament of the fortifications of York- 
town proper, with the detached works immediately connected 
with it. 

" The three bastioned fronts looking towards our approaches 
appear to have been earliest built, and have about 15 feet 
thickness of para^^et, and 8 feet to 10 feet depth j)f ditch ; the 
width varying much, but never leaving less, at top of the 
scarp, than 15 feet : I think, generally, much more. 



GENEEAL BAENAEd's EEPORT. 173 

"The works extending around the town, from the western 
salient of fronts just mentioned, appear to have been finished 
during the last winter and spring. They have formidable 
profiles, 18 feet thickness of parapet, and generally, 10 feet 
depth of ditch. 

" The water-batteries had generally, eighteen feet parapet, 
the guns in barbette. 

. " They were (as well as all the works mentioned) carefully 
constructed with well made sod-revetments. 

"There were numerous traverses between the guns, and 
ample magazines; how sufficient in bomb-proof qualities, I am 
unable to say. 

" The two first guns of the work on the heights, bear upon 
the water as well as the land, and were of heavy calibre. 

" The list herewith, gives all the guns in position, or for 
which there were emplacements. The vacant emplacements 
were all occupied before the evacuation by siege-guns, rifled 
4 J inch, 24-poiinders and 18-pounders. 

" In Fort Magruder (the first exterior work) there wero 
found 1 8-inch Columbiad, 1 42-pounder, and 1 8-inch siege- 
howitzer, the two former ' en barbette.' The sketch will show 
the emplacements for guns on field and siege-can-iages, making, 
I think, with the foregoing, 22. Two of these were placed 
behind traverses with embrasures covered by bridges. 

" The two external redoubts, with the connecting parapets, 
formed a le-entrant with the fronts of attack, and all the guns 
bore on our approaches. 

" It will be seen, therefore, that our approaches were swept 
Dy the fire of at least 49 guns, nearly all of which were heavy, 
and many of them the most formidable guns known, besides 
that, two-thirds of the guns of the water-batteries, and all the 
guns of Gloucester, bore on our right batteries, though under 
disadvantageous circumstances. 

"The ravine, behind which the left of the Yorktown fronts 
of attack was placed, was not very difficult, as the heads 
formed depressions in front of their left imperfectly seen by 
their fire, and from which access could be had to the ditches, 
but we could not be sure of this fact before the evacuation. 
The enemy held, by means of a slight breast-work, and riflo 



174 SECOND PEEIOD. 

trenches, a position in advance of the heads of their ravines, as 
far forward as the Burnt House. 

" The ravines, which head between the Yorktown fortifica- 
tions and the exterior works, are deep and intricate. They 
were tolerably well seen, however, by the works which run 
"westwardly from the Yorktown works, and which were too 
numerous and complicated to be traced on p.-iper. 

"Fort Magruder, the first lunette on our left, appears to 
have been built at an early period. 

" The external connection between this work, was first a 
rifle trench, probably afterwards enlarged into a parapet, with 
external ditch, and an emplacement for four guns in or near 
the small redan in the centre. 

" Behind this they had constructed numerous epaulments 
with connecting boyaus not fully arranged for infantry 
fires, and mainly intended, probably, to protect their camps 
and reserves, against the destructive effects of our artillery. 

" From the ' red redoubt,' these trenches and epaulments, 
ran to the woods and rivulet which forms a head of the War- 
wick, and continue almost without break to connect with the 
works at Winn's jSIills. This stream just mentioned, (what- 
ever be its name, the term 'Warwick,' according to some, ap- 
plying only to the tidal channel from the James River, up as 
high as Lee's Mill), was inundated by a number of dams, from 
near where its head is crossed by the epaulments mentioned, 
down to Lee's Mill. 

" Below Lee's Mill, the Warwick follows a tortuous course 
through salt marshes of 200 yards or 300 yards in width, from 
which the land rises up boldly to a height of 30 or 40 feet. 

" The first group of works is at Winn's Mill, where there 
is a dam and bridge. The next, is to guard another dam be- 
tween Wynn's and Lee's Mills, (this is the point attacked by 
General Smith, on the 16th ultimo, and where Lieut. Merrill 
was Avonnded ; the object of the attack, was merely to prevent 
the further construction of works, and feel thestrength of the 
position.) A work, of what extent is not now known, was at 
the sharp angle of the stream, just above Lee's Mill, and a 
formidable group of works was at Lee's Mill, where there was 
also a dam and bridge. 



THjj^ SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 175 

" From Lee's Mill a line of works extends across MtilbeiTy 
Island (or is supposed to do so). 

" At Soutliall's Landing is another ' formidable group of 
works, and from here, too, they extend apparently across the 
James. 

" These groups of field w-orks were connected by rifle 
trenches or parapets, for nearly the whole distance. 

" They are far more extensive than may be supposed, from 
the mention of them I mak^, and every kind of obstruction 
which the coimtry affords, such as abattis, marsh, inundation, 
&c., was skillfully used. The line is certainly one of the most, 
extensive known to modern times. 

" The country on both sides the Warwick, from near York- 
town down, is a dense forest, with few clearings. It was 
swampy, and the roads impassable during the heavy rains we 
have constantly had, except where our own labors had cordu- 
royed them. 

" If we could have broken the enemy's line across the isth- 
mus, we could have invested Yorktown, and it must, with its 
garrison, have soon fallen into our hands. 

" It Avas not deemed practicable, considering the strength 
of that line, and the difficulty of handling our forces (owing to 
the impracticable character of the country), to do so. 

" If we could take Yorktown, or drive the enemy out of 
that place, the enemy's line was no longer tenable. This we 
could do by siege opei-ations. It was deemed too hazardous 
to attempt the reduction of tlie place by assault." 

The plan of the approaches and their defenses, as deter- 
mined upon and finally executed, is exhibited in the accom- 
panying map. It was, in words, to open the first parallel 
as near as possible to the works of the enemy, and under 
its protection to establish, almost simultaneously, batteries 
along the whole front, extending from York River, on the 
right, to the Warwick, on the left (a chord of about one mile 
in length, the principal approaches were directed against the 
east end of the main work (which was most heavily armed, 
and bore both on the water and land), and lay between 
Wormley's Creek and York River. There, also, were placed 



176 SECOND PERIOD. Ol 

the most of the batteries designed to act against the land 
front, to enfilade the water batteries, and to act upon Glou- 
cester. I designed at the earliest moment to open simultane- 
ously with several batteries, and as soon as the enemy's guns, 
which swept the neck of land between Wormley's Creek and 
the Warwick, were crippled, and their fire kept down, to push 
the trenches as fer forward as necessary, and to assault York 
town and the adjacent works. 

The approaches to the batteries, the necessary bridges, and 
the roads to the depots, had been vigorously pushed to com- 
pletion by the troops under Generals Heintzelman and Sum- 
ner, and were available for infantry, and in some instances for 
artillery, on the lYth of April, Avhen the batteries and their 
connections were commenced, and labor upon them kept up, 
night and day, until finished. 

Some of the batteries, on easy ground and concealed from 
the view of the enemy, were early completed and armed, and 
held ready for any emergency, but not permitted to open, as 
the return fire of the enemy Avould interfere too much with 
the labor on other and more important works. The comple- 
tion of the more exposed and heaviest batteries was delayed 
by storms, preventing the landing of guns and ammunition. 
It having been discovered that the enemy were receiving artil- 
lery stores at the wharf in Yorktown, on May 1st, Battery 
No. 1 was opened with eflfect upon the wharf and town. 

On the 22d of April, General Franklin, with his division 
from General McDowell's coi'ps, had arrived and reported to 
me. The garrison of Gloucester Point had been reinforced 
and the works strengthened ; but as this division was too 
small to detach to the Severn, and no more troops could be 
spared, I determined to act on Gloucester by disembarking it 
on the north bank of the York River, under the protection of 
the gun-boats. The troops w^ere mainly kept on board ship 
while the necessary preparations were made for landing them, 
and supporting them in case of necessity. For a full account 
of this labor, I refer to the report of Lieut.-Col. B. S, Alexan- 
der, of the Engineer Corps detailed for this expedition. 

While the siege works were being rapidly completed, the 
roads on the left wing necessary for communication and ad- 



THE SIEGE OF TOEKTOWX. 177 

vance were opened and corduroyed over the marshes, batteries 
were erected to silence the enemy's guns and drive him from 
his works at Winn's and Lee's Mills, preparatory to the g<!ne- 
ral attack, active reconnoissances were continually going on, 
and attempts in force made to drive the enemy from the 
banks. 

The result of various reconnoissances made under the imme- 
diate direction of Gen. W. F. Smith, commanding 2d Division, 
4th Corps, led to the belief that the weakest point of that part 
of the enemy's hnes, was opposite a field, where it was ascer- 
tained that there was a dam covered by a battery known to 
contain at least one gun. It was determined to push a strong 
reconnoissance on this point, to silence the enemy's fire, and 
ascertain the actual strength of the position, being prepared to 
sustain the reconnoitering party by* a real attack, if found 
expedient. 

Gen. W. F. Smith was directed to undertake the operation 
on the 16th of April. He silenced the enemy's guns, dis- 
covered the existence of other works, previously concealed and 
unknown, and sent a strong party across the stream, which 
was finally forced to retire Avith some loss ; but Gen. Smith 
intrenched himself in a position immediately overlooking the 
dam and the enemy's works, so as to keep them under control, 
and prevent the enemy using the dam as a means of crossing 
the Warwick to annoy us. 

Ma'ny times towards the end of the month, the enemy at- 
tempted to drive in our pickets and take our rifle-pits near 
Yorktown, but always without success. As the siege pro- 
gressed it was with great difficulty that the rifle-pits on the 
right could be excavated and held, so little covering could bs 
made against the hot fire of the enemy's artillery and infantry. 
Their guns continued up to a late hour of the night of the 3d 
of May. 

Our batteries would have been ready to open on the morn- 
ing of the 6th May at latest, but on the morning of the 4th it 
w^as discovered that the enemy had already been compelled to 
evacuate his position during the night, leaving behind him all 
his heavy guns uninjured, and a large amount of ammunition 
and suppUes. 



178 SECONDPERIOD. 

For the details of the labors of the siege, I refer to the ac- 
companying reports and journals of Brig.-Gen. J. G. Barnard, 
chief engineer, charged with the selection and laying out, and 
completion of the approaches and batteries ; of Brig.-Gen. W. 
F. Barry, chief of artillery, charged with arming and supply- 
ing with ammunition all the siege and field batteries ; and of 
Brig.-Gen. Fitz John Porter, director of the siege, to whom 
was assigned the guarding of the trenches, the assembling and 
distribution of the working parties, tSTc., &c. 



THE PURSUIT TO WILLIAMSBURG. 

Early in the morning of the 4th, upon the enemy's abandon- 
ing his lines at Yorktown, I ordered all the available cavalry 
force, with four batteries of horse artillery, under Brig.-Gen. 
Stoneman, chief of cavalry, in immediate pursuit, by the 
Yorktown and Williamsburg road, with orders to harass the 
enemy's rear, and try to cut off such of his forces as had taken 
the Lee's Mill and Williamsburg road. 

Gen. Heintzelman Avas directed to send Hooker's division 
forward on the Yorktown and Williamsburg road to support 
Gen. Stoneman ; and Gen. Smith was ordered to proceed with 
his division on the Lee's Mill and Williamsburg road for the 
same purpose ; afterwards the divisions of Generals Kearney, 
Couch and Casey were put en route, the first on the Yorktown 
road, and the others on the Lee's Mill road. These roads 
unite about a quarter of a mile south of Fort Magruder, and 
are connected by cross-roads at several jDoints between York- 
town and Williamsburg. After these directions had been 
given. Gen. Sumner, (the ofiicer second in rank in the army of 
the Potomac) Avas ordered to proceed to the front and take im- 
mediate charge of operations until my arrival. 

Gen. Stoneman moved forward promptly with his command 
(consisting of four batteries of horse-artillery under Lieut.-Col. 
Harp, the 1st and 6tli U. S. cavalry, the 3d Pennsylvania, and 
8th Illinois, and Barker's squadron,) meeting with but little op- 
position until he arrived in front of the enemy's works, about 
two miles east of Williamsburg. At a point about eight miles 



THE PUKSUIT TO WILLIAMSBURG. 179 

from Yorktowu, in accordance with my instructions he de- 
tached Gen. Emory with Benson's battery, the 3d Pennsylvania 
cavalry (Col. Averill) and Barker's squadron, to gain theLee'h 
Mill road, and endeavor, with the assistance of Gen. Smith, to 
cut off the portion of the enemy's rear-guard, which had taken 
that route. Gen. Emory had some sharp skirmishes with a 
regiment of cavalry, and a battery under Gen. Stuart, and drove 
them in the direction of Lee's Mill. Gen. Smith having met 
with obstructions in his front, had transferred his column by a 
cross-road to the Yorktown and Williamsburg road, so that 
Gen. Emory finding no force to co-operate with him was un- 
able to cut off the rear-guard, and they succeeded in escaping 
by a circuitous route, along the bank of the James River. 

The position in which Gen. Stoneman encountered the ene- 
my is about four miles in extent, the right resting on College 
Creek, and the left on Queen's Creek, nearly three-fourths of 
its front being covered by tributaries of those two creeks, 
upon which there are ponds. The ground between the heads 
of the tributary streams is a cultivated plain, across which a 
line of detached works had been constructed, consisting of 
Fort Magruder, a large work in the centre with a bastion 
front, and twelve other redoubts and epaulments for field- 
guns. 

The parapet of Fort Magruder is about six feet high and 
nine feet thick, the ditch nine feet wide and nine feet deep, 
filled with water. The length of the interior crest is about 
COO yards. The redoubts have strong profiles, but are of 
small dimensions, having faces of about forty yards. The 
woods in front of the position were felled, and the open ground 
in front of the works was dotted with numerous rifle pits. 

The roads leading from the lower part of the Peninsula 
towards Williamsburg, one along the York River, (the York- 
town road,) and the other along the James, (the Lee's Mill 
road,) unite between the heads of the tributary streams a short 
distance in front of Fort Magruder, by which they are com 
manded, and debouch from the woods just before uniting. A 
branch from the James River road leaves it about one and three 
quarter miles below Fort Magruder, and '..mites with the road 
from Allen's Landing to Williamsburg, which crosses the 



180 SECOND PERIOD. 

tributary of College Creek over a dam at the outlet of a pond, 
and passes just in rear of the line of works, being commanded 
by the three redoubts on the right of the line. 

At about the same distance from Fort Magruder a branch 
leaves the York River road, and crosses the tributary of 
Queen's Creek on a dam, and passing over the position and 
through the woods in its rear, finally enters Williamsburg. 
This road is commanded by redoubts on the left of the line of 
works. 

General Stoneman debouched from the woods with his ad- 
vance guard, (consisting of a part of the 1st U. S. Cavalry and 
one section of Gibson's battery, under the command of Gen. 
Cook,) and the enemy immediately opened on him with sev- 
eral field-pieces from Fort Magruder, having the correct range 
and doing some execution. Gibson's battery Avas brought 
into position, as rapidly as the deep mud would permit, and 
returned the fire, while the 6th U. S. Cavalry was sent to feel 
the enemy's left. This regiment passed one redoubt, which it 
found unoccupied, and appeared in the rear of a second, when 
a strong cavalry force, with infantry and artillery, came doAvn 
upon it ; whereupon the regiment was withdrawn. The 
rear squadron, imder command of Captain Saunders, repelled 
a charge of the enemy's cavalry in the most gallant manner. 
In the meantime the enemy was being reinforced by infantry, 
and the artillery fire becoming very hot. Gen. Stoneman, hav- 
ing no infantry to carry the works, ordered the withdrawal 
of the battery. This was accomplished, with the exception of 
one piece which could not be extricated from the mud. The 
enemy attempted to prevent the movement, but their charges 
were met by the 1st U. S. Cavalry, under command of Lieut.- 
Col. Grier, and they were driven back, losing several officers 
and one stand of colors. Gen. Stoneman then took up a de- 
fensive position a short distance in the rear of the first, to 
await the arrival of the infantry. The advance of General 
Smith's column reached Skiff's Creek about 11 1 o'clock, and 
found the bridge over that stream in flames, and the road im- 
passable. A practicable route to the Yorktown road having 
been discovered, the division, by order of General Sumner, 
moved on by that road, and reached General Stoneman's posi- 



THE BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURG. 181 

tion about 5i o'clock. General Sumner arriving with it, as- 
sumed command. 

Generals Heintzelman and Keyes also arrived during the 
afternoon near the Half-Way House. The head of General 
Hooker's column encountered Smith's division, filing into tlie 
road, and was obliged to halt between three and four hours, 
until it had passed. Gen. Hooker then followed on, and at 
Chesapeake Church turned off, by Gen. Heintzelman's direc- 
tion, taking a cross-road, and moved out on the Lee's Mill 
road thus changing places with Gen. Smith. Marching part 
of the night, he came in sight of Fort Magruder early in the 
morning of the 5th. 

General Smith's division having been deployed. General 
Sumner ordered an attack on the works in his front, but the 
lines having been thrown into confusion while moving through 
the dense forest, and darkness coming on, the attempt, for 
that night, was abandoned. The troops bivouacked in the 
woods, and a heavy rain began, which continued until the 
morning of the 6th, making the roads, already in a very bad 
condition, almost impassable. 



THE BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURG. 

During the morning of the 5th, General Sumner reconnoi- 
tered the position in his front, and at 1 1 o'clock, ordered Han- 
cock's brigade, of Smith's division, to take possession of a 
work on the enemy's left, w^hich had been found to be unoccu- 
pied. The remainder of Smith's division occupied the woods 
in front, without being actually engaged. The divisions of 
Couch and Casey, had received orders during the night to 
march at daylight, but on account of the terrible condition of 
the roads, and other impediments, were not able to reach the 
field until after 1 o'clock, p.m., at which time the first brigad 
of Couch's division arrived, and was posted in the centre, oi 
Hooker's right. The other two brigades came up during the 
afternoon, followed by Casey's division. In the meantime, 
General Hooker having reconnoitered the enemy's position, 
began the, attack at 1^ a.m., and for a while silenced the guns 



182 SECOND PERIOD 

of Fort Magruder, and cleared the ground in his front. But 
the enemy being continually reinforced, un-til their strength 
greatly exceeded his, made attack after attack, endeavoring to 
turn his left. For several hours his division struggled gal- 
antly against the superior numbers of the enemy. Five guns 
of Webber's battery were lost, and betweea 3 and 4 o'clock, 
his ammunition began to give out. The loss had been heavy 
and the exhaustion of the troops was very great. At thi 
time the division of General Kearney came up, who, at 9 a.m., 
had received orders to reinforce Hooker, and who had suc- 
ceeded, by the greatest exertion, in passing Casey's troops, 
and pushing on to the front through the deep mud. General 
Kearney at once gallantly attacked, and thereby prevented 
the loss of another battery, and drove the enemy back at every 
point, enabling General Hooker to extricate himself from his 
position, and withdraw his wearied troops. 

Peck's brigade, of Couch's division, as has been mentioned 
before, was immediately on its arrival, ordered by General 
Sumner to deploy on Hooker's right. This was promptly 
done, and the attacks of the enemy at that point were repulsed. 
General Peck, held his position until late in the afternoon, 
when he was relieved by the other two brigades of Couch's 
division, and they were in quiet possession of the ground when 
night closed the contest. 

The vigorous action of these troops relieved General Hooker 
considerably. General Emory, had been left with his com- 
mand, on the night of the 4th, to guard the branch of the 
Lee's Mill road, which leads to Allen's Farm, and on the 
morning of the 5th, it was ascertained that by this route the 
enemy's right could be turned. A request for infantry for 
this purpose, was made to General Heintzelman, who, late in 
the afternoon, sent four regiments and two batteries of Kear- 
ney's division, the first disposable troops he had, and directed 
General Emory to make the attack. With these reinforce- 
ments, his force amounted to about 3,000 men, and 3 bat- 
teries. General Emory, on account of want of knowledge of 
the ground, and the lateness of the hour, did not succeed in 
this movement. It involved some risks, but if successful, 
might have produced important results. At 11 a.m., as be- 



THE BATTLE OF AV I I. L I A M S B tJ R G . 183 

fore mentioned, General Smith received orders from General 
Sumner, to send one brigade across a dam on our right, to 
occupy a redoubt on the left of the enemy's line ; Hancock's 
brigade was selected for this purpose. He crossed the dam, 
took possession of the first redoubt, and afterwards finding the 
second one vacated, he occupied that also, and sent for re- 
inforcements to enable him to advance further, and take the 
next redoubt, which commanded the plain between his position 
and Fort Magruder, and would have enabled him to take in 
reverse, and cut the communication of the troops engaged 
with Generals Hooker and Kearney. The enemy soon began 
to show himself in strength before him, and, as his rear and 
right flank were somewhat exposed, he repeated his request 
for reinforcements. General Smitli was twice ordered to join 
him with the rest of his division, but each time the order was 
countermanded at the moment of execution ; General Sumner 
not being walling to weaken the centre. At length, in reply 
to General Hancock's repeated messages for more troops, 
General Sumner sent him an order to fall back to his fii-st 
position ; the execution of Avhich, General Hancock deferred 
as long as possible, being unwilling to give up the advantage 
already gained, and fearing to expose his command by such a 
movement. 

During the progress of these events I had remained at York- 
town, to complete the preparations for the departure of Gen. 
Franklin's and other troops to West Point by water, and to 
make the necessary arrangements with the naval commander, 
for his co-operation. 

By pushing Gen. Franklin, well supported, by water to the 
right bank of the Pamunkey opposite West Point, it was 
hoped to force the enemy to abandon whatever works he 
might have on the Peninsula below that point, or be cut off. 
It was of paramount importance that the arrangements to this 
nd should be promptly made. 

At an early hour of the morning, I had sent two of my aids 
(Lieut.-Col. Sweitzer and Maj. Hammerstein) to observe the 
operations in front, with instructions to report to me every- 
thing of importance that might occur. I received no informa- 
tion from them leading me to suppose that there was anything 



184 SECOND PERIOD. 

occurring of more importance than a simple affair of a rear 
p^uard, until about 1 o'clock p.m., when a dispatch arrived 
from one of them that everything was not progressing favora- 
bly ; this was confirmed a few minutes later by the reports of 
Governor Sprague and Major Hammerstein, who came directly 
from the scene of action. 

Completing the necessary arrangements, I returned to my 
camji without delay, rode rapidly to the front, a distance of 
some fourteen miles, through roads much obstructed by troops 
and wagons, and reached the field between 4 and 5 p.m., in 
time to take a rapid survey of the ground. I soon learned 
that there was no direct communication between our centre 
and the left under Gen. Heintzelman. The centre was chiefly 
in the nearer edge of the woods situated between us and the 
enemy. As heavy firing was heard in the direction of Gen. 
Hancock's command, I immediately ordered Gen. Smith to 
proceed with his two remaining brigades to support that part 
of the line. Gen. Naglee with his brigade received similar 
orders. I then directed our centre to advance to the further 
edge of the woods, mentioned above, which was done ; and 
attempted to open direct communication with Gen. Heintzel- 
man, but was prevented by the marshy state of the ground in 
the direction in which the attempt was made. Before Gen- 
erals Smith and Naglee could reach the field of Gen. Hancock's 
operations, although they moved with great rapidity, he had 
been confronted by a superior force. Feigning to retreat 
slowly, he awaited their onset, and then turned upon them ; 
after some terrific volleys of musketry, he charged them with 
the bayonet, routing and dispersing their whole force ; killing, 
wounding and capturing from 500 to 600 men, he, himself 
losing only thirty-one men. 

This was one of the most brilliant engagements of the war 
and Gen. Hancock merits the highest praise for the soldierly 
qualities displayed, and his perfect appreciation of the vita 
importance of his position. 

Night put an end to all the operations here, and all the 
troops who had been engaged in this contest slept on the 
muddy field, without shelter, and many without food. 

Notwithstanding the report I received from Gen. Heintzel- 



THE BATTLE OE WILLIAMSBURG. 186 

man during the night, that Gen. Hooker's division had suf- 
fered so much that it could not be relied upon next day, and 
that Kearney's could not do more than hold its own, without 
reinforcements — being satisfied that the result of Hancock's 
engagement was to give us possession of the decisive point of 
the battle-field — during the night I countermanded the order 
for the advance of the divisions of Sedgwick and Richardson, 
and directed them to return to Yorktown, to proceed to West 
Point by water. 

Our loss during the day, the greater part of which was sus- 
tained by Hooker's division, was as follows : killed, 456 ; 
wounded, 1,400; missing, 372. Total, 2,228. 

On the next morning we found the enemy's position aban- 
doned, and occupied Fort Magruder and the town of Wil- 
liamsburg, which was filled Avith the enemy's wounded, to 
whose assistance eighteen of their surgeons were sent by Gen- 
eral J. E, Johnston, the officer in command. Several guns and 
caissons which the enemy could not carry oflT on account of 
the mud were secured. 

Colonel Averill was sent forward at once with a strong cav- 
alry force, to endeavor to overtake the enemy's rear guard. 
He found several guns abandoned and picked up a large num- 
ber of stragglers, but the condition of the roads and the state 
of his supplies forced him to return after advancing a few 
miles. 

It is my opinion that the enemy opposed us here with only a 
portion of his army. When our cavalry first appeared, there 
was nothing but the enemy's rear guard in Williamsburg : al- 
though troops Avere brought back during the night and the 
next day, to hold the Avorks as long as possible, in order to 
gain time for the trains, etc., already well on their way to 
Richmond, to make their escape. 

Our troops Avere greatly exhausted by the laborious march 
through the mud from their positions in front of Yorktown, 
and by the protracted battle through which they had just 
passed ; many of them Avere out of rations and ammunition, 
and one division, in its anxiety to make a prompt movement, 
had marched with empty haversacks. The supply trains had 
been forced out of the roads on the 4th and 5th, to allow the 



186 SECOND PERIOD. 

troops and artillery to pass to the front, and the roads were 
now in such a state, after thirty-six hours continuous rain, that 
it was almost impossible to pass even empty wagons over them. 
General Hooker's division had suffered so severely that it was 
in no condition to follow the enemy even if the roads had been 
good ; under these circumstances, an immediate pursuit was 
impossible. 

Steps were at once taken to care for and remove th 
wounded, and to bring up provisions, ammunition, and forage. 
The condition of the roads, as has been said, rendered it next 
to impossible to accomplish this by land from Yorktown : a 
temporary depot was therefore promptly established on Queen's 
Creek, and supi^lies drawn, and the wounded sl'pped from 
that point. 



ADVANCE TO THE CHICKAHOMINY. 

The divisions of Franklin, Sedgwick, Porter, and Richard- 
son were sent from Yorktown by water to the right bank of 
the Pamunkey, in the vicinity of "West Point. The remaining 
divi^<ions, the trains, and the reserve artillery moved subse- 
quently by land. 

Early on the moi-ning of the 7th, General Franklin had com- 
pleted the disembarkation of his division, and had placed it in 
a good position to cover the landing place, both his flanks and 
a large portion of the front being protected by water. 

Dana's brigade of Sedgwick's division arrived dui-ing the 
morning. 

At about 9 A.M. a large force of the eng&y appeared, con- 
sisting of "Whiting's division and other troops, and between 10 
and 11, they attacked the part of the line held by Newton'? 
brigade. 

The action continued until 3 p.m., when the enemy retired, 
all his attacks having been repulsed. This affi\ir, the most im 
portant in which the division had yet been engaged, was highl}^ 
creditable to General Franklin and his command. For the de- 
tails I refer to liis report, which is herewith submitted. Our 



ADVANCE ON THE CHICKAHOMINY. 187 

loss was 49 killed, 104 wounded, and 41 missing. Total 194, 
which includes a large proportion of officers. 

Cavalry reconnoissances were sent out from Williamsburg on 
the 6th and 7tlv, and on the 8th General Stoneman moved, with 
an advance guard of cavalry, artillery, and infantry, to open 
communication with General Franklin. 

As soon as our supplies had been received, and the condition 
of the roads had become a little better, though still very bad, 
the advance of the remaining troops Avas begun. Smith's divi- 
sion moving on the 8th. 

On the 10th, head-quarters were at Ropei*'s Church, 19 
miles from Williamsburg. All the divisions which had moved 
by land (except Hooker's) being in the vicinity of that place. 
We were now in direct communication with the portion of the 
army which had gone by water, and we began to draw sup- 
plies from Eltham. On account of the small number and nar- 
rowness of the roads in this neighborhood, movements were 
difficult and slow. 

On the 13th, head-quarters, and the divisions of Franklin, 
Porter, Sykes and Smith, reached Cumberland, which was 
made a temporary depot. Couch and Casey were then near 
New Kent Court-house, Hooker and Kearney near Roper's 
Church, and Richardson and Sedgwick near Eltham. 

On the 14th and 15th much rain fell. 

On the 15th and 16th the divisions of Franklin, Smith and 
Porter were with great difficulty moved to White House, five 
miles in advance. So bad was the road that the train of one 
of these divisions required thirty-six hours to pass over this 
short distance. 

General Stoneman had occupied this place some days before, 
after several successful skirmishes, in which our cavalry proved 
superior to that of the enemy. The reports of these affiiira 
are appended. 

About this time, with the consent of the President, two ad- 
ditional corps were organized, viz. : the 5th Provisional Corps, 
consisting of the divisions of Porter and Sykes, and the Re- 
serve Artillery, under the command of F. J. Porter ; and the 
6th Provisional Corps, consisting of the divisions of Franklin 
and Smith, under the command of Gen. W. B. Franklin. 



188 SKCONDPERIOD. 

Head-quarters reached "White House on the 16th, and a per 
manent depot was at once organized there. 

On the 19th head-quarters, and the corps of Porter and 
FrankUn, moved, to Tunstall's Station, five miles from "White 
House. 

On the 20th more rain fell. 

On the 21st the position of the troops was as follows : — 

Stoneinan's Advance Guard, one mile from New Bridge. 

FranklivbS Corps, three miles from New Bridge, with 

Porter''s Corps, at supporting distance in its rear. 

Sumner''s Corps, on the railroad, about three miles from 
the Cliickahominy, connecting the right with the left. 

Keyes^s Corps, on New Kent Road, near Bottom's Bridge, 
with 

Seintzelman^ s Corps, at supporting distance in its rear. 

The ford at Bottom's Bridge was in our possession, and the 
rebuilding of the bridge, which had been destroyed by the 
enemy, ivas commenced. 

On the 22d head-quarters moved to Coal Harbor. 

On the 26th the railroad was in operation as far as the 
Chickahominy, and the railroad bridge across that stieam 
nearly completed. 



SECOND PERIOD. 



PART II. 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 

When, on the 20th of May, our adA^anced light troops 
reached the banks of the Chickahominy River, at Bottom's 
Bridge, they found that this, as well as the railroad bridge, 
about a mile above, had been destroyed by the enemy. 

The Chickahominy in this vicinity is about forty feet wide, 
fringed with a dense growth . of heavy forest trees, and bor- 
dered by low, marshy bottom-lands, varying from half a mile 
to a mile in width. 

Our operations embraced that part of the river between 
Bottom's and Meadow bridges, which covered the principal 
approaches to Richmond from the east. 

Within these limits the firm ground, lying above high-water 
mark, seldom approaches near the river on either bank, and 
no locality was found within this section, where the high 
ground came near the stream on both sides. It was subject 
to frequent, sudden and great variations in the volume of 
water, and a rise of a few feet overflowed the bottom-lands 
on both sides. 

At low water it could be forded at almost any point, but 
during high water it rose above a fording stage, and could 
then be crossed only at the few points where bridges had 
4)een constructed. These bridges had all been destroyed by 
the enemy on our approach, and it Avas necessary not only to 
reconstruct these, but to build several others. 

The west bank of the river, opposite the New and Mechan- 
icsville bridges, was bordered by elevated blufls, Avhich af- 



190 SECOND PERI OJD. 

forded the enemy commanding positions to fortify, estfiblish 
his batteries, enfilading the approaches upon the two principal 
roads to Richmond, in one night, and resist the reconstruction 
of the important bridges. This obhged us to select other less 
exposed points for our crossings. 

As the enemy was not in great force opposite Bottom's 
Bridge, on the arrival of our left at that point, and as it was 
mportant to secui'e a lodgment upon the right bank before he 
should have time to concentrate his forces and contest the pas- 
sage, I forthwith ordered Casey's division to ford the river 
and occupy the opposite heights. ' This was promptly done 
on the 20th, and reconnoissances were at once pushed out in 
advance. 

These troops were directed to throw up defenses in an ad- 
vantageous position to secure our left flank. Gen. Heintzel- 
man's corps was thrown forward in support, and Bottom's 
Bridge immediately rebuilt. 

In the meantime our centre and right were advanced to the 
river above, and on the 24th we carried the village of Me- 
chanicsville, driving the enemy out with our artillery, and for- 
cing them across the bridge which they destroyed. Gen. Nag- 
lee on the same day dislodged a force of the enemy from the 
vicinity of the " Seven Pines," on the Bottom's Bridge road, 
and our advance on the left secured a strong position near that 
place. 

All the information obtained from deserters, negroes and 
spies indicated that the enemy occupied in force all the ap- 
proaches to Richmond from the east, and that he intended to 
dispute every step of our advance beyond the Chickahominy, 
and the passage of the stream opposite our right. That their 
army was superior to ours in numbers did not admit of a doubt. 
Strong defenses had been constructed around Richmond. 

Impressed by these ficts with the necessity of strengthen- 
ing the army for the struggle, I did not fail to urge repeatedly 
upon my superiors the importance of reinforcing the army of 
the Potomac with every disposable man, in order to insure tho 
success of an attack upon the rebel capital. 

On the 1 0th of May I telegraphed as follows : — 



OPEKATIONS BEFORE KICHMOXD. 191 

Camp at Ewell's Farm, thbee Miles beyond "WiLLiAMSBORa, 

May 10, 1862, 5 A.M, 
Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, — 

Secretary of War. 

From the information reaching me from every source, I 
regard it as certain that the enemy will meet us with all his 
force, on or near the Chickahominy. They can concentrate 
many more men than I have, and are collecting troops from 
all quarters, especially well-disciplined troops from the South. 
Casualties, sickness, garrisons and guards, have much reduced 
my numbers, and will continue to do so. I shall fight the 
rebel army with whatever force I may have ; but duty requires 
me to urge that every effort be made to reinforce me without 
delay with all the disposable troops in Eastern Virginia, and 
that we concentrate all our forces, as far as possible, to fight 
the great battle now impending, and to make it decisive. 

It is possible that the enemy may abandon Richmond with- 
out a serious struggle ; but I do not believe he will — and it 
would be unwise to count upon anything but a stubborn and 
desperate defense, a life and death contest. I see no other 
hope for him than to fight this battle, and we must win it. I 
shall fight them whatever their force may be ; but I ask for 
every man that the Department can send me. No troops 
should now be left unemployed. Those who entertain the 
opinion that the rebels will abandon Richmond without a 
struggle, are in my judgment badly advised, and do not com- 
prehend their situation, which is one requiring desperate 
measures. 

I beg that the President and Secretary will maturely weigh 
what I say, and leave nothing undone to comply with my re- 
quest. If I am not reinforced, it is probable that I will b 
obliged to fight nearly double my numbers, strongly intrenched 
I do not think it will be at all possible for me to bring mor 
than (70,000) seventy thousand men upon the field of battle. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

On the 14th of May I sent the following telcsgram to the 
President : 



192 SECOND PERIOD. 

Camp at Cumberland, May 14-, 1862. 
His Excellency, Abraham Lincoln, 

Preaident of the U. S. 

I have more than twice telegraphed to the Secretary of 
"War, stating, that in my opinion the enemy were concentrat- 
ing all their available force to fight this array in front of Rich- 
mond, and that such ought to be their policy. I have received 
no reply whatever to any of these telegraphs. 

I beg leave to repeat their substance to your Excellency, and 
to ask that kind consideration Avhich you have ever accorded 
to my representations and views; All my information from 
every source accessible to me, establishes the fixed purpose of 
the rebels to defend Richmond against this army by offering 
us battle with all the troops they can collect from east, west, 
and south, and my own opinion is confirmed by that of all my 
commanders whom I have been able to consult. 

Casualties, sickness, garrisons, and guards have much weak- 
ened my force, and will continue to do so. I cannot bring 
into actual battle against the enemy more than eighty thou- 
sand men at the utmost, and with them I must attack in 
position, probably intrenched, a much larger force — perhaps 
double my numbers. It is possible that Richmond may be 
abandoned without a serious struggle, but the enemy are 
actually in great strength between here and there, and it 
would be unwise, and even insane for me to calculate upon 
anything but a stubborn and desperate resistance. If they 
should abandon Richmond, it may well be that it is done with 
the purpose of making the stand at some place in Virginia 
south or west of there, and we should be in condition to press 
them without delay. The confederate leaders must employ 
their utmost efforts against this army in Virginia, and they 
"will be supported by the whole body of their military oflScers, 
among whom there may be said to be no Union feeling, as 
there is also very little among the higher class of citizens in 
the seceding states. 

I have found no fighting men in this Peninsula — all are in 
the ranks of the opposing foe. 

Even if more troops than I now have should prove unneces- 
sary for purposes of military occupation, our greatest display 



OPEKATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 193 

cf imposiii!^ force in the capital of the rebel government will 
have the best moral effect. I most respectfully and eainestly 
urge upon, your Excellency that the opportunity has come for 
striking a fital blow at the enemies of the constitution, and [ 
beg that you will cause this army to be reinforced without 
delay by all the disposable troops of the government. I ask 
for every man that the government can send me. Any com- 
mander of the reinforcements, whom your Excellency may 
designate, will be acceptable to me, whatever expression I 
may have heretofore addressed to you on that subject. 

I will fi^ht the enemy, whatever their force may be, with 
whatever force I iijiay have, and I firmly believe that we shall 
beat them, but our triumph should be made decisive and com- 
plete. The soldiers of this army love their government, and 
will fight well in its support : you may rely upon them. 
They have contidence in me as their general, and in you as 
their President. Strong reinforcements will at least save the 
lives of many of them. The greater our force, the more per- 
fect will be our *)mbinations, and the less our loss. 

For obvious reasons, I beg you to give immediate consider- 
tion to this communication, and to inform me fully at. the 
earliest moment of your tinal determination. 

Geo. B. McCi.eixan, 

Major- General Com'g. 

To which, on the 18th of May, I received this reply: 

Head-Quarters, Departjiext Potomac, 
May 18th, 1862. 

To Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan,— 

ComcVg Army of Potomac before Richmond, — 
General, — Your dispatch to the President, asking rein- 
forcements, has been received and carefully considered. 

The President is not willing to uncover the capital entirely, 
and it is believed that even if this were prudent it would re- 
quire more time to efiect a junction between your army aid 
that of the Rappahannock, by the way of the Potomac and 
York River, than by a Ian 1 march. In order therefoie to 
increase the strength of the attack upon Richmond at the 
earliest moment, Gen. McDowell has been ordered to march 

9 



194 SECOND PEEIOD. 

npon that eity by the shortest route. He is ordered, keeping 
himself always in position to save the capital from all possible 
attack, so to operate as to put his left wing in communication 
with your right wing, and you are instructed to co-operate so 
as to establish this communication as soon as possible, by ex- 
tending your right wing to the north of Richmond. 

It is believed that this communication can be safely estal). 
dished either north or south of the Pamunkey River. 

In any event, you will be able to prevent the enemy's forces 
from leaving Richmond, and falling in overwhelming force 
upon General McDowell. He will move with between thirty- 
five (35) and forty thousand (40,000) men. 

A copy of the instructions to General jNlcDowell are with 
this. The specific task assigned to his command, has been to 
provide against any danger to the capital of the nation. 

At your earnest call for reinforcements, he is sent forward 
to co-operate in the reduction of Richmond, but charged, in 
attempting this, not to uncover the city of Washington, and 
you will give no order, either before or aft(i(» your junction, 
which can put him out of position to cover this city. You 
and he will communicate with each other by telegraph or 
otherwise, as frequently as may be necessary for sufficient co- 
operation. When General McDowell is in position on your 
right, his sujiplies must be drawn from West Point, and you 
will instruct your staff-officers to be prepared to supply him 
by that route. 

The President desires that General McDowell retain the 
command of the Department of the Rappahannock, and of the 
forces with which he moves forward. 
. By order of the President. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War, 

From "Washington, May 18, 2 P.M. 

It will be observed, this order rendered it impossible for m 
to use the James River as a line of operations, and forced mo 
to establish our depots on the Pamunkey, and to approach 
Richmond from the north. 

I had advised, and preferred, that reinforcements should be 
Bent bv water, for the reasons that their arrival would be more 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 195 

sale and certain, and that I would be left free to rest the army 
on the James River, whenever the navigation of that stream 
should be opened. The land movement obliged me to expose 
my right in order to secure the junction, and, as the order for 
General McDowell's march was soon countermanded, I in 
2urred great risk, of which the enemy finally took advantage, 
and frustrated the plan of the campaign. Had General Mc- 
Dowell joined me by water, I could have approached Rich- 
mond by the James, and thus avoided the delays and losses 
incurred in bridging the Chickahominy, and would have had 
the army massed in one body instead of being necessarily 
divided by that stream. 

The following is a copy of the instructions to General Mc- 
Dowell. 

"Wak Department, 
Washington, D. C, May 17, 1862. 
To Gen^eral McDowell, 

Coni'g. DepH. of Rappahannock^ — 
Gexeral: — Upon being joined by General Shield's divi- 
sion, you will move upon Richmond by the general route of 
the Richmond, and Fredericsburg Railroad, co-operating with 
the forces under General McClellan, now threatening Rich- 
mond from the line of the Pamunkey, and York Rivers. 

While seeking to establish, as soon as possible, a com- 
munication between your left wing, and the right wing of 
General McClellan, you will hold yourself always in such posi- 
tion, as to cover the capital of the nation against a sudden 
dash of any large body of the rebel forces. 

General McClellan will be furnished with a copy of these 
instructions, and will be directed to hold himself in readiness, 
to establish communication with your left Aving, and to pre- 
vent the main body of the enemy's army from leaving Rich- 
mond, and throwing itself upon your column, before the junc- 
tion of the two armies is effected. 

A copy of his instructions in regard to the employment of 
your force is annexed. 

By order of the President, 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 



196 SECOND PEKIOD. 

Having some doubts from the wording of the foregoing 
ordei>-, as to the extent of my authority over the troops of 
General McDowell, and as to the time when I might antici- 
pate his arrival, on the 21st of May I sent this dispatch : 

Head-Quarters, Army op tub Potoiiac, 
Camp near Tcxxstall's Station, Va., May 21, 1862, 11 p.m. 

His Excellency Abraham Lincoln, 

President of the United States^ — 

Your dispatch of yesterday respecting our situation and 
the batteries at Fort Darling, was received while I was absent 
with the advance, where I have been all this day. I have com- 
municated personally with Capt. Goldsborongh, and by letter 
with Capt. Smith. Tlie vessels can do nothing without co- 
operation on land, which I will not be in condition to aiford, 
for several days; circumstances must determine the propriety 
of a land attack. 

It rained again last night, and rain on this soil soon 
makes the roads incredibly bad for army transportation. 
I personally crossed the Chick;ihominy to day, at Bottom's 
Bridge Ford, and went a mile beyond, the enemy being about 
half a mile in front. I have three reuiments on the otiier 
bank, guarding the rebuilding of the bridge. Keyes's corps 
is on the New Kent Road, near Bottom's Bridge. Heintzel 
man is on the same road, within supporting distance. Sumner 
is on the railroad, connecting right with left. Stoneman, with 
advanced guard, is within one mile of New Bridge. Frank- 
lin, with two divisions, is about two miles this side of Stone- 
man. Porter's division, with the reserves of infantry and 
artillery, is within supporting distance. Head-quarters will 
probably be at Coal Harbor to-morrow, one mile this side of 
Franklin. All the bridges over the Chickahominy are de- 
stroyed. The enemy are in force on every road leading to 
Richmonrl, within a mile or two west of the stream. Their 
main body is on the road from New Bridge, encamped along it 
for four or five miles, spreading ovQr the open ground on both 
sides. Johnston's head-quarters are about two miles beyond 
the bridge. 

All accounts report their numbers as greatly exceeding our 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 19Y 

own. The position of the rebel forces, the declaration of the 
rebel authorities, the resolutions of the Virginia legislature, 
the action of the city government, the conduct of the citizens, 
and all other sources of information accessible to me, give 
positive assurance that our approach to Richmond involves a 
lesperate battle between the opposing armies. 

All our divisions are moving towards the foe. I shall 
advance steadily and carefully, and attack them according to 
my best judgment, and in such manner as to employ ray 
greatest force. 

I regret the state of things as to General McDowell's com- 
mand. We must beat the enemy in front of Richmond. One 
division added to this army for tiiat eftort would do more to 
protect Washington than his Avhole force can possibly do any- 
where else in the field. The rebels are concentrating from all 
points for the two battles at Richmond and Corinth. I would 
still most respectfully suggest the policy of your concentrating 
here by movements on water. I have heard nothing as to the 
probabilities of the contemplated junction of McDowell's 
force with mine. I have no idea when he can start, what are 
his means of transportation, or when he may be expected 
to reach this vicinity. I fear there is little hope that he can 
join me overland, in time for the coming battle ; delays, on 
my part, will be dangerous. I fear sickness and demoraliza- 
tion. This region is unhealthy for northern men, and unless 
kept moving I fear that our soldiers may become discouraged. 
At present our numbers are weakening from disease, but our 
men remain in good heart. 

I regret, also, the configuration of the Department of the 
liappahannock. It includes a portion even of the city of 
Richmond. I think that my own department should embrace 
the entire field of military operations designed for the capture 
and occupation of that city. 

Again I agree with your Excellency, that one bad general 
is better than two good ones. 

I am not sure that I fully comprehend your orders of the 
7 7th inst., addressed to myself and Gen. McDowell. If a 
junction is etFected before we occupy Richmond, it must 
necessaniy be east of the railroad to Fredericksburg, and 



198 SECOND PERIOD. 

within my department. This fact, my superior rank, and the 
express langivige of the 62d article of war, will place his 
command under my orders, unless it is otherwise specially 
directed by your Excellency, and I consider that he will be 
under my command, except that I am not to detach any por- 
tion of his forces, or give any orders which can put him out 
of position to cover Washington. If I err in my construction 
I desire to be at once set right. Frankness compels me to 
say — anxious as I am for an increase of fore — that the march 
of McDowell's force upon Richmond, by the shortest route, 
■will, in my opinion, uncover Washington, as to any interposi- 
tion by it, as completely as its movement by water. The 
enemy cannot advance by Fredericksburg on Washington. 

Should they attempt a movement, which to me seems utterly 
improbable, their route would be by Gordonsville and Manas- 
sas. I desire that the extent of my authority over McDowell 
may be clearly defined, lest misunderstandings and conflicting 
views may produce some of those injurious results, which a 
divided command has so often caused. I would respectfully 
suggest that this danger can only be surely guarded against 
by explicitly placing General McDowell under my orders in 
the ordinary way, and holding me strictly responsible for the 
closest observance of your instructions. I hope, Mr. Presi- 
dent, that it is not necessary for me to assuie you that your 
instructions would be observed in the utmost good faith, and 
that I have no personal feelings which could influence me to 
disregard them in any particular. 

I believe that there is a great struggle before this army, but 
I am neither dismayed nor discouraged. I wish to strengthen 
its force as much as I can, but in any event I shall fight it with 
all the skill, caution and determination that I possess, and I 
trust that the result may either obtain for me the permanent 
confidence of my governtnent, or that it may close my career. 

Geo. B. McClkixan, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

On the 2ith I received the following reply: — 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 199 

May 24, 1862. 
Feom "Washington. 24th. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

I left General McDowell's camp at dark last evening. 
Shields's command is there, but is so worn that be cannot 
move before Monday morning, the twenty-sixth (26th). We 
have so thinned our line to get troops for other places, that it 
was broken yesterday at Front Royal, with a probable loss to 
us of one (1) regiment infantry, two (2) companies cavalry, 
putting General Banks in some peril. 

The enemy's forces under General Anderson, now opposing 
General McDowell's advance, have as their line of supply and 
retreat the road to Richmond. 

If, in conjunction with McDowell's movement against Ander- 
son, you could send a force from your right to cut off the enemy's 
supplies from Richmond, preserve the railroad bridges across the 
two (2) forks of the Pamunkey, and intercept the enemy's re- 
treat, you will prevent the army now opposed to you from receiv- 
ing an accession of numbers of nearly fifteen thousand (15,000) 
men, and if you succeed in saving the bridges, you will secure 
a line of railroad for supplies in addition to the one you now 
have. Can you not do this almost as well as not, while you 
are building the Chickahominy bridges ? McDowell and 
Shields both say they can, and positively will, move Monday 
morning. I wish you to march cautiously and safely. 

You Avill have command of McDowell after he joins you, 
precisely as you indicated in your long dispatch to us of the 
twenty-fiibt (21st). 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

This information that McDowell's corps would march for 
Fredericksburg on the following Monday (the 26th), and thr.t 
lie would be under my command, as indicated in my telegram 
oi the 21st, was cheeiing news, and I now felt confident that 
we would, i n his arrival, be suiEciently strong to overpower 
the large army confronting us. 

At a later hour on the same day I received the following : — 



200 SECOND PERIOl). 

May 24, 1862. 
Prom Wasuisgto.nt, 4 p.m. 24th. 

Ma.t.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

In consequence of General Banks's critical position, I have 
been compelled to suspend General McDowell's movements to 
join you. The enemy are making a desperate push upon Plar- 
per's Ferry, and we are trying to throw General Fremont's 
force and part of General McDowell's in their rear. 

A. LiXCOLN, 

President. 

From wJiich it Avill be seen that I could not expect General 
McDowell to join me in time to participate in immediate oper- 
ations in front of Richmond, and on the same evening I i-eplied 
to the President that I would make my calculations accord- 
ingly. 

It then only remained for me to make the best use of the 
forces at my disposal, and to avjiil myself of all ailificial 
auxiliaries, to compensate as much as possible for the inade- 
quacy of men. I concurred fully Avith the President in the 
injunction contained in his telegram of the 24th, that it was 
necessary with my limited force to move " cautiously and 
safely." In view of the peculiar character of the Chickahom- 
iny, and the liability of its bottom-lands to sudden inundation, 
it became necessary to construct between Bottom's Bridge 
and Mechanicsville eleven (11) new bridges, all long and diffi- 
cult, with extensive log-way approaches. 

The entire army could probably have been thrown across 
the Chickahominy immediately after our arrival, but this would 
have left no force on the left bank to guard our communica- 
tions, or to protect our light and rear. If the communication 
with our supply depot had been cut by the enemy, with our 
army concentrated on the right bank of the Chickahominy, and 
the stage of water as it was for many days after our arrival, 
the bridges carried away, and our means of transportation not 
furnishing a single day's supplies in advance, the |,roops must 
have gone without rations, and the animals without forage ; the 
army would have been paralyzed. 

It is true, I might have abandoned my communications and 



OPERATIONS BEFOEE RICHMONL 201 

pushed forward towards Riclimond, trusting to the speedy de- 
feat of the enemy and the consequent fall of the city, lor a re- 
newal of supplies ; but the approaches were fortified, and the 
town itself was surrounded with a strong line of intreuch- 
ments requiring a greater length of time to reduce than our 
troops could have dispensed with rations. 

Unuer these circumstances, I decided to retain a portion of 
the army on the left bank of the river until our bridges were 
completed. 

It will be remembered that the order for the co-operation 
of General McDowell was simply suspended, not revoked, and 
therefore I was not at liberty to abandon the northern approach. 

A very dashing and successful reconnoissance was made 
near New Bridge on the 24th of May, by Lieutenant Bowen, 
Topographical Engineers, escorted by the 4th Michigan Volun- 
teers and a squadron of the 2d U. S. Cavalry, commanded re- 
spectively by Colonel Woodbury and Captain Gordon. 

Our troops encountered a Louisiana regiment, and, with lit- 
tle loss, drove it back upon its brigade, killing a large number 
and capturing seveial prisoners. Great credit is due to the 
staff officers, as well as to Colonel Woodbury, Captain Gor- 
don, and their commands, for their conduct on this occasion. 

The work upon the bridges was conmienced at otice, and 
pushed forward with great vigor; but the rains which from 
day to day continued to fdl, flooded the valley, and raised the 
water to a greater height than had been known for twenty 
years. This demolished a great amount of our labor, and our 
first bridges with their approaches, which were not made with 
reference to such extreme high water, were can-ied off or ren- 
dered impassable. We were obliged, with immense labor, to 
construct others much longer, more elevated, and stable. Our 
men Avorked in the water, exposed to the enemy's fire from the 
opposite bank. 

On the 25th of May I received the following telegram. 

"Washington, May 25, 1862. 
Maj.-Gk:n^. McClellan. 

Your dispatch received. General Banks was at Strasburg 
with about 6,000) six thousand men. Shields having been 



202 SECOND PERIOD. 

taken from him to swell a column for McDo^rell to aid yon at 
Kiclimond, and the rest of his force scattered at various places. 
On the twenty-third (23d) a rebel force of seven (7) to ten 
thousand (10,000) fell upon one regiment and two companies 
guarding the bridge at Front Eoyal, destroying it entirely — 
crossed the Shenandoah, and on the (24th) twenty-fourth, yes- 
terday, pushed on to get north of Banks on the road to Win- 
chester. General Banks ran a race with them, beating them 
into Winchester 3esterday evening. This morning a battle 
ensued between the two forces, in which General Banks was 
beaten back into full retreat towards Martinsburg, and proba- 
bly is broken np into a total rout. Geary on the Manassas 
Gap Railroad, just now reports that Jackson is now near 
Front Royal with ten thousand (10,000) following up and sup- 
porting, as I understand, the force now pursuing Banks. Also 
that another force of ten thousand is near Orleans, following 
on in the same direction. Stripped bare as we are here, I will 
do all that we can do to prevent them crossing the Potomac 
at Harper's Ferry or above. McDowell has about 20,000 of 
his forces moving back to the vicinity of Front Royal, and 
Fremont, who was at Franklin, Ls moving to Harrisonburg, 
both these movements intended to get in "the enemy's rear. 

One more of McDowell's brigades is ordered through here 
to Harper's Ferry ; the rest of his forces remain for the pres- 
ent at Fredericksburg. We are sending such regiments and 
dribs from here and Baltimore as we can spare to Harper's 
Ferry, supplying their places in some sort by calling in militia 
from the adjacent States. We have also eighteen cannon on 
the road to Harper's Ferry, of which arm there is not a single 
one at that point. 

This is now our situation. If McDowell's force was now 
beyond our reach we should be entirely helpless. Apprehen- 
sions of something like this, and no lui willingness to sustain 
you has always been my reason for withholding McDowell's 
forces from you. 

Please understand this, and do the best you can with the 
forces you have. 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 203 

On the 25th, the following was also received : 

Washington, May 25, 1862, 2 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

The enemy is moving north in sufficient force to drive Gen. 
Banks before him ; precisely in what force we cannot tell. 
lie is also threatening Leesburg and Geary on the Manassas 
Gap Railroad from both nortli and south — in precisely what 
force we cannot tell. I think the movement is a general and 
a concerted one, such as could not be if he was acting upon 
the purpose of a very desperate defense of Richmond. I think 
the time is near when you must either attack Richmond or 
give up the job, and conie back to the defense of Washington. 
Let me hear from you instantly. 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

To which I repUed as follows : 

Coal Harbor, May 25, 1862. 

Telegram received. Independently of it, the time is very 
near when I shall attack Richmond. The object of the move- 
ment is probably to prevent reinforcements being sent to me. 
All the information obtained from balloons, deserters, prison- 
ers, and contrabands, agrees in the statement that the mass of 
the rebel troops are still in the immediate vicinity of Richmond, 
ready to defend it. 

I have no knowledge of Banks's position and force, nor 
what there is at Manassas, therefore cannot form a definite 
opinion as to the force against him. 

I have two corps across Chickahominy, within six miles of 
Richmond, the others on this side at other crossings, within 
same distance, and ready to cross when bridges are com- 
pleted. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

His Excellent A. Lincoln, 
'*' President. 

On the '26th, I received the following : 



204 SECOND PERIOD. 

WASmxGTOX, May 26, IBGS, 12.40 a.m. 
MaJ.-GeM. McCr.ELLAN, — 

We have Gen. Banks's official report. He lias saved his 
army and ba<j:2;;ige, and has made a safe retreat to the river, 
and is probably safe at Williamsport. He reports the attack- 
ing force at fifteen thousand (15,000.) 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

On the 26th I received the following : 

■Washkgton, May 26, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

Can you not cut the Acquia Creek Railroad, also what im- 
pression have you as to intrenched works for you to contend 
with in front of Richmond. Can you get near enough to 
throw shells into the city? 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

On the same day I sent the following : 

Coal Harbor, May 26, 1862. 
Have cut the Virginia Central I'oad in three phices between 
Hanover C. H. and tlie Chickahoniiny. Will try to cut tlie 
other. I do not think Richmond intrenchraents formidable, 
but am not certain. Hope very soon to be within shelling 
distance. Have railroad in operation from Wiiite House to 
Chickahominy. Hope to have Chickahominy bridge repaired 
to-night. Nothing of interest to-day. 

Geo. B. McCi.ellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
His Excellency A. Lincoln, 

President 

The interruption of the railroad here referred to was efl^ectocl 
by the command of Brig.-Gen. Stonenian, and was intended to 
prevent the enemy from drawing supplies by that rout«, or 
from sending reinforcements to Anderson or Jackson. 

At 10 A.M. I also sent the following dispatch ; 



HANOVER COURT HOUSE. L'Oo 

" Telegrams of last night received. I am glad to know 
affairs are uot so bad as might have been. I would earnestly 
call your attention to my instructions to Gen. Banks, of March 
16th, to Gt'u. Wadsworth of same date, and to my letter of 
April 1st to the adjutant-general. I cannot but think that a 
prompt return to the principles there laid down would relieve 
all probability of danger. I will forward copies by mail. I 
beg to urge the importance of Manassas and Front Royal iu 
contradistinction to Fredericksburg. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
His Excellency, A. Lincoln, 

President. 

Late on the 26th, I sent the following : 

Camp near jSTew Bridge, 
May 26, 1862, 7. 30 p.m. 
Have arranged to carry out your last orders. We are 
quietly closing in upon the enemy preparatory to the last 
struggle. Situated as I am I feel forced to take every possible 
precaution against disaster, and to secure my fl:niks against 
the probably superior force in front of me. My arrangements 
for to-morrow are very important, and if succt^ssful, will leave 
me free to strike on the return of the force detached. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
His Excellency, A. Lincoln, 

President. 



BATTLE OF HANOVER COURT HOUSE. 

On the same day I received intelligence that a very consider- 
able force of the enemy was in the vicinity of Hanover Court 
House, to the right and rear of our army, thus threatening our 
communications, and in a position either to reinforce Jackson, 
or to impede McDowell's junction, should he finally move to 
unite with us. 

On the same day I also received information from General 



206 SECOND PKRIOD. 

McDowell, through the Secretary of War, that the enemy had 
fallen bac!t from Fredericksburg towards Richmond, and that 
Gen. McDowell's advance was eight miles south of the Rappa- 
hannock. It was thus imperative to dislodge or defeat this 
force, independently even of the wishes of the President, as 
expressed in his telegram of the 26th. I intrusted this task to 
Brig.-Gen. Fitz John Porter, commanding the 5th Corps, with 
orders to move at daybreak on the 27th. 

Through a heavy rain and over bad roads, that officer moved 
his command as follows : 

Brig.-Gen. W. H. Emory led the advance with the 5th and 
6th Regiments XJ. S. Cavalry and Benson's horse battery of the 
2d IT. S. Artillery, taking the road from New Bridge via 
Mechanicsville to Hanover Court House. 

Gen. Morell's division, composed of the brigades of Martin- 
dale, ButterHeld and McQuade, with Berdan's regiment of 
sharpshooters, and three batteries under Capt. Chas. Griffin, 
5th U. S. Artillery, followed on the same road. 

Col. G. K. Warren, commanding a provisional brigade com- 
posed of the 5th and 13th New York, the 1st Connecticut 
Artillery acting as infantry; the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 
Weeden's Rhode Island battery moved from his station at Old 
Church, by a road running to Hanover Court House, parallel 
to the Pamunkey. After a fatiguing march of fourteen miles 
through the mud and rain Gen. Emory at noon reached a point 
about two miles from Hanover Court House, where the road 
forks to Ashland, and found a portion of the enemy formed in 
line across the Hanover Court House road. 

Gen. Emory had before this been joined by the 25th New 
York (of Martindale's brigade) and Berdan's sharpshooters; 
these regiments were deployed with a section of Benson's bat- 
tery, and advanced slowly towards the enemy until reinforced 
by Gen. Butterfield with four regiments of his brigade, when 
the enemy was charged and quickly routed, one of his guns 
being captured by the 17lh New York under Col. Lansing, 
after having been disabled by the fire of Benson's battery. 
The firing here lasted about an hour. The cavalry and Benson's 
battery were immediately ordered in pursuit, followed by 
Morell's infantry and artillery, with the exception of Martin- 



HANOVER COURT HOUSE. 207 

dale's brigade. Warren's brigade liaving been delayed by re- 
p;iiring bridges, &o., now arrived too late to participate in 
this affair ; a portion of this comtnand was sent to the Pa- 
niunkey to destroy bridges and captured quite a number of 
prisoners ; the remainder followed Morell's division. In the 
mean time Gen. Martindale, with the few remaining regiments 
cf his brigade and a section of artillery advanced on the Ash- 
and road, and found a force of the enemy's infantry, cavalry 
and artillery in position near Peake's Station on the Virginia 
Central Railroad ; he soon forced them to retire towards Ash- 
land. 

The 25th N"ew York having been ordered to rejoin him, 
General Martindale was directed to form his brigade and move 
up tlie railroad to rejoin the rest of the command at Hanover 
Court House. 

He sent one regiment up the railroad, but remained with 
the 2d Maine, afterwards joined by the 25th New York, to 
gutird the rear of the main column. 

The enemy soon returned to attack General Martindale, who 
at once formed the 2d Maine, 25th New York, and a portion 
of tlie 44th New Jersey, with one section of Martin's battery, 
on the New Bridge road, facing his own position of the morn- 
ing, and then held his ground for an hour against large odds 
until reinforced. 

General Porter was at Hanover Court House, near the head 
of his column, when he learned that tlie rear had been attacked 
by a large force. He at once laced the whole column about, 
recalled the cavalry sent in pursuit towards Ashland, moved 
the 13th and 14th New York and Griffin's battery direct to 
Martindale's assistance, pushed the 9th Massachusetts and 
62d Pennsylvania of McQuade's brigade through the woods 
on the right (our original left) and attacked the flank of the 
enemy, while Butterfield with the 83d Pennsylvania and 16th 
Michigan hastened towards the scene of action by the raiiroad 
and through the woods further to the right, and completed the 
rout of the enemy. During the remainder of this and the fol- 
lowing day our cavalry was active in the pursuit, taking a 
number of prisoners. Captain Harrison, of the 5th U. S. 
Cavalry, with a single company, brought in as prisoners two 



208 SECOND PEEIOD. 

entire companies of infiintry, with their arms and ammunition. 
A p;irt of Rush's Lancers also captured an entire company 
with their arms. 

The immediate results of these affairs were some two hun- 
dred of the enemy's dead buried by our troops, seven hundrcil 
and thirty prisoners sent to the rear, one 12-pounder howitzi^r, 
one caisson, a large number of small arms, and two railroad 
trains captured. 

Our loss amotmted to 53 killed, 344 wounded and missing. 

The force encountered and defeated was General Branch's 
division of North Carolina and Georgia troops, supposed to 
have been some 9,000 strong. Their camp at Hanover Court 
House was taken and destroyed. 

Having reason to believe that General Anderson, with a 
strong force, Avas still at Ashland, I ordered General Sykes' 
division of regulars to move on the 28th, from New Bridge 
toward Hanover Court House, to be in position to support 
General Porter. They reached a point within tliree miles of 
Hanover Court House, and remained there nntil the evening 
of the 29th, Avhen they returned to their original camp. 

On the 28th General Stoneman's command of cavalry, horse 
artillery, and two regiments of infantry, were also placed under 
General Porter's orders. 

On the same day I visited Hanover Court House, whence I 
sent the following dispatch. 

Hanover Court House, May 28. 2 p.m. 

Porter's action of yesterday was truly a glorious victory — 
too much credit cannot be given to his magnificent division 
and its accomplished leader. Tiie rout of the rebels was com- 
plete, not a defeat but a complete rout. Prisoners are con- 
stantly coming in, two companies have this moment arrived, 
with excellent arms. 

Tliere is no doubt that the enemy are concentrating every- 
thing on Richmond. I will do my best to cut off Jackson, but 
am doubtful whether I can. 

It is the policy and duty of the government to send me by 
water all the well drilled troops available. I am confident that 



HANOVER COURT HOUSE. 209 

Washington is in no danger. Engines and cars in large nnra- 
bers have been sent ftp to bring down Jackson's command. 

I may not be able to cut them off, but will try ; we have cut 
all but the F. & R. R. R. The real issue is in the battle about 
to be fought in front of Richmond. All our available troops 
ehould be collected here, not raw regiments, but the well drilled 
troops. It cannot be ignored that a desperate battle is before 
us ; if any regiment of good troops remain unemployed it will 
be a:i irreparable fault committed. 

G. B. McClri.lan. 

Major-General. 
Hex. E. M. Stantojt, 

Secretary of War. 

Having ascertained the state of affairs, instructions were 
given for the operations of the f )llowing day. 

On the 28th a party under Major Williams, 6th TJ. S. Cav- 
alry, destroyed the common road bridges over the Pamun- 
key and the Virginia Central Railroad bridge over the South 
Anna. 

On the 29th, he destroyed the Fredericsburg and Richmond 
Railroad bridge over the South Anna, and the Turnpike-bridge 
over the same stream. 

On the saiTie day, and mainly to cover the movement of 
Major Williams, General Emory moved a column of cavalry 
toward Ashland, from Hanover Court House, the advance of 
this column, under Capt. Chambliss 5th U. S. Cavalry, entered 
Ashland, driving out a party of the enemy, destroyed the rail- 
road bridge over Stoney Creek, and broke up the railroad 
and telegraph. 

Another column, of all arms, under Col. Warren, was sent 
on the same daj^ by the direct road to Ashland, and entered 
it shortly after General Emory's column had retired, capturing 
a, small party there. 

General Stoneman, on the same day, moved on Ashland by 
Leach's Station, covering well the movements of the other 
columns. 

The objects of the expedition having been accomplished, and 
it being certain that the 1st Corps would not join us at once, 



210 SECOND PERIOD, 

General Porter withdrew his command to their camps with 
the main army, on the evening of the 29th. 

On the night of the 27th and 28th, I sent the following dis- 
patch to the Secretary of War. 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Camp near New Bridge, May 28, 1862, 12.30 a.m. 

Porter has gained two complete victories over superior 
forces, yet I feel obliged to move there in the morning with 
reinforcements, to secure the complete destruction of the rebels 
in that quarter. In doing so, I run some risk here, but I can- 
not help it. The enemy are even in greater force than I had 
supposed, I will do all that quick movements can accomplish, 
but you must send me all the troops you can, and leave to me 
full latitude as to choice of commanders. It is absolutely 
necessary to destroy the rebels near Hanover Court House 
before I can advance. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

In reply to which, I received the following from the Presi- 
dent : 

■Washington, May 28, 1862, 
Major-General McClellan, 

I am very glad of Gen. F. J. Porter's victory; still, if it was 
a total rout of the enemy, I am puzzled to know why the Rich- 
mond and Fredericksburg Railroad was not seized again, as 
you say you have all the railroads but the Richmond and 
Fredericksburg, I am puzzled to see how, lacking that, you 
can have any, except the scrap from Richmond to West 
Point ; the scrap of the Virginia Central, from Richmond to 
Hanover Junction, Avithout more, is simply nothing. That 
the whole of the enemy is concentrating on Richmond, I think 
cannot be certainly known to you or me. Saxton, at Harper's 
Ferry, informs us that a large force, supposed to be Jackson's 
and Ewell's, forced his advance from Charlestown to-day. 
General King telegraphed us from Fredericksbui'g, that con- 
trabands give certain information, that fifteen thousand left 



HANOVER COURT HOUSE. 211 

Hanover Junction Monday morning, to reinforce Jackson. 
I am painfully impressed with the importance of the struggle 
before you, and shall aid you all I can consistently with my 
view of due regard to all points. 

A. Lincoln. 

At 8 P.M. of the 29 th, I sent the Secretary of War the fol 
lowing dispatch. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
May 29, 1862, 6 P.M. 

General Porter has gained information, that General Ander- 
son left his position in vicinity of Fredericksburg, at 4 a.m., 
Sunday, with the following troops: — 1st S. C, Col. Hamilton, 
1 battalion S. C. Rifles, 34th and 38th N. C, 45th Georgia, 
12th, 13th and 14th S. C, 3d Louisiana, 2 batteries of 4. guns 
each, namely, Letcher's Va., and Mcintosh's S. C. batteries. 
General Anderson and his command, passed. Ashland yesterday 
evening, en route for Richmond, leaving men behind to destroy 
bridges over the telegraph road, which they traveled. This 
information is reliable. It is also positively certain, that 
Branch's command was from Gordonsville, bound for Rich- 
mond, whither they have now gone. 

It may be regarded as positive, I think, that there is no 
rebel force .between Fredericksburg and Junction. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

The following was also sent on the same day : — 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomao, 
May 29, 1862. 

Hon. E. JVL Stanton, 
Secretary of War, — 

A detachment from Gen. F. J. Porter's command, under 
Major Williams, 6th Cavalry, destroyed the South Anna rail- 
road bridge, at about 9 a.m. to-day. A large quantity of con- 



212 &KCOND PERIOD. 

federate iniblic property was also destroyed at Ashland this 
morning. 

R. B. INIakcy, 

Chiof-of-Staff 

In reply to which the following was received : — 

Washingtox, Ma}-- 29, 1862. 
Gex. R. B. Marcy :— 

Your dispatch, as to South Anna and Ashland being seized 
by our forces this morning, is received. Understanding these 
points to be on the Richmond and Fredericksburg Raih-o:id, I 
heartily congratulate the country, and thank Gen. McClellan 
and his army for the seizure. 

A. Lincoln. 

On the 30th I sent the following : — 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
May 30, 1862. 

From tone of your dispatches and President's, I do not 
think that you at all appreciate the value and magnitude of 
Porter's victory. It has entirely relieved my right flank, 
which was seriously threatened, routed and demoralized a con- 
siderable portion of the rebel forces, taken over seven hundred 
and fifty prisoners, killed and wounded large numbers ; o«ie 
gun, many small arms, and much baggage taken. It was one 
of the handsomest things in the war, both in itself and its re- 
sults. Porter has returned, and my army is again well in 
hand. Another day will make the probable field of battle 
passable for artillery. It is quite certain that there is notliing 
in front of McDowell — (Fredericksburg). I regard the burn- 
ing of South Anna bridges {is the least important result of 
Porter's movements. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

The results of the brilliant operation of Gen. Porter were 



OP K RATIONS BEFORE RTCHMCND. 213 

tlie dispersal of Gen. Branch's division, atid the clearing of 
our right flank and rear. It was rendered impossible for the 
enemy to communicate by rail with Fredericksburg, or with 
Jackson via Gordonsville, except by the very circuitous route 
of Lynchburg, and the road was left entirely open for the ad- 
vance of McDowell, had he been permitted to join the army 
of the Potomac. 

His withdrawal towards Front Royal was, in my judgment, 
a serious and fatal error; he could do no good in that direc- 
tion ; while, had he been permitted to carry out the orders of 
May 17, the united forces would have driven the enemy within 
the immediate intrenchments of Richmond before Jackson 
could have returned to its succor, and probably would have 
gained posseesion of that place. I respectfully refer to the 
reports of General Porter and his subordinate commanders, 
for the names of the officers who deserve especial mention for 
the parts they took in these affiiirs. But I cannot omit here 
my testimony to the energy and ability displayed by General 
Porter on this occasion, since to him is mainly due the suc- 
cesses there gained. 



OPERATION'S BEFORE RICHMOND. 

On the 20th of May a reconnoissance was ordered on the 
south side of the Chickahominy, towards James River. This 
Avas accomplished by Brig.-Gen. H. M. Naglee, who crossed 
his brigade near Bottom's Bridge, and pushed forward to 
Avithin two miles of James River, Avithout serious resistance, 
or finding the enemy in force. 

The rest of the 4th Corps, commanded by Gen. E. D. Keyes, 
crossed the Chickahominy on the 23d of May. 

On the 24lh, 25th and 2Gth, a very gallant reconnoisance 
was pushed by Gen. Naglee, with his brigade, beyond the 
Seven Pines, and on the 25th the 4th Corps was ordered to take 
up and fortify a position in the vicinity of the Seven Pines. The 
order was at once obeyed ; a strong line of rifle-i)its opened, 
and an abattis constructed a little in rear of the point where 
the Nine Mile road comes into the Williamsburgh road. 



214 SECOND PERIOD. 

On the same day General Heintzelman was ordered to cross 
with his corps (the 3d), and take a position two miles in ad- 
vance of Bottom's Bridge, watching the crossings of White 
Oak Swamp, and covering the left and the rear of the left 
wing of the army. Being the senior officer on that side the 
river, he was placed in command of both corps, and ordered 
to hold the Seven Pines at all hazards, bnt not to withdraw 
the troops from the crossings of White Oak Swamp, unless in 
an emergency. 

On the 28th General Keyes was ordered to advance Casey's 
division to " Fair Oaks" on the Williamsburg road, some 
three-quarters of a mile in front of the Seven Pines, leaving 
General Couch's division at the line of rifle-pits. A new line 
of rifle-pits and a small redoubt for six field-guns were com- 
menced, and considerable of the timber in front of the line 
was felled on the two days following. The picket line was 
established, reaching from the Chickahominy to White Oak 
Svvamp. 

On the 30th General Heintzelman, representing that the ad- 
vance had met with sharp opposition in taking up their posi- 
tion, and that he considered the point a critical one, requested 
and obtained authoi'ity to make such dispositions of his troops 
as he saw fit to meet the emergency. He immediately ad- 
vanced two brigades of Kearney's division about three-fourths 
of a mile in front of Savage's Station, thus placing them within 
supporting distance of Casey's division, which held the advance 
of the 4 th Corps. 



BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS. 

On the 30th the troops on the south side of the Chickahom- 
iny were in position as follows : 

Casey's division on the right of the Williamsburg road, at 
right angles to it, the centre at Fair Oaks ; Couch's division 
at the Seven Pines ; Kearney's division on the railroad, from 
near Savage's Station towards the bridge ; Hooker's division 
on the borders of White Oak Swamp. Constant skirmishing 
had been kept up between our pickets and those of the enemy, 



BATTLE OF FAIK OAKS. 215 

while these lines were being taken up and strengthened. Large 
bodies of Confederate troops were seen immediately to the front 
and right of Casey's position. 

During the day and night of the 30th of May a very violent 
storm occurred. The rain, falling in torrents, rendered work 
on the rifle-pits and bridges impracticable, made the roads 
almost impassable, and threatened the destruction of the 
bridges over the Chickahominy. 

The enemy, perceiving the unfavorable position in which we 
were placed, and the possibility of destroying that part of our 
army which was apparently cut off from the main body by the 
rapidly rising stream, threw an overwhelming force (grand 
divisions of Generals D. H. Hill, Huger, Longstreet and 
G. W. Smith) upon the position occupied by Casey's division. 

It appears, from the official reports of General Keyes and 
his subordinate commanders, that, at 10 o'clock a.m., on the 
31st of May, an aid-de-camp of General J. E. Johnston was 
captured by General Naglee's pickets. But little information 
as to the movements of the enemy was obtained from him, but 
his presence so near our lines excited suspicion and caused in- 
creased vigilance, and the troojjs were ordered by Gen. Keyes 
to be under arms at 11 o'clock. 

Between 11 and 12 it was reported to General Casey that 
the enemy were approaching in considerable force on the Wil- 
liamsburg road. At this time Casey's division Avas disposed 
of as follows : 

Naglee's brigade, extending from the Williamsburg road to 
the Garnett field, having one regiment across the railroad. 
General Wessels' brigade in the rifle-pits, and Gen. Palmer's 
in the rear of General Wessels ; one battery of artillery in ad- 
vance, with General Naglee, one battery in rear of rifle-pits, 
to the right of the redoubt ; one battery in rear of the re- 
doubt, and another battery unharnessed in the redoubt. 

General Couch's division, holding the second line, had Gen- 
eral Abercrombie's brigade on the right, along the Nine Mile 
road, with two regiments and one battery across the railroad, 
near Fair Oaks Station ; General Peck's brigade on the right, 
and General Devin's in the eel tre. 

On the approach of the enemy, General Casey sent forward 



216 SECOND PERIOD. 

one of General Palmer's regiments to support the picket line ; 
but this regiment gave Avay, without making much, if any, 
resistance. 

Heavy firing at once commenced, and the pickets were 
driven in. General Keyes ordered General Couch to move 
General Peck's brigade to occupy the ground on the left of 
the Williamsburg road, which had not before been occupied 
by our forces, and tiius to support General Casey's left, where 
the first attack was the most severe. The enemy now came 
on in heavy force, attacking General Casey simultaneously in 
front and on both flanks. 

Gen. Keyes sent to Gen. Heintzelman for reinforcements, 
but the messenger was delayed, so that orders were not sent 
to Generals Kearney and Hooker until near 3 o'clock, and it 
was nearly 5 p.m. when General Jamison's and Berry's 
brigades, of Gen. Kearney's division, arrived on the field. 
Gen. Birney was ordered up the railroad, but, by Gen. Kear- 
ney's oi'der, halted his brigade before arriving at the scene of 
action. Orders were also dispatched for Gen. Hooker to move 
up from White Oak Swamp, and he arrived after dark at 
Savage's Station. 

As soon as the firing was beard at head-quarters, oi'ders 
were sent to Gen. Sumner to get his command under arms, 
and be ready to move at a moment's warning. His corps, 
consisting of Generals Richardson's and Sedgwick's divisions, 
was encamped on the north side of the Chickahominy, some 
six miles above Bottom's Bridge. Each division had thrown 
a bridge over the stream opposite to its own position. 

At 1 o'clock Gen. Sumner moved the two divisions to their 
respective bridges, with instructions to halt and await further 
orders. 

At 2 o'clock orders were sent from head-quarters to cross 
these divisiojis without delay, and push them rapidly to Gen 
Heintzehnan's support. This oi-der was received and com 
municated at half-past two, and the passage was immediately 
commenced. 

In the mean time Gen. Naglee's brigade, with the batteries 
of Gen. Casey's division, which Gen. Naglee directed, struggled 
gallantly to maintain the redoubt and rifle-pits against the 



^ BATTLE OF FAIK OAKS. 217 

overwhelming masses of the enemy. They were reinforced 
by a regiment from Gen. Peck's brigade. 

The artillery under the command of Col. G. D. Bailey, 1st 
New York Artillery, and afterwards under Gen. Naglee, did 
good execution on the advancing columns. The left of this 
position was, however, soon turned, and a sharp cross-fire 
opened upon the gunners and men in the rifle-pits. Col. Bai- 
ley, Major Van Yalkenburg, and Adjutant Ramsey, of the 
same regiment, were killed. Some of the guns in the redoubt 
were taken, and the whole line was driven back upon the posi- 
tion occu2)ied by General Couch. The brigades of Generals 
Wessels and Palmer, with the reinforcements which had been 
sent them from General Couch, had also been driven from the 
field with heavy loss, and the whole position occupied by Gen. 
Casey's division was taken by the enemy. 

Previous to this time, Gen. Keyes ordered Gen. Couch to 
advance two regiments to relieve the pressure upon General 
Casey's right flank. In making this movement General Couch 
discovered large masses of the enemy pushing towards our 
right and crossing the railroad, as well as a heavy column 
which had been held in reserve, and which was now making 
its way towards Fair Oaks Station. General Couch at once 
engaged this column with these two regiments, but, though 
reinforced by two additional regiments, he was overpowered, 
and the enemy pushed between him and the main body of his 
division. With these four regiments and one battery General 
Couch fell back about half a mile towards the Grape- Vine 
Bridge, where, hearing that General Sumner had crossed, he 
foi-med line of battle facing Fair Oaks Station, and prepared 
to hold the position. 

Generals Berry's and Jamison's brigades had by this time 
arrived in front of the Seven Pines. Gen. Berry was oi-dered 
to take possession of the woods on the left, and push forward 
BO as to have a flank fire on the enemy's lines. This move- 
ment was executed brilliantly ; Gen. Berry pushing his regi- 
ments forward through the woods, until their rifles commanded 
the left of the camp and works occupied by General Casey's 
division in the morning. Their fire on the pursuing columns 
of the enemy was veiy destructive, and assisted materially in 

10 



218 SECOND PERIOD. 

checking the pursuit in that ])art of the field. He held hia 
position in these woods against several attaclvB of superior 
numbers, and after dark, being cut oil' by the enemy from the 
luain body, he fell back towards White Oak Swamp, and, by 
a circuit., brought his men into our lines in good order. 

General Jamison, with two regiments — the other two of liis 
brigades having been detached, one to General Peck and one 
to General Birney — moved rapidly to the front on the left of 
the Williamsburg road, and succeeded for a time in keeping 
the abattis clear of the enemy ; but large numbers of the ene- 
my pressing past the right of his line, he too was forced to 
retreat through the woods towards White Oak Swamp, and 
in tliat way gained camp under cover of night. 

Brig.-Gen. Devins, who had held the centre of General 
Couch's division, had made repeated -and gallant efforts to 
regain portions of the ground lost in front, but each time was 
driven back, and finally withdrew behind the rifle pits near 
Seven Pines. 

Meantime, General Sumner had arrived with the advance 
of his coi'ps. General Sedgwick's division, at the point held by 
General Couch with four regiments and one battery. The 
roads leading from the bridge, were so mirey, that it was only 
by the greatest exertion. General Sedgwick had been able to 
get one of his batteries to the front. 

The leading regiment (1st Minnesota, Col. Sully) was im- 
mediately deployed to the right of Couch to protect the flank, 
and the rest of the division formed in line of battle. Kirby's 
battery near th§ centre in an angle of the woods. One of 
Gen. Couch's regiments was sent to open communication with 
Gen. Pleintzelman. No sooner were these disi^ositions made, 
til an the enemy came in strong force, and opened a heavy fire 
along the line. He made several charges, but was repulsed 
with great loss, by the steady tire of the infantry, and the 
splendid practice of the battery. After sustaining the enemy's 
fire for a considerable time. General Sumner ordered five regi- 
ments (the 34th New York, Col. Smith, 82d New York, Lieut.- 
CoL, Hudson, loth Mass., Lieut.-Col. Kimball, 20th Mass., Col. 
Lee, 7th Michigan, Major Richardson, the three former, of Gen. 
Gorman's brigade, the t vv^o latter, of General Dana's brigade) 



BATTLK OF FAIR OAKS. 219 

to advance and chars^e with bayonet. This charge was executed 
in the most brilliant manner. Our troops, springing over two 
fences which were between them and the enemy, rushed upon his 
lines and drove him in confusion from that part of the field. 
D;irkness now ended the battle for that day. 

During the night, dispositions were made for its early renewal. 
General Conch's division, and so much of General Casey's as 
ould be collected together, with General Kearney's, occupied 
he rifle-pits near Seven Pines. General Peck, in falling back 
on the left, had succeeded, late in the afternoon, in rallying a 
considei"able number of stragglers, and was taking them once 
more into the action, Avhen he was ordered back to the in- 
trenched camp by General Kearney. General Hooker brought 
np his division about dark, having been delayed by the heavi- 
ness of the roads, and the throng of fugitives from the field, 
through whom, the Colonel of the leading regiment ^tarr) 
reports, he '* was obliged to force his way with the bayonet." 
This division bivouacked for the night, in rear of the right of 
the rifle-pits, on the other side of the railroad. General Rich- 
ardson's division also came upon the field about sunset. He 
had attempted the passage of the Chickahominy by the bridge 
opposite his own camp, but it was so far destroyed, that he 
was forced to move General Howard's and Meagher's brigades, 
with all his artillery, around b;v General Sedgwick's bridge, 
while General French's brigade, with the utmost difliculty, 
crossed by the other. General Sedgwick's division, with the 
regiments under General Couch, held about the same position 
as when the fight ceased ; and General Richardson, on his 
arrival, was ordered to place his division on the left, to connect 
with General Kearney. General French's brigade was posted 
along the railroad, and General Howard's and Meagher's 
brigades, in second and third lines. All his artillery had been 
left behind, it being impossible to move it forward through 
the deep mud, as rapidly as the infantry pushed toward the 
field, but during the night, the three batteries of the division 
were brought to the front. 

About five o'clock in the morning of the Ist June, skirmishers, 
and some cavalry of the enemy, were discovered in front of 
General Richardson's division. Capt. Pettit's battery (B, Ist 



220 SECOND PERIOD. 

N. Y.) having come upon the ground, threw a few shells 
among them, when they dispersed. There was a wide interval 
between General Richardson and General Kearney. . To close 
this, General Richardson's line was extended to the left, and 
his first line moved over the railroad. Scarcely had they 
gained this position, when the enemy appearing in large force, 
from the woods in front, opened a heavy fire of musketry at 
short range, along the whole line. He approached very 
rapidly with columns of attack, formed on two roads which 
crossed the railroad. These columns were supported by in- 
fantry in line of battle on each side, cutting General French's 
line. He threw out no skirmishers, but appeared determined 
to carry all before him by one crushing blow. For nearly an 
hour the first line of General Richardson's division, stood and 
returned the fire, the lines of the enemy being reinforced and 
relieved, time after time, until finally General Howard was 
ordered, with his brigade, to go to General French's assistance. 
He led his men gallantly to the front, and in a few minutes 
the fire of the enemy ceased, and his whole line fell back on 
that part of the field. 

On ths opening of the firing in the morning, General Hook- 
er pushed forward on the railroad, with two regiments (5th 
and 6th New Jersey), followed by General Sickles' brigade. 
It was found impossible to move the artillery of this division 
from its position, on account of the mud. On coming near the 
woods, which were held by the enemy in force. General Hook- 
er found General Birney's brigade, Colonel J. Hobart Ward 
in command, in line of battle. He sent back to hasten General 
Sickles' brigade, but ascertained that it had been turned oflT to 
the left by General Heintzeln^jn to meet a column advancing 
in that direction. He at once made the attack with the two 
New Jersey regiments, calling upon Colonel Ward to support 
him with General Birney's brigade. This Avas well done, our 
troops advancing into the woods under a heavy fire, and i>ush 
ing the enemy before them for more than an houi* of hard fight- 
ing. A charge with the bayonet was then ordered by General 
Hooker, with the 5th and 6th New Jersey, 3d Maine, and 38th 
and 40th New York, and the enemy fled in confusion, throw- 
ing down arms and even clothing in his flight. General Sio< 



BATTLK OF PAIR OAKS. 221 

kles having been ordered to the riglit, formed line of battle on 
both sides of the Williamsburg road, and advanced under a 
sharp fire from the enemy deployed in the woods in front of 
him. After a brisk interchange of musketry fire while crossing 
the open ground, the Excelsior brigade dashed into the timber 
with the bayonet, and put the enemy to flight. 

On the right the enemy opened fire after half an hour's ces- 
sation, which was promptly responded to by General Richard 
son's division. Again the most vigorous eflforts were made to 
break our line, and again they were frustrated by the steady 
courage of our troops. In about an hour General Richardson's 
whole line advanced, pouring in their fire at close range, which 
threw the line of the enemy back in some confusion. This was 
followed up by a bayonet charge, led by General French in 
person, with the 5Yth and 66th New York, supported by two 
regiments sent by General Ileintzelman, the 71st and TSd New 
York, which turned the confusion of the enemy into precipitate 
flight. One gun captured the previous day was rcjtaken. 

Our troops pushed forward as far as the lines held by them 
on the 31st, before the attack. On the battle field there were 
found many of our own and the Confederate wounded, arms, cais- 
sons, wagons, subsistence stores, and forage, abandoned by the 
enemy in his rout. The state of the roads, and the impossibil- 
ity of manoeuvring artillery, prevented further pursuit. 

On the next morning a reconnoissance Avas sent forward, 
which pressed back the pickets of the enemy to Avithin five 
miles of Richmond, but again the impossibility of forcing even 
a few batteries forward, precluded our holding permanently 
this position. The lines held previous to the battle were there- 
fore resumed. 

General J, E. Johnston reports loss of the enemy in 
Longstreet's and G. W. Smith's divisions at 4,283 

General D. H. Hill, who had taken the advance in 
the attack, estimates his loss at . . . 2,500 

Which would give enemy's loss . . . 6, '783 

Our loss in General Sumnei-'s corps 1,223 

" General Heintzelman's corps 1,394 

" General Keyes' corps 3,120 

Total 5,737 



222 SECOND PERIOD. 

Previous to the arrival of General Sumner upon the field of 
"battle on the :Ust of May, General Heintzelmau, the senior 
coips commander present, was in the immediate command of 
the forces engaged. The first information I received that the 
battle was in progress, was a dispatch from him stating that 
Casey's division had given way. During the night of the 31st 
I received a dispatch from him dated 8.45 p.m., in which he 
says : " I am just in — when I got to the front, the most of Gen- 
eral Casey's division had dispersed." * * * 
" The rout of General Casey's men had a most dispiriting 
eflTect on the troops as they came up. I saw no reason why 
we shoidd have been driven back." 

This official statement, together with other accounts, re- 
ceived previous to my arrival upon the battle-field, to the 
effect that Casey's division had given way Avithout making a 
proper resistance, caused me to state in a telegram to the Sec- 
retar}-^ of War on the 1st, that this division "gave Avay unac- 
countably and discreditably." Subsequent investigations, 
however, greatly modified the impressions first received, and 
I accordingly advised the Secretary of War of this in a dis- 
patch on the 5th of June. 

The official reports of Generals Keyes, Casey and Naglee, 
show that a very considerable portion of this division fought 
well, and that the brigade of General Naglee is entitled to 
credit for jts gallantry. This division, among the regiments 
of which were eight of comparatively new troops, was attacked 
by superior numbers ; y^t, according to the reports alluded to, 
it " stood the attack for three hours befoi'e it was reinforced." 
A portion of the division was thrown into great contusion 
upon the first onslaught of the enemy, but the personal efforts 
of General Naglee, Colonel Bailey and others, who boldly 
went to the front and encouraged the men by their presence 
and example at this critical juncture, rallied a great part of 
the division, and thereby enabled it to act a prominent part 
in this severely contested battle. It therefore affords me great 
satisfaction to withdraw the expression contained in my first 
dispatcl), and I cordially give my indorsement to the conclu 
sion of the division commander, " that those parts of his com* 
maud whi'^h behaved discreditably were exceptional cases." 



BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS. 223 

On the .31st, when the battle of Fair Oaks comnieuced, we 
had two of our bridges nearly completed, but the rising 
waters floated the log-way approaches and made them almost 
impassable, so that it was only by the greatest efforts that 
General Sumner crossed his corps and participated in that 
hard-fought engagement. The bridges became totally useless 
after this corps had passed, and others on a more permanen* 
plan were commenced. 

On my way to head-quarters, after the battle of Fair Oaks, 
[ attempted to cross the bridge where General Sumner had 
taken over his corps on the day previous. At the time Gen- 
eral Sumner ci'ossed this was the only available bridge above 
Bottom's Bridge. I found the approach from the right bank 
for some 400 yards submerged to the depth of several feet, 
and on reaching the place where the bridge had been, I found 
a great part of it carried away, so that I could not get my 
horse over, and was obliged to send him to Bottom's Bridge, 
six miles below, as the only practicable crossing. 

The approaches to New and Mechanicsville bridges were 
also overflowed, and both of them Avere enfiladed by the ene- 
my's batteries, established upon commanding heights on the 
opposite side. These batteries were supported by strong 
forces of the enemy, having numerous rifle-pits in their front, 
which would hg,ve made it necessary, even had the approaches 
been in the best possible condition, to have fought a san- 
guinary battle, with but little prospect of success, before a 
passage could have been se««red. 

The only available means, therefore, of uniting our forces at 
Fair Oaks for an advance on Richmond soon after the battle, 
was to march the troops from Mechanicsville and other points 
on the left bank of the Chickahominy down to Bottom's 
Bridge, and thence over the Williamsburg road to the posi- 
tion near Fair Oaks, a distance of about twenty-three (23) 
miles. In the condition of the roads at that time, this march 
could not have been made with artillery in less than two days^ 
by which time the enemj^ would have been secure within his 
intrenchraents aroamd Richmond. In short, the idea of unit- 
ing the two wings of the army in time to make a vigorous 
pursuit of the enemy, with the prospect of overtaking him 



224 SECOND PERIOD. 

before he reached Richmond, only hve miles distant from the 
field of battle, is simply absurd, and was, I presume, never for 
a moment seriously entertained by any one connected with 
the army of the Potomac. An advance involving the separa- 
tion of the two wings by the impassable Chickahominy would 
have exposed each to defeat in detail. Therefore I held the 
position already gained, and completed our crossings as raj> 
idly as possible. 

In the meantime the troops at Fair Oaks were directed to 
strengthen their positions by a strong line of intrenchments, 
which protected them while the bridges were being built, 
gave security to the trains, liberated a large fighting force, and 
offered a safe retreat in the event of disaster. 

On the 2d of June I sent the following dispatch : — 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac, 
New Bridge, June 2d, 1862. 10.30 a.m. 

Our left is everywhere advanced considerably beyond the 
positions it occupied before the battle. 

I am in strong hopes that the Chickahominy will fall sufllci- 
ently to enable me to cross the right. We have had a terrible 
time with our communications ; bi'idges and causeways, built 
with great care, having been washed away with the freshet, 
leaving us almost cut off from communication. All that 
human labor can do is being done to accomplish our purpose. 

Please regard the portion of this relating to condition of 
Chickahominy as confidential, as it would be serious if the 
enemy were aware of it. I do not yet know our loss ; it has 
been very heavy on both sides, as the fighting was desperate ; 
our victory complete. I expect still more fighting before we 
reach Richmond. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

Hon. E. M. Stakton, 

Secretary of "War. 

On the same day I received the following from the Secretary 
of War : — 



OPKEATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 225 

Washington, June 2, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan : — 

Your telegram has been received, and we are greatly ro 
joiced at your success, not only in itself, but because of the 
iauntless spirit and courage it displays in your troops. You 
have received, of course, the oider made yesterday in respect 
to Fortress Monroe. The object was to place at your com- 
mand the disposable force of that department. The indica- 
tions are that Fremont or McDowell will fight Jackson to-day, 
and as soon as he is disposed of another large body of troops 
Avill be at your service. The intelligence from Halleck shows 
that the rebels are fleeing, and pursued in force from Corinth. 
All interest now centres in your operations, and full confidence 
is entertained of your brilliant and glorious success. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 

On the 3d I received the following from the President : — 

"Washington, June 3, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

With these continuous rains, I am very anxious about the 
Chickahominy, so close in your rear and crossing your line of 
communication. Please look well to it. 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

To which I replied as follows : — 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac^ 
New Bridqe, June 3d, 1862. 

Your dispatch of 5 p.m. just received. As the Chicka- 
hominy has been almost the only obstacle in my way for 
Beveral days, your Excellency may rest assured that it has not 
been overlooked. Every eflfort has been made, and will con- 



226 SECONDPERIOD. - 

tinue lo oe, to protect the communications across it. Nothing 
of importance, except that it is again raining. 

G. B. McClellan", 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
A. Lincoln, 

President, "Washington. 

My views of the condition of our army on the 4th are ex 
plained in the following dispatch to the President : — 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
New Bridge, June 4tli, 1862. 

Terrible rain storm during the night and morning; not 
yet cleared off; Chickahorainy flooded; bridges in bad con- 
dition, and still hard at work at them. I have taken every 
possible step to insure the security of the corps on the right 
bank, but I cannot reinforce them from here until my bridges 
are all safe, as my force is too small to insure my right and rear, 
should the enemy attack in that direction, as they may prob- 
ably attempt. I have to be very cautious now. Our loss in 
the late battle will probably exceed (5,000) five thousand. I 
have not yet full returns. On account of the effect it might 
have on our own men and the enemy, I request that you will 
regard this information as confidential f<3f- a few days. I am 
satisfied that the loss of the enemy was very considerably 
greater; they were terribly punished. I mention these facts 
now merely to show you that the army of the Potomac has 
had serious work, and that no child's play is before it. 

You must make your calculations on the supposition that I 
have been correct from the beginning, in asserting that the 
serious opposition was to made here. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
A. Lincoln, 

President. 

And in the following to the Secretary of War on the samt, 
day ; 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Nhw BRroGE, Juae 4, 1862. 
Please inform me at once what reinforcements, if any, I can 



OPEliATIONS BEFORE RICHMOKD. 227 

count upon having at Fortress Monioe or Wliite House within 
the next three days, and when each regiment may be expected 
to arrive. It is of the utmost importance that I should know 
this immediately. The losses in the battle of the 31st and Is 
will amount to (7,000) seven thousand. Regard this as confi 
dential for the present. 

If I can have (5) five new regiments for Fort Monroe and 
ts dependencies, I can draw (3) three more old regiments 
from there safely. I can well dispose of four more raw regi- 
ments on my communications. I can well dispose of from 
(15) fifteen to (20) twenty well-drilled regiments among the 
old brigades, in bringing them up to their original effective 
strength. Recruits are especially necessary for the regular 
and volunteer batteries of artillery, as well as for the regular 
and volunteer regiments of infantry. After the losses in our 
last battle, I trust that I will no longer be regarded as an 
alarmist. I believe we have at least one more desperate 
battle to fight. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

Also in my dispatch to the Secretary of War on the 5th : 

Head-Quarters, Aritt of the Potomac, 
Netst Bridge, June 5, 1862. 
Rained most of the night — has now ceased, but it is not 
clear. The river still very high and troublesome. Enemy- 
opened with several batteries on our bridges near here this 
morning: our batteries seem to have pretty much silenced 
them, though some firing still kept up. The rain forces us to 
remain in statu quo. With great difiiculty a division of 
infantry has been crossed this morning to support the troops 
on the other side should enemy renew attack. I felt oblige( 
to do this, although it leaves us rather weak here. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g - 
Hon. E. M. "Stanton, 

' Secretary of War. 



228 SECOND PERIOD. 

On the 5th the Secretary telegraphed me as follows : 

■Washingtox, June 5, 1862, 8.30 P.M. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

I will send you (5) five new regiments as fast as transporta- 
tion can take them : the first to start to-morrow from Balti- 
more. I intend sending you part of McDowell's force as soon 
as it can return from its trip to Front Royal, probably as many 
as you want. The order to ship the new regiments to Fort 
Monroe has already been given. I suppose that they may be 
sent directly to the Fort. Please advise me of this as you 
desire. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

On the Yth of June I telegraphed as follows : 

" ' Head-Quarters Army of the Potomac, 

June 7, 1862, 4.40 P.M. 

Hon. E. M. Stanton, — 

In reply to your dispatch of 2 p.m. to-day, I have the honoi 
to state that the Chickahominy River has risen so as to flood 
the entire bottom to the depth of three and four feet. I am 
pushing forward the bridges in spite of this, and the men are 
working night and day, up to their waists in water, to com- 
plete them. 

The whole face of the country is a perfect bog, entirely im- 
passable for artillery or even cavalry, except directly in the 
narrow roads, which renders any general movement either of 
this or the rebel army utterly out of the question, imtil we 
have more favorable weather. 

I am glad to learn that you are pressing forward reinforce- 
ments so vigorously. I shall be in perfbct readiness to move 
forward and take Richmond the moment McCall reaches here, 
and the ground will admit the passage of artillery. I have 
advanced my pickets about a mile to-day, driving ofl" the rebel 
pickets, and securing a very advantageous position. 

The rebels have several batteries established, command- 
ing t-he debouches from two of our bridges, and file upon 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 229 

our working parties continually, but as yet they have killed 
but very few of our men. . 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

As I did not think it probable that any more reinforcements 
would be sent me in time for the advance on Richmond, I 
stated in the foregoing dispatch that I should be ready to move 
when Gen. McCall's Division joined me ; but I did not intend 
to be understood by this, that no more reinforcements were 
wanted, as will be seen from the following dispatch : 

June 10, 1862, 3.30. P.M. 
* I have again information that Beauregard has arrived, and 
that some of his troops are to follow him. No great reliance, 
perhaps none whatevei', can be attached to this ; but it is pos- 
sible, and ought to be their policy. 

I am completely checked by the weather. The roads and 
fields are literally impassable for artillery, almost so for infantry. 
The Chickahominy is in a dreadful state ; we have another 
rain storm on our hands. 

I shall attack as soon as the weather and ground will permit ; 
but there will be a delay, the extent of which no one can fore- 
see, for the season is altogether abnormal. 

In view of these circumstances, I present for your considera- 
tion the propriety of detaching largely from Halleck's army to 
strengthen this ; for it would seem that Halleck has now no 
large organized force in front of him, Avhile we have. 

If this cannot be done, or even in connection with it, allow 
me to suggest the movement of a heavy column from Dalton 
ui)on Atlan-ta. If but the one can be done, it Avould bettei 
conform to military principles to strengthen this army ; and 
even although the reinforcements might not arrive in season to 
take part in the attack upon Richmond, the moral effect would 
be great, and they would furnish valuable assistance in ulterior 
movements. 

I wish to be distinctly understood that whenever the weather 
permits, I will attack with whatever force I may have, although a 
largev force would enable me to gain much more decisive results. 



SECOND PERIOD. 

I would be glad to have McCall's infantry sent forwai d by 
water at once, without waiting for his artillery and cavalry. 

If Gen. Prim returns via Washington, please converse with 
him as to the condition of affixirs here. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, — 
Secretary of War. 

Our work uj^on the bridges continued to be pushed forward 
vigorously until the 20th, during which time it rained almost 
every day, and the exposure of the men caused much sickness. 

On the 11th the following was received from the Secretary^ 
of War. 

Washington, June 11, 18G2. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 

Your dispatch of three thirty (3.30) yesterday has been 
received. I am fully impressed Avith the difficulties mentioned, 
and which no art or skill can avoid, but only endure, and am 
striving to the uttermost to render you every aid in the power 
of the Government. 

Your suggestions will be immediately communicated to 
Gen. Halleck, with a request that he shall conform to them. 
At last advice he contemplated sending a column to operate 
with Mitchell against Chattanooga, and thence upon East 
Tennessee. Buell reports Kentucky and Tennessee to be in a 
critical condition demanding immediate attention. Halleck 
says the main body of Beauregard's force is with him at Oka- 
lona. McCall's force was reported yesterday as having em- 
barked and on its way to join you. It is intended to send the 
residue of McDowell's force also to join you as speedily as 
possible. Fremont had a hard fight day before yesterday, 
with Jackson's force at Union Church, eight miles from Hai-- 
risonburg. He claims the victory, but was pretty badly 
handled ; it is clear that a strong force is operating with Jack- 
son, for the purpose of detaining the forces here from yod. I 
am urging as fast as possible the new levies. 

Be assured, general, that there never has been a moment 



O P E U A T I O N S B E F O U K K I C II M O N D . 231 

when my desire has been otherwise than to aid you with my 
whole heart, mind and strength since the hour we first met, 
and whatever others may say for their own purposes, you have 
never had and never can have any one more truly your friend, 
or more anxious to support you, or more joyful than I shall 
be at the success, which I have no doubt, will soon l)e achieved 
by your arms. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

On the 12th and 13th General McCall's division arrived. 

On the 13th of June two squadrons of the 5th U. S. Cav- 
alry, under the command of Captain Royall, stationed near 
Hanover Old Church, Avere attacked and overpowered by a 
force of the enemy's cavalry, numbering about fifteen hundred 
men, with four guns. They pushed on towards our depots, 
but at some distance from our main body, and, though pur- 
sued, very cleverly made the circuit of the army, repassing the 
Chickahominy at Long Bridge. 

The burning of two schooners laden with forage and four- 
teen government wagons, the destruction of some sutlers' 
stores, the killing of several of the guard and teamsters at 
Garlick's Landing, some little damage done at Tunstall's Sta- 
tion, and a little eclat, were the precise results of this expe- 
dition. 

On the 14th I sent the following to the Secretary of War. 

Head-Quarters, Arjiy of the Potomac, 
Camp Lincolx, June 14, 1862. Midnight. 
All quiet in every direction. The stampede of last night 
has passed away. Weather now very favorable. I hope two 
days more will make the ground practicable. I shall advance 
as soon as the bridges are completed, and the ground fit for 
artillery to move, at the same time I would be glad to have 
whatever troops can be sent to me. I can use several new 
regiments to advantage. It ought to be distinctly understood 
that McDowell and his troops are completely under my con- 
troL 



232 SECOND PKRIOD. 

I received a telegram from him requesting that McCall's di- 
vision might be placed so as to join him immediately on his 
arrival. 

That request does not breathe the proper spirit ; whatever 
troops come to me must be disposed of so as to do the most 
good. I do not feel that in such circumstances as those in 
which I am now placed, General McD. should wish the general 
nterests to be sacrificed for the purpose of increasing his com- 
mand. 

If I cannot fully control all his troops, I want none of them, 
but would prefer to fight the battle with what I have, and let 
others be responsible for the results. 

The department lines should not be allowed to interfere 
with me, but General McD. and all his troops sent to me, 
should be placed completely at my disposal, to do with them 
as I think best. In no other way can they be of assistance to 
me. I therefore request that I may have entire and full con- 
trol. The stake at issue is too great to allow personal con- 
siderations to be entertained. You know that I have none. 
The indications are, from our balloon reconnoissances, and from 
all other sources, that the enemy are inti'enching, daily increas- 
ing in numbers, and determined to fight desperately. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

On the 20th the following was communicated to the Presi- 
dent. 

Head-Quabtees Army op the Potomac, 
Camp Lincoln, June 20, 1862. 2 p.m. 

Your Excellency's dispatch of (11) a.m. received, also that 
of General Sigel. 

I have no doubt that Jackson has been reinforced from here 
There is reason to believe that General R, S. Ripley has re- 
cently joined Lee's army, with a brigade or division from 
Charleston. Troops have arrived recently from Goldsboro 
There is not the slightest reason to suppose that the enemy in- 



OPERATIONS BEPOBE RICHMOND. 233 

tends evacuating Richmond ; he is daily increasing his de- 
fenses. I find him everywhere in force, and every reconnois- 
sance costs many vahiable lives. Yet I am obliged to feel my 
way foot by foot at whatever cost, so great are the difficulties 
of the country. By to-morrow night the defensive works 
covering our position on this side the Chickahominy should be 
completed. I am forced to this by my inferiority of numbers 
so that I may bring the greatest possible numbers into action, 
and secure the army against the consequences of unforeseen 
disaster. I would be glad to have permission to lay before 
your Excellency by letter or telegraph, my views as to the 
present state of military affiiirs throughout the whole country. 
In the mean time I would be pleased to learn the disposition, 
as to numbers and position, of the troops not under my com- 
mand, in Virginia and elsewhere, 

G. B. MoClellan. 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
His Excellency, A. Lincoln, 

President. 

To which I received this reply : — 

Washington, June 21, 1862. 6 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

Your dispatch of yesterday, two (2) p.m., was received 
this morning. If it would not divert too much of your time 
and attention from the army under your immediate command, 
I would be glad to have your views as to the present state of 
military affairs throughout the whole country, as you say you 
would be glad to give them. I would rather it should be by 
letter than by telegraph, because of the better chance of se- 
cresy. As to the numbers and jDOsitions of the troops not 
under your command in Virginia and elsewhere, even if I 
could do it with accuracy, which I cannot, I would rather not 
transmit either by telegraph or letter, because of the chances 
of its reaching the enemy. I would be very glad to talk with 
you, but you cannot leave your camp, and I cannot well leave 
here. 

A. Lincoln, 

President 



234 SECOND PERIOD. 

To which I sent the following reply: — 

Camp Lincoln^, June 22, 1 p.m. 
I haA^e the honoi' to acknowledge the receipt of your tele- 
gram of 8 P.M. yesterday. 

, Under the circumstances as stated in your dispatch, I per- 
ceive that it will be better, at least, to defer for the present 
the communication I desired to make. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
His Excellency, the President. 

All the information I could obtain, previous to the 24th of 
June, regarding the movements of General Jackson, led to the 
belief that he was at Gordonsville, where he was receiving re- 
inforcements from Richmond, via Lynchburg and Stanton ; 
but what his purposes were did not appear until the date 
specified, when a young man, very intelligent, but of sus- 
picious appearance, w^as brought in by our scouts from the 
direction of Hanover Court-house. He at first stated that he 
was an escaped prisoner from Colonel Keuley's iMaryland regi- 
ment, captured at Front Royal, but finally confessed himself 
to be a deserter from Jackson's command, which he left near 
Gordonsville on the 21st. Jackson's troops were then, as he 
said, moving to Frederickshall, along the Virginia Central 
Railroad, for the purpose of attacking my rear on the 28th. 
I immediately dispatched two trusty negroes to proceed along 
the railroad, and ascertain the truth of the statement. They 
were unable, however, to get beyond Hanover Court-house, 
where they encountered the enemy's pickets, and were forced 
to turn back without obtaining the desired information. On 
that day I sent the following dispatch : — 

HEAD-QaARTERS, ARMY OP THE POTOMAC, 

June 24, 12 P.M., 1862. 

A very peculiar case of desertion has just occurred from the 

enemy. The jiarty states he left Jackson, Whiting and 

Ewell, fifteen brigades, at Gordonsville, on the 21st; that 

they were moving to Frederickshall, and that it was in- 



OPERATIONS BEFORE RICHMOND. 235 

intended to .attack my rear on the 28tli. I would be glad to 
learn, at your earliest convenience, the most exact information 
jou have as to the position and. movements of Jackson, as 
well as the sources from which your information is derived, 
that I may the better compare it with Avhat I have. 

G. B. McClellan, 



Major-General. 



Hon. E. M, Stanton, 
Secretary of "War. 

The following is his reply : — 



"Washingtoit, June 25. 2.35. 



MaJ.-GeN. McCr.ELLAN, 

We have no definite information as to the numbers or posi- 
tion of Jackson's foi'ce. General King yesterday reported a 
deserter's statement that Jackson's force was, nine days ago, 
forty thousand men. Some reports place ten thousand rebels 
under Jackson at Gordonsville ; others that his force is at 
Port Rej^ublic, Harrisonburg and Luray. Fremont yester- 
day reported rumors that Western Virginia was threatened, 
and General Kelly that Ewell was advancing to New Creek, 
wliere Fremont has his depots* The last telegram from Fre- 
mont contradicts this rumor. The last telegram from Banks 
says the enemy's pickets are strong in advance at Luray. 
The people decline to give any information of his where- 
abouts. Within the last two (2) days, the evidence is strong 
that for some purpose the enemy is circulating rumors of 
Jackson's advance in various directions, with a view to con- 
ceal the real point of attack. Neither McDowell, who is at 
Manassas, nor Banks and Fremont, who are at Middletown, 
appear to have any accurate knowledge of the subject. A let 
ter transmitted to the department yesterday, purporting to be 
dated Gordonsville, on the fourteenth (14th) inst., stated that 
the actual attack was designed for Washington and J5alti- 
more, as soon as you attacked Richmond; but tliat the report 
Avas to be circulated that Jackson had gone to Richmond, in 
order to mislead. This letter looked very much like a blind, 
and mduces me to suspect that Jackson'i real movement now 



286 \^ECONI> PERIOD. 

is toward Richmond. It came from Alexandria, and is cer- 
tainly designed, like the numerous rumors put afloat, to mis- 
lead. I think, therefore, that while the warning of the de- 
serter to you may also be a blind, that it could not safely be 
disregarded. I will transmit to you any further information on 
this subject that may be received here. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 

On the 25th, our bridges and intrenchments being at last 
completed, an advance of our picket line on the left was 
ordered, preparatory to a general forward movement. 

Immediately in front of the most advanced redoubt on the 
Williamsburg road was a large open field; beyond that a 
swampy belt of timber some five hundred yards wide, which 
had been disputed ground for many days. Further in advance 
was an open field crossed by the Williamsburg road and the 
railroad, and commanded by a redoubt and rifle-pits of the 
enemy. It was decided to push our lines to the other side of 
these woods, in order to enable us to ascertain the nature of 
the ground, and to place Generals Heintzelman and Sumner in 
position to support the attack intended to be made on the old 
Tavern on the 26th or 27th^by Gen. Franklin, by assaulting 
that position in the rear. 

Between 8 and 9 o'clock on the morning of the 25th the 
advance was begun by Gen. Heintzelman's corps. The enemy 
were found to be in strong force all along the line, and con- 
tested the advance stubbornly, but by sunset our object was 
accomplished. The troops engaged in this aflfair were the 
whole of Heintzelman's corps, Palmer's brigade of Couch's 
division of Keyes's corps, and a part of Richardson's division 
of Sumner's corps. For the details I refer to the report of 
Gen. Hemtzelman. 

The casualties, (not including those in Palmer's brigade, 
which have not been I'eported,) were as follows : — Officers 
killed 1, wounded 14, missing 1 : Enlisted men killed 50, 
wounded 387, missing 63 : Total 516. 

The following telegrams were sent to the Secretary of War 
during the day from the field of operations : 



OPERATIONS BEFOEE RICHMOND. 237 

Redoubt No. 3, June 25, 1862, 1.30 p.m. 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, — 

We have advanced our pickets on the left considerably, 
under sharp resistance. Our men behaved very handsomely. 
Some firing still continues. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comdg. 

Redoubt No. 3, June 25, 1862. 3.15 p.m. 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War, — 
The enemy are making a desperate resistance to the advance 
of our picket lines. Kearney's and one-half of Hooker's are 
where I want them. 

I have this moment reinforced Hooker's right with a brigade 
and a couple of guns, and hope in a few minutes to finish the 
work intended for the day. Our men are behaving splendidly. 
The enemy are fighting well also. 

This is not a battle, merely an afiair of Heintzelman's corps, 
supported by Keyes, and thus far all goes well. We hold 
every foot we have gained. If we succeed in what we have 
undertaken, it will be a very important advantage gained. 
Loss not large thus far. The fighting up to this time has been 
done by Gen. Hooker's division, which has behaved as usual, 
that is most splendidly. 

On our right, Porter has silenced the enemy's batteries in 
his front. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Mnjor-General Comd'g. 

Redoubt No. 3, June 25, 1862. ^ p.m. 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 
Secretary of War, — 

The afiliir is over, and we have gained our point fully, 
and with but little loss, notwithstanding the strong opposition.* 
Our men have done all that could be desired. The afiair was 
partially decided by two guns that Capt. De Russy brought 
gallantly into action under very difficult circumstances. The 
enemy was driven from the camps in front of this place, and 
is now quiet. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g. 



238 SECOND PERIOD. 

Also, on the same day, the following : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Camp Lixcolx, June 25, 1862, G.15 p.il., 

I have just returned fvcm tlie field, and found yonr dispatch 
in regard to Jackson. 

Several contrabands just in, give information confirming 
supposition, that Jackson's advance is at or near Hanover 
Court House, and that Beauregard arrived, with strong re- 
inforcements, in Richmond "yesterday. 

I incline to think, that Jackson will attack my right and rear. 
The rebel force is stated at (200,000) two hundred thousand, 
including Jackson and Beauregard. I shall have to contend 
against vastly superior odds if these repoi'ts be true. But 
this army will do all in the power of men, to hold their position 
and repulse any attack. 

I regret my great inferiority in numbers, but feel that I am 
in no Avay responsible for it, as I have not failed to represent, 
repeatedly, the necessity of reinforcements, that this was the 
decisive point, and that all the available means of the govern- 
ment, should be concentrated here. I will do all that a Gen- 
eral can do, with the splendid army I have the honor to com- 
mand, and if it is destroyed by overwhelming numbers, can at 
least, die with it, and share its fate. 

But if the result of the action, which will probably occm' to- 
morrow, or within a short time, is a disaster, the responsi- 
bility can not be thrown on my shoulders, it must rest where 
it belongs. Since I commenced this, I have received additional 
intelligence confirming the supposition in regard to Jackson's 
movem'ents, and Beauregard's arrival. I shall probably be 
attacked to-morrow, and now go to the other side of the Chick- 
ahominy, to arrange for the defense on that side. I feel that 
tliere is no use in my again asking for reinforcements. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of War. 



THE SEVEN DAYS. 239 

NUMBERS OF THE EKEMY. 

The report of the Chief of the " Secret Service Corp.s," here- 
with forwarded, and dated 26th June, shows the estimated 
strength of the enemy, at the time of the evaciaation of York- 
town, to have been from 100,000 to 120,000. The same report 
puts his numbers on the 26th of June, at about 180,000, and 
the specific information obtained regarding their organization, 
warrants the behef, that this estimate did not exceed his actual 
strength. 

It will be observed, that the evidence contained in the re- 
port, shows the following organizations, A'iz. : — two hundred 
regiments of infantry and cavalry, including the forces of Jack- 
son and Ewell, just arrived; eight battalions of independent 
troops ; five battalions of artillery ; twelve companies of in- 
fantry and independent cavalry, besides forty-six companies 
of artillery ; amounting in all, to from forty to fifty brigades. 
There were, undoubtedly, many others whose designations 
we did not learn. The report also shows, that numerous and 
heavy earth- works had been completed for the defense of Rich- 
mond, and that in thirty-six of these, were mounted some two 
hundred ffuns. 



THE SEVEN DAYS. 

On the 26th, the day upon which I had decided as the time 
for our final advance, the enemy attacked our right in strong 
force, and turned my attention to the protection of our com- 
munications, and depots of supply. 

The event was a bitter confirmation of the military judg- 
ment, which had been reiterated to my superiors from the 
inception, and through the progress of the Peninsular cam- 
paign. 

I notified the Secretary of War in the following dispatch : 



240 SECOND PERIOD, 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomao, 
Camp Lincoln, June 26, 1862, 12 m. 

I have just heard that our advance cavalry-pickets, on the 
left bank of the Chickahominy, are being driven in ; it is, pro- 
bably, Jackson's advanced guard. If this be true, you may 
not hear from me for some days, as ray communications will 
probably be cut oflf. The case, is, perhaps, a difficult one, 
but I shall resort to desperate measures, and will do my best 
to out-manceuver, outwit, and outfight the enemy. Do not 
believe reports of disaster, and do not be discouraged, if you 
learn that my communications are cut off, and even Yorktown 
in possession of the enemy. Hope for the best, and I wUl 
not deceive the hopes you formerly placed in me. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Geueral. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

Head-Quarters, Army of tub Potomac, 
Camp Lincoln, June 26, 1862. 2.30 p.m. 
Your dispatch and that of President received. Jackson is 
driving in my pickets, <fcc., on other side of the Chickahominy. 
It is impossible to tell where reinforcements ought to go, as I 
am yet unable to predict result of approaching battle. It will 
probably be better that they should go to Fort Monroe, and 
thence according, to state of afiTairs when they arrive. 

It is not probable that I can maintain telegraphic com- 
munication more than an hour or two longer. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-General. 
Hon. E. M. Stanton, 
Secretary of War. 

On the same day I received the following dispatches fi-om the 
Seci-etary of War : 

Washington, June 25, 18G2. 11.20 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

Your telegram of (6.15) has just been received. The 
circumstances that have hitherto rendered it impossible for the 



THE SEVEN DATS 241 

government to send you any more reinforcements than has 
been done, have been so distinctly stated to you, by the Pre- 
sident, that it is needless for me to repeat them. 

Every effort has been made by the President and myself to 
strengthen you. King's division has reached Falmouth. 
Shield's division and Rickett's division are at Manassas. The 
President designs to send a part of that force to aid you as 
speedily as it can be done. 

E. M. Stanton, 
Secretary of War. 

Washington, June 26, 1862. G p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

Arrangements are being made rapidly as possible to send 
you five thousand (5000) men as fast as they can be brought 
from Manassas to Alexandria, and embarked, which can be 
done sooner than to Avait for transportation at Fredericksburg. 
They will be followed by more, if needed. McDowell, Banks 
and Fremont's force will be consolidated as the army of Vir- 
ginia, and will operate promptly in your aid by land. Noth- 
ing will be spared to sustain you, and I have undoubting 
faith in your success. Keep me advised fully of your con- 
dition. 

Edwin M. Stanton, 

Secretary of "War. 

But 5000 of the reinforcements spoken of in these communica- 
tions came to the army of the Potomac, and these reached us 
at Harrison's Bar after the Seven Days. 

In anticipation of a speedy advance on Richmond, to pro- 
vide for the contingency of our communications with the depot 
at the White House being severed by the enemy, and at the 
same time to be prepared for a change of the base of our 
operations to James River, if circumstances should render it 
advisable, I had made arrangements more than a week pre- 
vious (on the 18th) to have transports with supplies of pro- 
visions and forage, under a convoy of gun-boats, sent up 
James River. They reached Harrison's Landing in time to be 
available for the army on its arrival at that point. Events 

11 



'242 SECONDPEKIOD. 

soon proved this change of base to be, though most hazardous 
and difficult, the only prudent course. 

In order to reheve the troops of the 6th Corps on the 19th 
of June, Gen. Reynolds and Gen. Seymour's brigades of Gen. 
McCall's division (Pennsylvania Reserves) were moved from 
Gaines's Farm to a position on the Beaver Dam Creek ; Gen. 
Meade being held in reserve in front of Gaines's Farm. One 
regiment and a battery were throAvn forward to the heights 
overlooking Mechanicsville, and a line of pickets extended 
along the Chickahominy River, between the Mechanicsville 
and Meadow Bridges. 

As has already been stated, I received, while engaged on 
the 25th, in directing the operations of Heintzelman's corps, 
information which strengthened my suspicions that Jackson 
was advancing with a large force upon our right and rear. 
On this day. Gen. Casey, at the White House, was instructed 
to prepare for a vigorous resistance, and defensive works were 
oi'dered at Tunstall's Station. Early on the 25th, Gen. Porter 
was instructed to send out reconnoitering parties towards 
Hanover Court House to discover the position and force of 
the enemy, and to destroy the bridges on the Tolopotamy as 
far as possible. 

Up to the 26th of June, the opei'ations against Richmond 
had been conducted along the roads leading to it from the 
east and north-east. The reasons which compelled the choice 
of this line of approach and our continuance upon it have been 
alluded to above. 

• The superiority of the James River route, as a line of attack 
and supply, is too obvious to need exposition. My own opin- 
ion on that subject had been early given, and need not be re- 
peated here. The dissipation of all hope of the co-operation 
by land of General McDowell's forces, deemed to be occupied 
in the defense of Washington, their inability to hold or defeat 
Jackson, disclosed an opportunity to the enemy, and a new 
danger to my right, and to the long line of supplies from the 
White House to the Chickahomin}', and forced an immediate 
change of base across the Peninsula. To that end, from the 
evening of the 26th, every energy of the army was bent. 
Such a change of base, in the presence of a powerful enemy, 



THE SEVEN DATS. 243 

is one of the most difficult undertakings in war, but I was 
confident in the valor and discipline of my brave army, and 
knew that it could be trusted equally to retreat or advance, 
and to fight the series of battles now inevitable, whether re- 
treating from victories, or marching througli defeats ; and, in 
short, I had no doubt whatever of its ability, even against 
superior numbers, to fight its Avay through to the James, and 
get a position whence a successful advance upon Richmond 
would be again possible. Their superb conduct through the 
next seven days justified my faith. 

On the same day (26th), General Van Vliet, Chief Quarter- 
master of the army of the Potomac, by my orders telegraphed 
to Colonel Ingalls, Quarter-master at the White House, as fol- 
lows : " Run the cars to the last moment, and load them with 
provisions and ammunition. Load every wagon you have 
witli subsistence, and send them to Savage's Station by way 
of Bottom's Bridge. If you are obhged to abandon White 
House, burn everything that you caimot get off. You must 
throw all our supplies up the James River as soon as possible, 
and accompany them yourself with all your force. It will be 
of vast importance to establish our depots on James River 
without delay, if we abandon White House. I will keep you 
advised of every movement so long as the wires work; after 
that, you must exercise your own judgment." 

All these commands were obeyed. So excellent were the 
dispositions .of the different officers in command of the troops, 
depots and gun-boats, and so timely the warning of the ap- 
proach of the enemy, that almost everything was saved, and 
but a small amount of stores destroyed, to prevent their falling 
into the hands of the enemy. 

General Stoneman's communications with the main army 
being cut off, he fell back upon the White House, and thence 
to Yorktown when the White House was evacuated. 

On the 26th orders were sent to all the corps commanders 
on the right bank of the Chickahominy to be prepared to send 
as many troops as they could spare on the following day to 
the left bank of the river, as will be seen from the appended 
telegrams. General Franklin received instructions to hold 
General Slocum's division in readiness by daybreak of the 



244 SECOND PERIOD. 

27lh, and if heary firing should at that time be heard in the 
direction of General Porter, to move it at once to his assist- 
ance without further orders. 



BEAVER DAM CREEK. 

At noon, on the 26th, the approach of the enemy, who had 
crossed above Meadow Bridge, was discovered by the ad- 
vanced pickets at that point, and at 12.30 p.m. they were at- 
ta'cjked and driven in. All the pickets were now called in, 
and the regiment and battery at Mechanicsville withdrawn. 

Meade's brigade was ordered up as a reserve in rear of the 
line, and shortly after Martindale's and Griffin's brigades, of 
MoreU's division, Avere moved forward, and deployed on the 
right of McCall's division, towards Shady Grove Church, to 
cover that flank. Neither of these three brigades, however, 
were warmly engaged, though two of Griffin's regiments re- 
lieved a portion of Reynolds's Une just at the close of the 
action. 

The position of our troops was a strong one, extending along 
the left bank of Beaver Dam Creek, the left resting on the 
Chickahominy, and the right in thick woods beyond the upper 
road from Mechanicsville to Coal Harbor. The lower or river 
road crossed the creek at Ellison's Mills. Seymour's brigade 
held the left of the line, from the Chickahominy to beyond the 
mill, partly in woods and partly in cleared ground, and Rey- 
nolds the right, principally in the woods and covering the up- 
per road. The artillery occupied- positions commanding the 
roads and the open ground across the creek. 

Timber had been felled, rifle-pits dug, and the position gen- 
erally prepared with a care that greatly contributed to the 
success of the day. The passage of the creek was difficult 
along our whole front, and impracticable for artillery, except 
by the two roads, where the main efforts of the enemy were 
directed. 

At 3 P.M. he formed his line of battle, rapidly advanced hia 
skirmishers, and soon attacked our whole line, making at the 
same time a determined attempt to force the passage of the 



BEAVEB DAM CREEK. 245 

upper road, which was successfully resisted by General Rey- 
nolds. After a severe struggle he was forced to retire, with 
very heavy loss. 

A rapid artillery fire, with desultory skirmishing, was main- 
tained along the whole front, while the enemy massed his 
troops for another effort at the lower road about two hours 
later, which was likewise repulsed by General Seymour, with 
heavy slaughter. The firing ceased and the enemy retired 
about 9 P.M., the action having lasted six hours, with entire 
success to our arms. But few, if any, of Jackson's troops 
were engaged on this day ; the portion of the enemy encoun- 
tered were chiefly from the troops on the right bank of the 
river, who crossed near Meadow Bridge and at Mechanicsville. 
The information in my possession soon after the close of this 
action convinced me that Jackson was really approaching in 
largo force. The position on Beaver Dam Creek, although so 
successfully defended, had its right flank too much in the air, 
and was too far from the main army to make it advisable to 
retain it longer. I therefore determined to send the heavy 
guns at Hogan's and Gaines's houses over the Chickahommy 
during the night, with as many of the wagons of the 5th Corps 
as possible, and to Avithdraw the corps itself to a position 
stretching around the bridges, where its flanks would be rea- 
sonably secure, and it would be within supporting distance of 
the main army. General Porter carried out my orders to that 
effect. It was not advisable at that time, even had it been 
practicable, to withdraw the 5th Corps to the right bank of 
the Chickahominy. Such a movement would have exposed 
the rear of the army, placed us between two fires, and enabled 
Jackson's fresh troops to interrupt the movement to James 
River, by crossing the Chickahominy in the vicinity of Jones 
Bridge before we could reach Malvern Hill with our trains. I 
determined, then, to resist Jackson with the 5th Corps, rein- 
forced by all our disposable troops, in the new position near 
the bridge heads, in order to cover the withdrawal of the trains 
and heavy guns, and to give time for the arrangements to se- 
cure the adoption of the James River as our line of supplies 
in lieu ol the Pamunkey. The greater part of the heavy guns 
and wagons having been removed to the right bank of the 



546 SECOND PERIOD. 

Chi'^'kahominy, the delicate operation of withdrawing the 
troops from Beaver Dam Creek was commenced shortly before 
daylight, and successfully executed. 

Meade's and Griffin's brigades were the first to leave the 
ground, Seymour's brigade covered the rear with the horse 
batteries of Captains Robertson and Tidball ; but the with- 
drawal was so skillful and so gradual, and the repulse of the 
preceding day so complete, that although the enemy followed 
the retreat closely, and some skirmishing occurred, he did not 
appear in front of the new line in force till about noon of the 
27ih, when we were prepared to receive him. 

About this time General Porter, believing that General 
Stoneman would be cut off from him, sent him orders to fall 
back on the White House, and afterwards rejoin the army as 
best he could. 



GAINES'S MILL. 

On the morning of the 27th of June, during the "withdrawal 
of his troops from Mechanicsville to the selected position 
already mentioned, Genei'al Porter telegraphed as follows : 

" I hope to do without aid, though I request that Franklin 
or some other command be held ready to rehiforce me. The 
enemy are so close that I expect to be hard pressed in front. 
I hope to have a portion in position to cover the retreat. This 
is a delicate movement, but relying on the good qualities of 
the commanders of divisions and brigades, I expect to got 
back and hold the new line." 

This shows how closely Porter's retreat was followed. 

Notwithstanding all the efforts used during the entire night 
to remove the heavy guns and Avagons, some of the siege guns 
were still in position at Gaines's House after sunrise, and were 
finally hauled off by hand. The new position of the 5th Corps 
was about an arc of a circle, covering the approaches to the 
bridges which connected our right wing with the troops on 
the opposite side of the river. 

Morell's division held the left of the line, in a strip of woods 
on the left bank of the Gaines's Mill stream, resting its left 



Gaines's mill. 247 

flank on the descent to the Chickahominy, which was swept 
by our artillery on both sides of the river, and extending into 
open ground on the right towards New Coal Harbor. In this 
line General Butterfield's brigade held the extreme left, Gen. 
Martindale's joined his right, and General GriiBn still further 
to the right, joined the left of General Sykes' division, which, 
partly in woods and partly in open ground, extended in rear 
of Coal Harbor. 

Each brigade had in reserve two of its own regiments ; 
McCall's division, having been engaged on the day before, was 
formed in a second line in rear of the first ; Meade's brigade 
on the left, near the Chickahominy ; Reynolds' brigade on the 
right, covering the approaches from Coal Harbor and Dispatch 
Station to Sumner's Bridge, and Seymour's in reserve to the 
second line still further in rear. General P. St. G. Cooke, 
with five companies of the 5th Regular Cavalry, two squad- 
rons of the 1st Regular Cavalry, and three squadrons of the 
1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (lancers), were posted behind a hill 
in rear of the position, amf near the Chickahominy, to aid in 
watching the left flank and defending the slope to the river. 

The troops were all in position by noon, with the artillery 
on the commanding ground, and in the intervals between the 
divisions and brigades. Besides the division battei'ies, there 
were Robertson's and TidbalFs horse batteries from the artil- 
lery reserve ; the latter posted on the right of Sykes' diAdsion, 
and the former on the extreme left of the line, in the valley of 
the Chickahominy. 

Shortly after noon the enemy were discovered approaching 
in force, and it soon became evident that the entire j^osition 
was to be attacked. His skirmishers advanced rapidly, and 
soon the fire became heavy along our whole front. At 2 p.m. 
General Porter asked for reinforcements. Slocum's division 
of the 6th Corps was ordered to cross to the left bank of the 
river by Alexander's Bridge, and proceed to his support. 

General Porter's first call for reinforcements, through Gen. 
Barnard, did not reach me, nor his demand for more axes 
through the same officer. By 3 p.m. the engagement had 
become so severe, and the enemy were so greatly superior in 
numbers, that the entire second line and reserves had been 



248 SECOND PERIOD. 

moved forward to sustain the first line against repeated and 
desperate assaults along the whole front. 

At 3.30 Slocum's division reached the field, and was imme- 
diately brought into action at the weak points of our line. 

On the left the contest was for the strip of woods running 
almost at right 9,ngles to the Chickahominy in front of Adam's 
House, or between that and Gaines's House.- The enemy 
several times charged up to this wood, but were each time 
driven back with heavy loss. The regulars of Sykes' division 
on the right also repulsed several strong attacks. 
■ But our own loss, under the tremendous fire of such greatly 
superior numbers, was very severe, and the troops, most of 
whom had been under arms more than two days, were rapidly 
becoming exliausted by the masses of fresh men constantly 
brought against them. 

When General Slocum's division arrived on the ground, it 
increased General Porter's force to some 35,000, who were, 
probably, contending against about 70,000 of the enemy. The 
line was severely pressed in several points, and, as its being 
pierced at any one would have been fatal, it was unavoidable 
for General Porter, who was required to hold his position 
until night, to di\ade Slocum's division, and send parts of it, 
even single regiments, to the points most threatened. About 
5 P.M., General Porter having reported his position as critical, 
French's and Meagher's brigades, of Richardson's division, 
(2d Corps), were ordered to cross to his support. The enemy 
attacked again, in great force, at 6 p.m., but failed to break 
our lines, though our loss was very heavy. ~ 

About 7 P.M., they threw fresh troops against General Por- 
tei- with still greater fury, and finally gained the woods held 
by our left. This reverse, aided by the confusion that followed 
an unsuccessful charge by five companies of the 5th Cavalry, and 
followed, as it was, by more determined assaults on the 
remainder of our lines, now outflanked, caused a genera 
retreat from our position, to the hill in rear, over-looking th 
bridge. 

• French's and Meagher's brigades now appeared, driving be- 
fore them the stragglers, who were thronging towards the 
bridge. 



GAINES'S MILL. 249 

^ These brigades advanced boldly to the front, and by their 
example, as well as by the steadiness of their bearing, reani. 
mated our own ti'oops, and warned the enemy that reinforce- 
ments had arrived. It was now dusk. The enemy, already 
repulsed several times, with terrible slaughter, and hearing 
the shouts of the fresh troops, failed to follow up their ad- 
vantage. This gave an opportunity to rally our men behind 
the brigades of General French and Meagher, and they again 
marched up the hill, ready to repulse another attack. During 
the night, oar thinned and exhausted regiments were all with- 
drawn in safety, and by the following morning, all had reached 
the other side of the stream. The regular infantry formed 
the rear guard, and about 6 o'clock, on the morning of 
the 28th, crossed the river, destroying the bridge behind 
them. 

Our loss in this battle, in killed, wounded and missing, was 
very heavy, especially in officers, many of whom were killed, 
wounded or taken pi-isoners, while gallantly leading on their 
men, or rallying them to renewed exertions. It is impossible 
to arrive at the exact numbers lost in this desperate engage- 
ment, owing to the series of battles which followed each other 
in quick succession, and in which the whole army was engaged. 
No general returns were made, until after we had arrived at 
Harrison's Landing, when the losses for the whole seven days 
were estimated together. 

Although we were finally forced from our first line, after 
the enemy had been repeatedly driven back, yet the objects 
sought for, had been attained. The enemy was held at bay, 
our siege-guns and material were saved, and the right wing 
had now joined the main body of the army. 

The number of guns captured by the enemy at this battle, 
was 22. Three of which were lost by being run off the bridge 
during the final withdrawal. 

Great credit is due for the efficiency and bravery, with 
which this arm of the service (the artillery) was fought, and 
it was not ixntil the last successful charge of the enemy, that 
the cannoneers were driven from their pieces, or struck down, 
and the guns captured. Deidrich's, Knieriem's, and Grimmis'a 
batteries, took position during the engagement, in the front 



250 SECOND PERIOD. 

of General Smith's line, on the right bank of the stream, and 
Avith a battery of siege-guns, served by the First Connecticut 
Artillery, helped to drive back the enemy in front of General 
Porter. 

So threatening were the movements of the enemy, on both 
banks of the Chickahominy, that it was impossible to decide, 
until the afternoon, where the real attack would be made. 
Large forces of infantry were seen during the day, near the 
Old Tavern, on Franklin's right, and threatening demonstra- 
tions were frequently made along the entire line, on this side 
of the river, which rendered it necessary to hold a considera- 
ble force in position to meet them. 

On the 26th a circular was sent to the corps commanders on 
the right bank of the river, asking them how many of their 
troops could be spared to reinforce General Porter, after re- 
taining sufficient to hold their positions for twenty-four hours. 

To this the following replies were received : 

• Head-Quarters, 3d Corps, 
Juue 26. 4 P.M. 
Gen. R. B. Marct :— 

I think I can hold the intrenchments with four brigades for 
twenty-four hours. That would leave two brigades disposable 
for service on the other side of the river, but the men are so 
tired and worn out that I fear they would not be in a condi- 
tion to fight after making a march of any distance. * * * 
***** 

S. P. Heintzelman, 

Brigadier-GeneraL 

Telegrams from General Heintzelman on the 25th and 26th 
had indicated that the enemy was in large force in front of 
Generals Hooker and Kearney, and on the Charles City road 
(Longstreet, Hill and Huger), and General Heintzelman ex- 
pressed the opinion on the night of the 25th that he could not 
hold his advanced position without reinforcements. 

General Keyes telegraphed : 

" As to how many men will ba able to hold this position for 



GAINES'S MILL. 251 

twenty-four hours, I must answer, all I have, if the enemy is 
as strong as ever in front, it having at all times appeared to 
me that our forces on this flank are small enough." 

On the morning of the 27th the following dispatch was sen 
to Genei'al Sumner : 

Head-Quarters, ARirr op the Potomac, 
June 27. 8.45 a.m. 
Gen. E. v. Sumner : — 

" General Smith just reports that ' six or eight regiments 
have moved down to the woods in front of General Sum- 
ner.' " 

R. B. Maecy, 

Chief-of-Staflf. 

At 11 o'clock A.M. General Sumner telegraphed as follows : 

" The enemy threatens an attack on ray right, near Smith." 

At 12.30 P.M. he telegraphed : 

" Sharp shelhng on both sides." 

At 2.45 P.M. : 

" Sharp musketry firing in front of Burns. We are reply- 
ing with artillery and infantry. The man on the look-out re- 
ports some troops drawn up in line of battle about opposite 
my right and Smith's left ; the number cannot be made out." 

In accordance with orders given on the night of the 26th, 
General Slocum's division commenced crossing the river to 
support General Porter, soon after daybreak on the morning 
of the 27th ; but, as the firing in front of General Porter 
ceased, the movement was suspended. At 2 p.m. General 
Porter called for reinforcements, I ordered them at once, and 
at 3.25 P.M. sent him the following : 

" Slocum is now crossing Alexander's Bridge with his whole 



252 SECOND PERIOD. 

command. Enemy has commenced an infantry attack on 
Smith's left. I have ordered down Sumner's and Heintzel- 
man's reserves, and you can count on the whole of Slocum's. 
Go on as you have begun." 

During the day the following dispatches were received, 
wliich will show the condition of affairs on the right bank of 
the Chickahominy : 

June 27, 1862. 
To Col. A. V. Colbuen, 
Ass^t.-AdJ.- Gen. 

General Smith thinks the enemy are massing heavy col- 
umns in the clearings to the right of James Garnett's House, 
and on the other side of the river ojiposite it. Three regi- 
ments are reported to be moving from Sumner's to Smith's 
front. The arrangements are very good — made by Smith. 

W. B. Fraistkxin, 

Brigadier-Greneral. 

Afterwards he telegraphed : 

" The enemy has begun an attack on Smith's left with in- 
fantry. I know no details." 

Afterwards the following : 

" The enemy has opened on Smith from a battery of three 
pieces, to the right of the White House. Our shells are 
bursting well, and Smith thinks Sumner will soon have a cross 
fire upon them that will silence them." 

Afterwards, at 5.50 p.JjI., the following was sent to General 
Keyes : 

" Please send one brigade of Couch's division to these head- 
quarters without a moment's delay. A staff officer will be 
here to direct the brigade where to go." 



Gaines's mill. 253 

Subsequently the following was sent to Generals Sumner and 
Franklin : 

" Is there any sign of the enemy being in force in your front ? 
C:T.n you spare any more force to be sent to General Porter ? 
Answer at once." 

At 5.15 P.M. the following was received from General 
Franklin : 

" I do not think it prudent to take any more troops from 
here at present." 

General Sumner replied as follows : 

" If the general desires to trust the defense of my position to 
my front line alone, I can send French with three regiments, 
and Meagher with his brigade to the right ; every thing is so 
uncertain, that I think it would be hazardous to do it." 

These two brigades were sent to reinforce General Porter, 
as has been observed. 

At 5.25, I sent the following to General Franklin : 

" Porter is hard pressed, it is not a question of prudence, 
but of possibilities. Can you possibly maintain your position 
until dark with two brigades ? I have ordered eight regi- 
ments of Sumner's to support Porter, one brigade of Couch to 
this place ; Heintzelman's reserve to go in rear of Sumner. If 
possible send a brigade to support Porter ; it should follow 
the regiments ordered from Sumner." 

At 7.35, the following was sent to General Sumner : 

o 

" If it is possible send another brigade to reinforce General 
Smith. It is said three heavy columns of infantry are moving 
on him." 

From the foregoing dispatches it will be seen that all dia* 



254 SECOND PERIOD. 

posable troops were sent from the right bank of the river to 
reinforce General Porter, and that the corps commanders were 
left with smaller forces to hold their positions than they 
deemed adequate. 

To have done more, even though Porter's reverse had been 
prevented, would have had the still more disastrous result, of 
imperilling the whole movement across the Peninsula. 



CHANGE OF BASE. 

The operations of this day proved the numerical superiority 
of the enemy, and made it evident that while he had a large 
army on the left bank of the Chickahominy, which had already 
turned our right, and was in position to intercept^the com- 
munications with our depots at the White House ; he was also 
in large force between our army and Richmond. I therefore 
elFected a junction of our forces. 

Tliis might probably have been executed on either side of 
the Chickahominy, and if the concentration had been effected 
on the left bank, it is possible we might, with our entire force 
have defeated the enemy there ; but at that time they held the 
roads leading to the White House, so that it would have been 
impossible to have sent forward supply trains in advance of 
the army in that direction, and the guarding of these trains 
would have seriously embarrassed our operations in the battle. 
We would have been compelled to fight if concentrated on that 
bank of the river. Moreover, we would at once have been 
followed by the enemy's forces upon the Richmond side of the 
river operating upon our rear, and if in the chances of war, 
we had been ourselves defeated in the effort, we would have 
been forced to fall back to the White House, and probably to 
Fort Monroe ; and as both our flanks and rear would then 
have been entirely exposed, our entire supply train, if not the 
greater part of the army itself might have been lost. 

The movements of the enemy showed that they expected 
this, and as they themselves acknowledged, they were pre- 
pared to cut off our retreat in that direction. I therefore con- 
centrated all our forces on th« right bank of the river during 



CHANGE OF BASE. 255 

the night of the 26th and morning of the 27th, all our wagons, 
heavy guns, &c., were gathered there. 

It may be asked, Avhy, after the concentration of our forces 
on the right bank of the Chickahominy, with a large part of 
the enemy drawn away from Richmond, upon the opposite 
side, I did not, instead of striking for James River fifteen 
miles below that place, at once march directly on Richmond. 

It Avill be remembered, that at this juncture the enemy was 
on our rear, and there was every reason to believe that he 
would sever our commimications with our supply depot at the 
"White House. 

We had on hand but a limited amount of rations, and if we 
had advanced directly on Richmond it would have required 
considerable time to carry the strong works around that place, 
during which our men would have been destitute of food; and 
even if Richmond had fallen before our arms, the enemy coixld 
still have occupied our supply communications between that 
place and the gun-boats, and turned their disaster into victory. 
If, on the other hand, the enemy had concentrated all his 
forces at Richmond during the progress of our attack, and we 
had been defeated, we must in all probability have lost our 
trains before reaching the flotilla. 

The battles which continued day after day, in the progress 
of our flank movement to the James, with the exception of 
the one at Gaines's Mill, were successes to our arms, and the 
closing engagement at Malvern Hill was the most decisive 
of all. 

On the evening of the 27tli of June, I assembled the corps 
commanders at my head-quarters, and informed them of the 
plan, its reasons, and my choice of route and method of exe- 
cution. 

Gen. Keyes was directed to move his corps, with its artillery 
and baggage, across the White Oak Swamp bridge, and to seize 
strong positions on the opposite side of the swamp, to cover 
the passage of the other troops and trains. 

This order was executed on the 28th by noon. Before day- 
break on the 28th I went to Savage's Station, and remained 
there during the day and night, directing the withdrawal of 
the trains and supplies of th« army. 



256 SECOND PEBJOD. 

Orders were given to the different commandei's to load their 
wagons with ainruuuition and provisions, and the necessary 
baggage of the officers and men, and to destroy all property 
which could not be transported with the army. Orders were 
also given to leave with those of the sick and wounded who 
could not be transported, a proper complement of surgeons 
and attendants, with a bountiful supply of rations and medical 
stores. 

The large herd of 2,500 beef cattle was, by the chief com- 
missary, Col. Clark, transferred to the James River without 
loss. 

On the morning of the 28th, while Gen. Franklin was with- 
drawing his command from Golding's farm, the enemy opened 
upon Gen. Smith's division from Garnett's HiU, from the Val- 
ley above, and from Gaines's Hill on the opposite side of the 
Chickahominy, and shortly afterwards two Georgia regiments 
attempted to carry the works about to be evacuated, but this 
attack was repulsed by the 23d New York, and the 49th 
Pennsylvania Volunteers on picket, and a section of Mott's 
battery. 

Porter's corps was moved across White Oak Swamp during 
the day and night, and took up positions covering the roads 
leading from Richmond towards White Oak Swamp and Long 
Bridge. McCall's division was ordered, on the night of the 
28th, to move across the Swamp and take a proper position 
to assist in covering the remaining troops and trains. During 
the same night the corps of Sumner, Heintzelman, and the 
division of Smith, were ordered to an interior line, the left 
resting on Keyes' old intrenchments, and curving to the right 
so as to cover Savage's Station. General Slocum's division, 
of Franklin's corps, was ordered to Savage's Station in reserve. 
They were ordered to hold this position until dark of the 
29th, in order to cover the withdrawal of the trains, and then 
to fall back across the Swamp and unite with the remainder 
of the army. 

On the 28th I sent the following to the Secretary of Wai : 



CHANGE OF BASE. 257 

HUAD-QUAJSTERS, ArMT OF THE POTOMAC, 

Savage's Station, June 28, 1862. 12.20 a.m. 

I now know the Avhole history of the day. On this side of 
the river, the right bank, we repulsed several strong attacks ; 
on the left bank our men did all tliat men could do — all that 
soldiers could accomj^lish, but they were overwhelmed by 
vastly superior numbers soon after I had brought my last re- 
serves into action. The loss on both sides is terrible. I be- 
lieve it will prove to be the most desperate battle of the war. 
The sad remnants of my men behave as men — those battalions 
who fought most bravely, and suffered most, are still in the 
best order. My regulars were superb ; and I count upon what 
are left to turn another battle in company with their gallant 
comrades of the volunteers. Plad I (20,000) twenty thousand, 
or even (10,000) ten thousand fresh troops to use to-morrow, 
I could take Richmond ; but I have not a man in reserve, and 
shall be glad to cover my retreat, and save the material and 
personnel of the army. 

If we have lost the day, we have yet preserved our honor, 
and no one need blush for the army of the Potomac. I have 
lost this battle, because my force was too small. 

I again repeat that I am not responsible for this, and I say 
it with the earnestness of a genei'al, who feels in his heai't, the 
loss of every brave man who has been needlessly sacrificed to- 
day. I still hope to retrieve our fortunes, but to do this, the 
govei'nment must view the matter in the same earnest light 
that I do. You must send me very large reinforcements, and 
send them at once. " 

I shall draw back to this side of the Chickahominy, and 
think I can withdraw all our material. Please understand 
that in this battle we have lost nothing but men, and those 
the best we have. 

In addition to what I have already said, I only wish to say 
to the President, that I think he is wrong in regarding me ai 
ungenerous, when I said that my force was too weak. I 
merely reiterated a truth, which to-day has been too plainly 
proved. If, at this instant, I could dispose of (10,000) ten 
thousand fresh men, I could gain the victory to-morrow. 

I know that a few thousand more men, would have changed 



268 SECOND PERIOD. 

this battle from a defeat to a victory ; as it is, the government 
must not, and cannot, hold me responsible for the result. 

I feel too earnestly to-night, I have seen too many dead and 
wounded comrades, to feel otherwise than that the govern- 
ment has not sustained this army. If. you do not do so now, 
the game is lost. 

If I save this army now, I tell you plainly that I owe no 
thanks to you, or to any other persons in Washington. 

You have done your best to sacrifice this army. 

G. B. McCLELLAlSr, 

Major-General. 
To Hon. E. M. Stanton, 
Secretary of "War. 

The head-quarters' camp, at Savage's Station, was broken 
up early on the morning of the 29th, and moved across White 
Oak Swamp. 

As the essential part of this day's operations was the passage 
of the trains across the Swamp, and their j^rotection against 
attack from the direction of New Market and Richmond, as 
well as the immediate and secure establishment of our com- 
munications with the gun-boats, I passed the day in examining 
the ground, directing the posting of the troops, and securing 
the uninterrupted movement of the trains. 

In the afternoon, I instructed General Keyes to move during 
the night to James River, and occupy a defensive position 
near Malvern Hill, to secure our extreme left flanks. 

General F. J. Porter was ordered to follow him, and pro- 
long the line towards the right. The trains were to be pushed 
on towards James River in rear of these corps, and placed 
under the protection of the gun-boats as they arrived. 

A sharp skirmish with the enemy's cavalry, early this day 
on the Quaker Road, showed that his efforts were about to 
be directed towards impeding our progress to the river, and 
rendered my presence in that quarter necesssary. 



Allen's field. 259 

ALLEN'S FIELD. 

General Sumner vacated his works at Fair Oaks on June 
29th, at day-Hght, and marched his command to Orchard 
Station, halting at Allen's Field, between Orchard and Savage's 
Stations. 

The divisions of Richardson and Sedgwick, Avere formed on 
the right of the railroad, facing, towards Richmond, Richard- 
son holding the right, and Sedgwick joining the right of 
Heintzelman's corps. 

The first line of Richardson's division was held by General 
French, General Caldwell supporting in the second. A log 
building in front of Richardson's division, was held by Col. 
Brooks with one regiment, (53d Pennsylvania volunteers,) 
with Hazzard's battery on an elevated piece of ground, a little 
in rear of Col. Brooks's command. 

At 9 A.M., the enemy commenced a furious attack on the 
right of General Sedgwick, but were repulsed. The left of 
General Richardson was next attacked, the enemy attempting 
in vain to carry the position of Col. Brooks. Capt. Hazzard's 
battery, and Capt. Pettit's battery, which afterwards replaced 
it, were served with great effect, while the 53d Pennsylvania, 
kept up a steady fire on the advancing enemy, compelling 
them at last to retire in disorder. The enemy renewed the 
attack three times, but were as often repulsed. 



SAVAGE'S STATION. 

General Slocum arrived at Savage's Station at an early hour 
on the 29th, and was ordered to cross White Oak Swamp and 
relieve General Keyes' corps. As soon as General Keyes was 
thus relieved, he moved towards James River, which he 
reached in safety, with all his artillery and baggage, early on 
the morning of the 30th, and took up a position below Turkey 
Creek Bridge. 

During the morning General Franklin heard that the enemy, 
!ifter having repaired the bridges, was crossing the Chick- 



260 SECOND PEKIOU. 

aliorniuy in large force, and advancing toward Savage's 
Station. He communicated this information to General Sum- 
ner at Allen's Farm, and moved Smith's division to Savage's 
Station. 

A little after noon General Sumner united his forces with 
those of General Franklin, and assumed command. 

I had ordered General Heintzelman, with his corps, to hold 
the Williamsburg road until dark at a point where were seve- 
ral field works, and a skirt of timber between these works and 
the railroad ; but he fell back before night, and crossed White 
Oak Swamp at Brackett's Ford. 

General Sumner, in his report of the battle of Savage's Sta- 
tion, says : " When the enemy appeared on the Williamsburg 
road, I could not imagine why General Heintzelman did not 
attack him, and not till some time afterwards did I learn, to 
my utter amazement, that General Heintzelman had left the 
field and retreated with his whole corps (about 15,000 men) 
before the action commenced. This defection might have been 
attended with the most disastrous consequences, and. although 
we beat the enemy signally and drove him from the field, we 
should certainly have given him a more crushing blow if Gen- 
eral Heintzelman had been there with his corps." 

General Heintzelman, in the report of the operations of his 
corps, says : 

" On the night of the 28th of June I received orders to 
withdraw the troops of my corps from the advanced position 
they had taken on the 25th of June, and to occupy the in- 
trenched lines about a mile in rear. A map was sent me show- 
ing me the positions General Sumner's and General Franklin's 
corps Avould occupy. About sunrise the next day our troops 
slowly fell back to the new position, cautiously followed by 
the enemy taking possession of our camps as soon as we left 
them. 

" From some misapprehension General Sumner held a more 
advanced position than was indicated on the map furnished 
me, thus leaving a space of about three fourths of a mile be- 
tween the right of his corps and General Smith's division of 
General Franklin's corps. * * * * 



SAVAGE S STATION. 261 

At 11 A.M. on the 29th the enemy commenced an attack on 
General Sumner's troops, a few shells falling within my lines. 
Late in the afternoon reports reached me that the rebels Avere 
in possession of Dr. Trent's house, only a mile and a half from 
Savage's Station. I sent several cavalry reconnoissances, and 
finally was satisfied of the fact. General Franklin came to my 
head-quarters, when I learned of the interval between his left 
and General Sumnei''s right, in which space Dr. Trent's house 
is. Also that the rebels had repaired one of the bridges across 
the Chickahominy, and were advancing. * * 

" I rode forward to see General Sumner, and met his 
troops falling back on the Williamsburg road, through ray 
fines. General Sumner informed me that he intended to make 
a stand at Savage's Station, and for me to join him to deter- 
mine upon the position. This movement of General Sumner's 
uncovering my right flank, it became necessary for me at once 
to withdraw ray troops, * * * * 

" I rode back to find General Sumner; after some. delay from 
the mass of troops in the field, I found him and learned that 
the course of action had been determined on : so returned to 
my command, and to give the necessary orders for the destruc- 
tion of the railroad cars, ammunition, and provisions still re- 
maining on the ground. * * * * 

" The whole open space near Savage's Station was crowded 
with troops, more than I supposed could be brought into action 
judiciously. An aide from the commanding general had in the 
morning reported to me, to point out a road across the White 
Oak Swamp, starting from the left of General Kearney's posi- 
tion and leading by Brackett's Ford. * * * The advance 
of the column reached the Charles City road at 6^ p.m., and 
the rear at 10 p.m., without accident." 

The orders given by me to Generals Sumner, Heintzelman 
and Franklin, were to hold the positions assigned them until 
dark. As stated by General Heintzelman, General Sumner did 
not occupy the designated position, but as he Avas the senior 
oflicer present on that side of the White Oak Swamp, he may 
have thought that the movements of the enemy justified a 
deviation from the letter of the orders. It appears from his 



262 SECOND PERIOD. 

report that he assumed command of all the troops near Sav- 
age's Station, and determined to resist the enemy there, and 
that he gave General Hcintzelman orders to hold the same 
position as I had assigned him. 

The aide sent by me to General Heintzelraan, to point out 
the road across the swamp, was to guide him in retu-ing after 
dark. 

On reaching Savage's Station, Sumner's and Franklin's com- 
mands were drawn up in line of battle in the large open field 
to the left of the railroad, the left resting on the edge of the 
woods, and the right extending down to the railroad. 

General Brooks, with his brigade, held the wood to the left 
of the field, where he did excellent service, receiving a wound, 
but retaining his command. 

General Hancock's brigade was thrown into the woods on 
the right and front. 

At 4 P.M. the enemy commenced hig attack in large force by 
the Williamsburg road. It was gallantly met by General 
Burns' brigade, supported and reinforced by two lines in 
reserve, and finally by the New York 69th, Hazzard's and 
Pettit's batteries again doing good service. Osborne's and 
Bramhall's batteries also took part efiectively in this action, 
which was continued with great obstinacy until between 8 and 
9 P.M., when the enemy were driven from the field. 



MOVEMENTS TOWARD JAMES RIVER. 

Immediately after the battle the orders were repeated for 
all the troops to fall back and cross White Oak Swamp, which 
was accompHshed daring the night, in good order. 

By midnight all the troops were on the road to White Oak 
Swamp Bridge, General French, with his brigade, acting as 
rear guard, and at 5 a.m. on the 30th all had crossed, and the 
bridge was destroyed. 

On the afternoon and night of the 29th I gave the corps 
commanders their instructions for the operations of the follow- 
ing day. As stated before. Porter's corps was to move for- 
ward to James River, and with the corps of General Keyes, 



MOVEMENTS TOWARD JAMSS RITER. 263 

to occupy a position at or near Turkey Bend, on a line perpen- 
dicular ^o the river, thus covering the Charles City road to 
Richmond, opening commiinication with the gun-boats, and 
covering the passage of the supply trains, which were pushed 
forward as rapidly as possible upon Haxall's plantation. The 
remaining corps were pressed onward, and jjosted so as to 
guard the approaches from Richmond as well as the crossing 
of the White Oak Swamp, over which the army had passed. 

General Franklin was ordered to hold the passage of White 
Oak Swamp Bridge, and cover the withdrawal of the trains 
from that point. His command consisted of his own corps, 
with General Richardson's division and General Naglee's 
brigade placed under his orders for the occasion. 

General Slocum's division was on the right of the Charles 
City road. 

On the morning of the 30th I again gave to the corps com- 
manders within reach instructions for posting their troops. I 
found that, notwithstanding all the eiForts of my personal stafi 
and other officers, the roads were blocked by wagons, and 
there was great difficulty in keeping the ti'ains in motion. 

The engineer officers Avhom I had sent forward on the 28tli 
to reconnoitre the roads had neither returned nor sent me any 
reports or guides. 

Generals Keyes and Porter had been delayed, one by losing 
the road, and the other in repairing an old road, and had not 
been able to send me any information. We then knew of but 
one road for the movement of troops and our immense 
trains. 

It was therefore necessary to post the troops in advance of 
this road, as well as our limited knowledge of the ground per- 
mitted, so as to cover the movement of the ti'ains in rear. 

I then examined the whole line from the swamp to the left, 
giving final instructions for the posting of the troops and the 
obstruction of the roads towards Richmond, and all corps 
commanders were directed to hold their positions until the 
trains had passed, after which a more concentrated position 
was to be taken up near James River. 

Our force was too small to occupy and hold the entire line 
from the White Oak Swamp to the river, exposed as it was 



264 SECOND PERIOD. 

to be taken in reverse by a movement across the lower part 
of the swamp, or across the Chickahominy below the^wamp. 
Moreover, the troops were then greatly exhausted, and re- 
quired rest in a more secure position. 

I extended my examinations of the country as far as Haxall's, 
looking at all the approaches to Malvern, which position I per- 
ceived to be the key to our operations in this quarter, and was 
thus enabled to expedite very considerably the passage of the 
trains, and to rectify the positions of the troops. 

Everything being then quiet, I sent aids to the different 
corps commanders to inform them what I had done on the 
left, and to bring me information of the condition of affairS on 
the right. I retinuied from Malvern to Haxall's, and, having 
made arrangements for instant communication from Malvern 
by signals, went on board of Captain Rf)dgers's gun-boat, lying 
near, to confer with him in reference to the condition of our 
supply vessels, and the state of things on the river. 

It was his opinion that it would be necessary for the army 
to fall back to a position below City Point, as the channel there 
was so near the southern shore that it would not be possible 
to bring up the transports, should the enemy occupy it. Har- 
rison's Landing was, in his opinion, the nearest suitable point. 
Upon the termination of this interview, I returned to Malvern 
Hill, and remained there until shortly before daylight. 

On the morning of the 30th General Sumner was ordered 
to march with Sedgwick's division to Glendale (" Nelson's 
Farm"). 

General McCall's division (Pennsylvania Reserves) was 
halted during the morning on the New Market road, just in 
advance of the point where a road turns off to Quaker Church. 
His line was formed ])erpendicularly to the New Market road, 
with Meade's brigade on the right, Seymour's on the left, and 
Reynolds's brigade, commanded by Colonel S. G. Simmons, 
of the 5th Pennsylvania, in reserve. Randall's regular battery 
on the right, Kern's and Cooper's batteries opposite the cen 
tre, and Deitrich's and Kauerhem's batteries, of the artillery 
reserve, on the left — all in front of the infantry line. The 
country in General McCall's front was open, intersected to- 
wards thj! right by the New Market road, and a small strip 



MOVKMENTS TOWARD JAMES RIVER. 265 

of timber parallel to it. The open front was about 80^ yards, 
its depth about 1,000 yards. 

On the morning of the 30th General Heintzelman ordered 
the bridge at Brackett's Ford to be destroyed, and trees to be 
felled across that road and the Charles City road. 

General Slocum's division was to extend to the Charles City 
foad. 

Gencal Kearney's right to connect with General Slocum's 
left. 

General McCall's position was to the left of the Long Bridge 
road, in connection with General Kearney's left. General 
Hookf»r was on the left of General McCall. 



WHITE-OAK SWAMP BRIDGE. * 

Between 12 and 1 o'clock the enemy opened a fierce can- 
nonade upon the divisions of Smith and Richardson and Na- 
glee's brigade at White-Oak Swamp Bridge. This artillery fire 
was continued by the enemy through the day, and he crossed 
some infantry below our position. Richardson's division suf- 
fered severely. Capt. Ayres directed our artillery with great 
efiect. Capt. Hazzard's battery, after losing many cannoneers, 
and Citpt, Hazzard being mortally wounded, was compelled to 
retire. It was replaced by Pettit's battery, which partially 
silenced the enemy's gims. 

General Franklin held his position until after dark, repeat- 
edly driving back the enemy in their attempts to cross the 
White-Oak Swamp. 

CHARLES CITY CROSS-ROADS, &c. 

At 2 o'clock in the day the enemy were reported advancing 
in force by the Charles City road, and at half-past 2 o'clock 
the attack was made down the road on Gen. Slocum's left, but 
was checked by his artillery. After this the enemy, in large 
force, comprising the divisions of Longstreet and A. P. Hill, 
attacked Gen. McCall, whose division, after severe fighting, was 
compelled to retire. 

12 



20tt SECOND PERIOD, 

General McCall, in Ms report of the battle say& : 
***** 

. " About liiilf past two my pickets were driven in by a strong 
advance, after some skirmishing without loss on our part. At 
3 o'clock the enemy sent forward a regiment on the left centre 
and another on the right centre, to feel for a weak point. 
Tliey were under cover of a shower of shells, and boldly ad- 
vanced, but were both driven, back, on the left by the 12th 
regiment, and on tlie right by the 7th regiment. * * 

For near two hours the battle raged hotly here. * * 

"At last the enemy was compelled to retire before the Tvell- 
directed musketry fire of the reserves. The German batteries 
were driven to the rear, but I rode up and sent tliem back. 
It was however of little avail, and they were soon after aban- 
doned by the cannoneers. ***** 
The batteries in front of the centre were -boldly charged upon, 
but the enemy was speedily forced back. * * * 

" Soon after this a most determined charge was made on 
Randall's battery by a full brigade advancing in wedge-shape, 
without order, but in perfect recklessness. 

" Somewhat similar charges had, I have stated, been pre- 
viously made on Cooper's and Kern's batteries by single regi- 
ments without success, they having recoiled before the storm 
of canister hurled against them. 

" A like result was anticipated by Randall's battery, and 
the 4th regiment was requested not to fire until the battery 
had done with them. Its gallant commander did not doubt 
his ability to repel the attack, and his guns did indeed mow 
down the advancing host, but still the gaps Avere closed, and 
the enemy came in upon a run to the very muzzle of his guns. 

" It was a perfect torrent of men, and they were in his bat- 
tery before the guns could be removed. Two guns that were 
indeed successfully limbered had their horses killed and 
wovmded, and were ovei'turned on the spot, and the enemy 
dashing past drove the greater part of the 4th regiment before 
them. The left company (B) nevertheless stood its ground, 
with its captain, Fred. A. Conrad, as did likewise certain men 
of other companies. I had ridden into the regiment and en* 
deavored to check them, but with only partial success. 



MOVEMENTS TOWAKD JAMES RIVER. 267 

'.'! * * * * 

" There was no running ; but my division, reduced by tlie 
previous battles to Jess than (6,000) six thousand, had to con- 
tend with the divisions of Longstreet and A. P. Hill, considered 
two of the strongest and best among many of the Confederate 
army, numbering that day 18,000 or 20,000 men, and it was 
reluctantly compelled to give way before heavier force accu- 
nulated upon them." 

* * * si: * * 

General Heintzelman states, that about 5 p.m. Gen. McCall's 
division was attacked in large force, evidently the principal 
attack ; that in less than an hour the division gave way, and 
adds : 

" General Hooker, being on his left, by moving to the right, 
repulsed the rebels in the handsomest manner, with great 
slaughter. Gen. Sumner, who was with Gen. Sedgwick in 
McCall's rear, also greatly aided with his artillery and infantry 
in driving back the enemy. They now renewed their attack 
with vigor on Gen. Kearney's left, and were again repulsed 
with heavy loss. 

****** 

" This attack commenced about 4 p.m., and was pushed by 
heavy masses with the utmost determination and. vigor. Capt. 
Thompson's battery, dii'ected with great precision, firing 
double charges, swept them back. The whole open space, 
200 paces wide, was filled with the enemy ; each repulse brought, 
fresh troops. The third attack was only repulsed by the rapid 
volleys and determined charge of the 63d Pennsylvania, Col. 
Hays, and half of the 3Vth New York Volunteers." 

General McCall's troops soon began to emerge from the 
woods into the open field. Several batteries were in position 
and began to fire into the woods over the heads of our men in 
front. Captain De Russy's battery was placed on the right of 
General Sumner's artillery, with orders to shell the woods. 
General Burns's brigade was then advanced to meet the enemy, 
and soon drove him back. Other troops began to return from 
the White Oak Swamp. 

Later in the day, at the call of General Kearney, General 
Taylor's 1st New Jersey brigade, Slocum's division, was sent 



268 SECOND PERIOD. 

to occupy a portion of General McCall's deserted position, 
a battery aci ompanying the brigade. They soon drove back 
the enemy, who shortly after gave up the attack, contenting 
themselves with keeping up a desultory firing till late at night. 
Between 12 and 1 o'clock at night General Heintzelman com- 
menced to withdraw his corps, and soon after daylight both 
of his divisions, with General Slocum's division, and a portion 
of General Sumner's command, reached Malvern Hill. 

On the morning of the 30th General Sumner, in obedience 
to orders, had moved promptly to Glendale, and upon a call 
from General Franklin for reinforcements, sent him two bri- 
gades, which returned in time to participate and render good 
service in the battle near Glendale. General Sumner says of 
this battle : 

" The battle of Glendale was the most severe action since 
the battle of Fair Oaks. About 3 o'clock p.m. the action com- 
menced, and after a furious contest, lasting till after dark, the 
enemy was routed at all points and driven from the field." 

The rear of the supply trains and the reserve artillery of the 
army reached Malvern Hill about 4 p.m. At about this time 
the enemy began to appear in General Porter's front, and at 5 
o'clock, advanced in large force against his left flank, posting 
artillery under cover of a skirt of timber, with a view to en- 
gage our force on Malvern Hill, while with his infantry and 
some artillery, he attacked Colonel Warren's brigade. A con- 
centrated fire of about thirty guns was brought to bear on the 
enemy, which, with the infantry fire of Colonel Warren's com- 
mand, compelled him to retreat, leaving two guns in the hands 
of Colonel Warren. « 

The gunboats rendered most efficient aid at this time, and 
helped to drive back the enemy. It was very late at night be- 
fore my aides returned to give me the results of the day's 
fighting along the whole line, and the true position of affairs. 
While waiting to hear from General Franklin before sending 
orders to Generals Sumner and Heintzelman, I received a mes- 
sage from the latter that General Franklin was falling back; 
whereupon I sent Colonel Colburn of my staff" with orders to 
verify this, and if it were true, to order in Generals Sumner 



' MALVERN HILL. 269 

and Heintzelraan at once. He had not gone far when he met 
two officers sent from General Franklin's head-qnartevs with 
the information that he was foUing back. Orders were then 
sent to Generals Sumner and Heintzelman to fall back also, and 
definite instructions were given as to the movement, which 
was to commence on the right. The orders met these troops 
already en route to Malvern. Instructions were also sent to 
General Franklin as to the route he was to follow. 

General Barnard then received full instructions for posting the 
troops as they arrived. I then returned to Haxall's, and again 
left for Malvern soon after daybreak, accompanied by several 
general officers. I once moi'e made the entire circuit of the 
position, and then returned to Haxall's, whence I went with 
Captain Rodgers to select the final location for the army and 
its depots. I returned to Malvern before the serious fighting 
commenced, and after riding along the lines and seeing most 
cause to feel anxious about the right, remained in that vicinity. 



MALVERN HILL. 

The position selected for resisting the further advance of the 
enemy on the 1st of July, was with the left and centre of our 
lines resting on " Malvern Hill,'! while the right curved back- 
wai'ds through a wooded country toward a point below Hax- 
all's on James River. Malvern Hill is an elevated plateau 
about a mile and a half by three-fourths of a mile area, well 
cleared of timber, and with several converging roads running 
over it. In front are numerous defensible I'avines, and the 
ground slope* gradually toward the north and east to the wood 
land, giving clear ranges for artillery in those directions. 
Toward the northwest the plateau falls off more abruptly into 
a ravine wdiich extends to James River. From the position 
of the enemy, his most obvious lines of attack would come 
from the directions of Richmond and White .Oak Swamp, and 
would almost of necessity strike us upon oiir left wing. Here, 
therefore, the lines were strengthened by massing the troops, 
and collecting the principal part of the artillery. Porter's 
coros held the left of the line (Sykes' division on the left, Mo- 



270 SECONDPERIOD. 

rell's on the right) with the artillery of his two divisions advan- 
tageonsly posted ; and the artillery of the reserve so disposed 
on tlie high ground, that a concentrated fiie of some sixty guns 
could be brought to bear on any point in his front or. left. 
Colonel Tyler also had, with great exertion, succeeded in get- 
ting ten of his siege guns in position on the highest point of 
the hill. 

Couch's division was placed on the right of Porter, next 
came Kearney and Hooker, next Sedgwick and Richardson, 
next Smith and Slocum, then the remainder of Keyes' corps^ 
extending by a backward curve nearly to the river. The 
Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was held in reserve, and stationed 
behind Porter's and Couch'^s position. One brigade of Porter's 
was thrown to the left on the low ground, to protect the flank 
from any movement direct from the Richmond road. The line 
was very strong along the whole front of the open plateau ; 
but from thence to the extreme right, the troops Avere more 
deployed. This formation was imperative, as an attack would 
probably be made upon our left. 

The right was rendered as secure as possible by slashing the 
timber and by barricading the roads. Commodore Rodgers, 
commanding the flotilla on James River, placed his gun-boats 
so as to protect our flanks, and to command the approaches 
from Richmond. 

Between 9 and 10 a.m. the enemy commenced feeling along 
our whole left wing with his artillery and skirmishers, as far 
to the right as Hooker's division. 

About two o'clock a column of the enemy was observed 
moving towards our right, within the skirt of woods in front 
of Heintzelman's corps, but beyond the range of our artillery. 
Arrangements were at once made to meet the anticipated at- 
tack in that quarter ; but though the column was long, occu- 
pying more than two hours in passing, it disappeared, and was 
not again heard of. The presumption is, that it retired by the 
rear, and participated in the attack afterwards made on our 
left. 

About 3 P.M. a heavy fire of artillery opened on Kearney's 
left, and Couch's division, speedily followed up by a brisk 
attack of infantry on Couch's front. The artillery was replied 



MALVERN HILL. 271 

to wilh good effect by our own, and the infantry of Couch's 
division remained lying on the ground until the advancing 
cohimn was within short musketry range, when they sprang 
to their feet, and poured in a deadly volley, whicli entirely 
broke the attacking force, and drove them in disorder back 
over their own ground. This advantage was followed up until 
we had advanced the right of our line some seven or eight 
hundred yards, and rested upon a thick clump of trees, giving 
us a stronger position, and a better fire. 

Shortly after four o'clock the firing ceased along the whole 
front ; but no disposition was evinced on the part of the enemy 
to withdraw from the field. 

Caldwell's brigade having been detached from Richardson's 
division was stationed upon Couch's right, by General Porter, 
to whom he had been ordered to report. The whole line Avas 
surveyed by the generals, and every thing held in readiness to 
meet the coming attack. At six o'clock the enemy suddenly 
opened upon Couch and Porter with the whole sti-ength of 
his artillery, and at once began pushing forward his columns 
of attack to carry the hill. Brigade after brigade formed 
under cover of the woods, started at a run to cross the open 
space and charge our batteries ; but the heavy fire of our guns, 
with the cool and steady volleys of our infantry, in every case, 
sent them reeling back to shelter, and covered the ground with 
their dead and wounded. In several instances our infantry 
withheld tlieir fire until the attacking columns, which rushed 
through the storm of canister and shell from our artillery, 
had reached within a few yards of our lines. They then poured 
in a single volley, and dashed forward with the bayonet, cap- 
turing prisoners and colors, and driving the routed columns in 
confusion from the field. 

About seven o'clock, as fresh troops were accumulating in 
front of Porter and Couch, Meagher and Sickles were sent 
with their brigades as soon as it was considered prudent to 
withdraw any portion of Sumner's and Heintzelman's troops to 
reinforce that part of the line, and hold the position. These 
brigades relieved such regiments of Porter's corps and Couch's 
division, as had expended their ammunition, and batteries from 
the reserve were pushed forward to replace those whose boxes 



272 SBCOND PEKIOD. 

were einply. Until dark the enemy persisted in his effarts to 
take the position so tenaciously defended ; but despite his 
vastly superior numbers, his repeated and desperate attacks 
were repulsed with fearful loss, and darkness ended the battle 
of Malvern Hill, though it was not until after nine o'clock that 
the artillery ceased its fire. 

During the whole battle Commodore Rodgers added greatly 
to the discomfiture of the enemy, by throwing shells among 
his reserves and advancing columns. 

As the army, in its movement from the Chickahominy to 
Harrison's Landing, was continually occupied in marching by 
night and fighting by day, its commanders found no time or 
opportunity for collecting data, which would enable them to 
give exact returns of casualties in each engagement. The ag- 
gregate of our entire losses, from the 26th of June to the 1st 
of July, inclusive, was ascertained, after arriving at Harrison's 
Landing, to be as follows : — 

List of the killed, toomxded and missing, in the army of the 
Potomac, from the 2Qth of June, 1862, to the \st of July, 
1862, inclusive. 

00EP8. KILLED. WOUNDED. MIS8IN0. AGOREGATB, 

1st.— McCall's Pean. Reserves, 253 1,240 1,581 3,074 

2d.— Sumner's, - - 187 1,076 848 2,111 

3d.— Heintzelman'g, - - 189 1,051 833 2,073 

4th.— Keyes', - - - 69 507 201 777 

5th.— Porter's, - - - 620 2,460 1,198 4,278 

6th.— Franklin's, - - • 245 1,313 1,179 2,737 

Engineers, - - . 2 21 23 

Cavaliy, - - - 19 60 97 176 



Total, - - 1,582 7,709 5,958 15,249 



MOVEMENT TO HARRISON'S LANDING. 

Although the result of the battle of Malvern was a complete 
victory, it was nevertheless necessaiy to foil back still further, 
*in order to reach a point where our supplies could be brought 
to us with certainty. As before stated, in the opinion of Cap- 



MOVEMENT TO HARRISONS LANDING. 273 

tain Rodgers, commanding the gun-boat flotilla, this could 
only be done below City Point. Conctirring in hia opinion, I 
selected Harrison's Bar as the new position of the army. The 
exhaustion of our supplies of food, forage and ammunition, 
made it imperative to reach the transports immediately. 

The greater portion of the transportation of the array hav- 
ing been started for Harrison's Landing during the night of 
the 30th of June and 1st of July, the order for the move- 
ment of the troops was at once issued upon the final repulse 
of the enemy at Malvern Hill. 

The order prescribed a movement by the left and rear. 
General Keyes' corps to cover the manoeuvre. It was not 
carried out in detail as regards the divisions on the left, the 
roads being somewhat blocked by the rear of our trains. 
Porter and Coifch were not able to move out as early as had 
been anticipated, and Porter found it necessary to place a 
rear-guard between his comman#l and the enemy. Colonel 
Averill, of the 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry, was entrusted with 
this delicate duty. He had under his command his own regi- 
ment and Lieutenant-Colonel Buchanan's brigade of regular 
infantry, and one battery. By a judicious use of the resources 
at his command, he deceived the enemy so as to cover the 
withdrawal of the left wing without being attacked, remain- 
ing himself on the previous day's battle-field until about 7 
o'clock of the 2d July. Meantime, General Keyes having re- 
ceived his orders, commenced vigorous preparations for cover- 
ing the movement of the entire army, and protecting the 
trains. It being evident that the immense number of wagons 
and artillery carriages pertaining to the army could not move 
with celerity along a single road, General Keyes took advan- 
tage of every accident of the ground to open new avenues,, 
and to facilitate the movement. He made preparations for 
obstructing the roads after the army had passed, so as to pre- 
vent any rapid pursuit, destroying effectually Turkey Bridge, 
on the main road, and rendering other roads and approaches 
temporarily impassable by felling trees across them. He kept 
the trains well closed up, and directed the march so that the 
troops could move on each side of the roads, not obstructing 
the passage, but being in good position to repel an attack 



274 SECOND PERIOD. 

from any quarter. His dispositions were so successful that, 
to use his own words : " I do not think more vehicles or more 
public property were abandoned on the march from Turkey 
Bridge than would have been left, in the same state of the 
roads, if the army had been moving toward the enemy, in- 
stead of away from him ; and when it is understood that the 
carriages and teams belonging to this army, stretched out in 
one line, would extend not far from forty miles, the energy 
and caution necessary for their safe Avithdrawal from the pres- 
ence of an enemy vastly superior in numbers, will be appre- 
ciated." 

The last of the wagons did not reach the site selected at 
Harrison's Bar, until after dark on the 3d of July, and the 
rear guard did not move into their camp until every thing was 
secure. The enemy followed up with a small force, and on 
the 3d threw a few shells at the rear guard, but were quickly 
dispersed by our batteries, and the fire of the gun-boats. 

Great credit must be awarded to General Keyes, for the 
^ skill and energy which characterized his performance of the 
important and delicate duties entrusted to his charge. 

High praise is also due to the officers and men of the 1st 
Connecticut Artillery, Col. Tyler, for the manner in which they 
withdrew all the heavy guns during the seven days, and from 
Malvern Hill. Owing to the crowded state of the roads, the 
teams could not be brought within a couple of miles of the 
position, but these energetic soldiers removed the guns by 
hand for that distance, leaving nothing behind. 



THIRD PERIOD. 



CLOSE OF THE PENmSULAR CAMPAIGN. 

On the 1st of July, I received the following from the Presi- 
dent: 

"Washington, July 1, 1862. 3.30 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

It is impossible to reinforce you for your present emergency. 
If we hi- : a million of men, we could not get them to give you 
in time. We have not the men to send. If you are not strong 
enough to face the enemy, you must find a place of security 
and wait, rest and repair. 

Maintain your ground if you can, but save the army at all 
events, even if you fall back to Fort Monroe. We still have 
strength enough in the country, and will bring it out. 

A. Lincoln. 

In a dispatch from the President to me on the 2d of July, 
be says : 

"If you think you are not strong enough to take Richmond 
just now, I do not ask you to. Try just now to save the army 
material and personnel, and I will strengthen 't for the offensive 
again as fast as I can 

"The governors of eighteen (18) states offer me a new levy 
of three hundred thousand, which I accept." 

On the 3d of July, the following kind dispatch was received 
from the President : 



276 THIRD PERIOD. 

{Extract.) 

Washington, July 3, 1362. 3 p.u. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

Yours of 5.30, yesterday, is just received. I am satisfied 
that yourself, officers and men have 'done the best you could. 
All accounts say better fighting was never done. Ten thousand 
thanks for it. 

TNT •fC ^ -jC V T* "I^ 

A. Lincoln. 

On the 4th, I sent the following to the President : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Harrison's Bab, James River, July 4, 1862. 
To THB President : — 

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch 
of the 2d instant. 

I shall make a stand at this place, and endeavor to give my 
men the repose they so much require. 

After sending my communication on Tuesday, the enemy 
attacked the left of our lines, and a fierce battle ensued, lasting 
until night ; they Avere repulsed with great slaughter. Had 
their attack succeeded, the consequences would have been 
disastrous in the extreme. This closed the hard fighting 
which had continued from the afternoon of the 26th ult., in 
a daily series of engagements, wholly unparalleled on this con- 
tinent for detei'mination and slaughter on both sides. 

The mutual loss, in killed and wounded, is enormous. That 
of the enemy certainly greatest. On Tuesday evening the 1st, 
our army commenced its movement from Haxall's to this point. 
Our line of defense there, being too extended to be maintained 
by our weakened forces. Ouc train was immense, and about 
4 A.M. on the 2d, a heavy storm of rain began, which con- 
tinued during the entire day, and until the forenoon of yes- 
terday. 

The road became horrible. Troops, artillery and wagons, 
moved on steadily, and our whole army, men and material, 
was finally brought safe into this camp. The last of the 
wagons reached here at noon yesterday. The exhaustion was 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAS CAMPAIGN. 277 

very great, but the array preserved its morale, and would 
have repelled any attack which the enemy was in condition to 
make. 

We now occupy a Hue of heights about two miles from the 
James, a plain extending from there to the liver. Our front is 
about three miles long. These heights command our whole 
position, and must be maintained. The gunboats can render 
valuable suj^port upon both flanks. If the enemy attack us in 
front, we must hold our ground as best we may, and at what- 
ever cost. 

Our positions can be carried only by overwhelming num- 
bers. The spirit of the army is excellent. Stragglers are find- 
ing their regiments, and the soldiery exhibit the best results 
of discipline. Our position is by no means impregnable, es- 
pecially as a morass extends on this side of the high ground, 
from our centre to the James on our right. The enemy may 
attack in vast numbers, and if so our front will be the scene 
of a desperate battle, which, if lost, will be decisive. Our 
army is fearfully weakened by killed, wounded, and prisoners. 
I cannot now approximate to any statement of our losses, but 
we were not beaten in any conflict. The enemy were unable 
by their utmost efibrts to drive us from any field. Never did 
such a change of base, involving a retrograde movement, and 
under incessant attacks from a most determined and vastly 
more numerous foe, partake so little of disorder. We have 
lost no guns, except 25 on the field of battle, 21 of which were 
lost by the giving way of McCall's division imder the onset of 
superior numbers. 

Our communications by the James River are not secure. 
There are points where the enemy can establish themselves 
with cannon or musketry and command the river, and where 
it is not certain that our gunboats can drive them out. In 
case of this, or in case our front is broken, I will still make 
every effort to preserve at least the personnel of the army, and 
the events of the last few days leave no question that the 
troojDS will do all that their country can ask. Send such rein- 
forcements as you can. I Avill do what I can. We are ship- 
ping our wounded and sick, and landing supplies. The navy- 
department should co-operate with us to the extent of its re- 



278 THIRD PERIOD. 

sources. Captain Rodgers is doing all in his power, iu the kind- 
est and most efficient manner. 

When all the circumstances of the case are known, it will be 
acknowledged by all competent judges, that the movement 
just completed by tliis army is unparalleled in the annals of war. 
Under the most difficult circumstances, we have presented our 
trains, our guns, our material, and, above all, our honor. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GreneraL 

To which I received the following reply : 

"Washington, July 5, 1862. 9 am. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 

Commanding Army of the Potomac. 
A thousand thanks for the relief your two dispatches of 
12 and 1 p.m. yesterday, gave me. Be assured, the heroism 
and skill of yourself, officers, and men, is and for ever will be 
appreciated. 

If you can hold your present position we shall hive the 
enemy yet. 

A. Lincoln. 

The following letters were received from his Excellency the 
President. 

"War Department, 
Washington City, D. C, July 4th, 1862. 

Major-General McClellan, 

I understand your position, as stated in your letter, and 
by General Marcy. To reinforce you so as to enable you to 
resume the offensive within a month, or even six weeks, is im- 
possible. In addition to that arrived and now arriving from 
the Potomac (about ten thousand, I suppose), and about ten 
thousand I hope you will have from Burnside very soon, and 
about five thousand from Hunter a little later, I do not see 
how I can send you another man within a month. Under 
these circumstances, the defensive, for the present, must be 
your only care. Save the army first, where you are, if you 



CLOSE OF THE PENIXSULAR CAMPAIGN. 2*19 

can, and, secondly, by removal, if you must. You, on the 
ground, must be the judge as to Mdiich you will attempt, and 
of the means for effecting it. I but give it as my ojiinion, that 
with the aid of the gunboats^and tlie reinforcements mentioned 
above, you can hold your present position, provided, and so 
long as, you can keep the James River open below you. If 
you are not tolerably confident you can keep the James River 
open, you had better remove as soon as possible. I do not re- 
member that you have expressed any apprehension as to the 
danger of having your communication cut on the river below 
you, yet I do not suppose it can have escaped your attention. 

Yours, very truly, 

A. Lincoln. 

P. S. — If at any time you feel able to take the offensive, you 
are not restrained from doing so. 

A. L. 

The following telegram was sent on the 7th : — 

Head-Quarters, Ariit of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, July 7, 1862. 8.30 a.m. 

As boat is starting, I have only time to acknowledge 
receipt of dispatch by General Marcy. Enemy have not 
attacked. My position is very strong, and daily becoming 
more so. If not attacked to-day, I shall laugh at them. I 
nave been anxious about my communications. Had long con- 
sultation about it with Flag-officer Goldsborough last night ; 
he is confident he can keep river open. He should have all 
gun-boats possible. Will see him again this morning. My 
men in splendid spirits, and anxious to try it again. 

Alarm yourself as little as possible about me, and don't lose 
confidence in this Q.rmy. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

"While General-in-Chief, and directing the operations of all 
our armies .:n the field, I had becone deeply impressed with 



280 THIRD PERIOD. 

the ira])ortance of adopting and carrying out certain views re- 
garding the conduct of the war, which, in my judgment, 
were essential to its objects and its success. During an active 
campaign of three months in the enemy's countr}' these were 
so fully confirmed that I conceived it a duty, in the critical 
position we then occupied, not to withhold a candid expression 
of the more important of these views from the commauder-in- 
chief whom the constitution places at the head of the armies 
and navies, as well as of the government of the nation. The 
following is a copy of my letter to Mr. Lincoln ; — 

Head-Quarters, Arut of the Potomac, 
Camp near Harrison's LANDrsQ, Va., July 7, 1862. 

Mr. President, — 

You have been fully informed that the rebel army is in our 
front, with the purpose of overwhelming us by attacking our 
positions or reducing us by blocking our river communications. 
I can not but regard our condition as critical, and I earnestly 
desire, in view of possible contingencies, to lay before your 
Excellency, for your private consideration, my genei'al views 
concerning the existing state of the rebellion, although they 
do not strictly relate to the situation of this army, or strictly 
come within the scope of my official duties. These views 
amount to convictions, and are deeply impressed upon my 
mind and heart. Our cause must never be abandoned ; it is 
the cause of free institutions and self government. The Con- 
stitution and the Union must be preserved, whatever may be 
the cost in time, treasure and blood. If secession is successful 
other dissolutions are clearly to be seen in the future. Let 
neither military disaster, political faction, nor foreign war, 
shake your settled purpose to enforce the equal operation of 
the laws of the United States upon the people of every 
State. 

The time has come when the government must determine 
upon a civil and military policy covering the whole ground of 
our national trouble. The responsibility of determining, 
declaring and supporting such civil and military policy, and 
of directing the whole course of national affairs in regard to 
the rebeU on must now be assumed and exercised by you, or 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 281 

our cause will be lost. The constitution gives you power 
sufficient even for the present terrible exigency. 

This rebellion has assumed the character of war ; as such it 
should be regarded ; and it should be conducted upon the 
highest principles known to Christian civilization. It should 
not be a war looking to the subjugation of the people of any 
state in any event. It should not be at all a war upon popu- 
lation, but against armed forces and political organizations. 
Neither confiscation of proj^erty, political executions of per- 
sons, territorial organization of states, or forcible abolition of 
slavery should be contemplated for a moment. In prosecuting 
the war, all private property and unarmed persons should be 
strictly protected, subject only to the necessity of military 
opei-ations. All private property taken for military use should 
be paid or receipted for : pillage and waste should be treated 
as high crimes : all unnecessary trespass sternly prohibited, 
and offensive demeanor by the military towards citizens 
promptly rebuked. Military arrests should not be tolerated, 
except in places where active hostilities exist, and oaths not 
required by enactments constitutionally made, should be 
neither demanded nor received. Military government should 
be confined to the preservation of public order and the protec- 
tion of political rights. Military power should not be allowed 
to interfere with the relations of servitude, either by support- 
ing or impairing the authority of the master, except for re- 
pressing disorder, as in other cases. Slaves contraband under 
the act of Congress, seeking military protection, should receive 
it. The right of the government to appropriate permanently 
to its own service, claims to slave labor, should be asserted, 
and the right of the owner to compensation therefor should be 
recognized. 

This principle might be extended, upon grounds of military 
necessity and security, to all the slaves within a particular 
State, thus working manumission in such State ; and in Mis- 
Boui'i, perhaps in Western Virginia also, and possibly even in 
Maryland, the expediency of such a measure is only a question 
of time. 

A system of policy thus constitutional and conservative, and 
pervaded by the influences of Christianity and freedom, would 



282 THIKD PERIOD. 

receive the support of almost all truly loyal men, would deeply 
impress the rebel masses and all foreign nations, and it might 
be humbly hoped that it Avould commend itself to the favor of 
the Almighty. 

Unless the principles governing the future conduct of our 
struggle shall be made known and approved, the effort to ob- 
tain requisite forces will be almost hopeless. A declaration 
of radical views, especially upon slavery, will rapidly disinte- 
grate our present armies. 

The policy of the government must be supported by con- 
centrations of military power. The national forces should not 
be dispersed in expeditions, posts of occupation, and numerous 
armies, but should be mainly collected into masses, and brought 
to bear upon the armies of the confederate states. Those 
armies thoroughly defeated, the political structure which they 
support would soon cease to exist. 

In carrying out any system of policy which you may form, 
you will require a comjiiander-in-chief of the army ; one who 
possesses your confidence, understands your views, and who 
is competent to execute your orders by directing the military 
forces of the nation to the accomplishment of the objects by 
you proposed. I do not ask that place for myself. I am will- 
ing to serve you in such position as you may assign me, and I 
will do so as faithfully as ever subordinate served superior. 

I may be on the brink of eternity, and as I hope for forgive- 
ness from my Maker, I have written this letter with sincerity 
towards you, and from love for my countiy. 

Very respectfully, your ob't servant, 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-General Comd'g. 
His Excellency A. Lincoln, 

President 

I telegraphed the President on the 11th as follows : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomao, 
Berkeley, July 11, 1862. 3 p.m. 
• * « * * 

We are very strong here now so far as defensive is con- 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 283 

cerned. Hope you will soon make us strong enough to advance 
and try it again. All in fine spirits. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen, Comd'g. 

A. Lincoln, 

President. 

These telegrams were sent on the 12th, l7th and 18th, to 
his Excellency the President. 

HfeAD-QUARTERS, ArMT OP THE POTOMAC, 

Berkeley, July 12, 1862. 7.15 a.m. 

Hill and Longstreet crossed into New Kent County via 
Long Bridge. I am still ignorant what road they afterwards 
took, but will know shortly. 

Nothing else of interest since last dispatch, rain ceased and 
everything quiet. Men resting well, but beginning to be im- 
patient for another fight. 

I am more and more convinced that this army ought not to 
be withdrawn from here ; but promptly reinforced and thrown 
again upon Richmond. If we have a little more than half a 
chance we can take it. I dread the effects of any retreat upon 
the moruie of the men. 



A. Lincoln, 

President. 



G. B. McClellan. 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 



Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, July 18, 1862. 8 a.m. 
I have consulted fully with General Burnside, and would 
commend to your favorable consideration the general's plan for 
bringing (7) seven additional regiments from North Carolina, 
by leaving Newbern to the care of the gun-boats. It appears 
manifestly to be our policy to concentrate here every thing we 
cin possibly spare from less important points, to make sure of 
crushing the enemy at Richmond, which se3ms clearly to be 
the most important point in rebeldom. Nothing should be 
left to chance here. I would recommend that General Burn- 



284 THIRD PEKIOD. 

side, with all his troops, be ordered to this army, to enable it 
to assume the offensive as soon as possible. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-G-en. Comd'g. 
A. Lincoln, 

President. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, July 18, 1862. 8 a.m. 
No change worth reporting in the state of affixirs. Some 
(20,000) twenty to (25,000) twenty-five thousand of enemy 
at Petersburg, and others thence to Richmond, Those at 
Petersburg say they are part of Beauregard's army. New 
troops arriving via Petersburg. Am anxious to have deter- 
mination of Government, that no time may be lost in preparing 
for it. Hours are very precious now, and perfect unity of action 
necessary. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g 
A. Lincoln, 

President. 

The following was telegraphed to General Halleck on the 
28th :— 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Berkeley, July 28, 1862. 8 a.m. 
Nothing especially new except corroboration of reports 
that reinforcements reaching Richmond from South. It is not 
confirmed that any of Bragg's troops are yet here. My 
opinion is more and more firm, that here is the defense of 
Washington, and that I should be at once reinforced by all 
available troops, to enable me to advance. Retreat would be 
disastrous to the army and the cause. I am confident of 
that. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Greneral. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g. IT. S. Army, "Washington, D. C. 

On the 30th I sent the following to the general-in-chief : — 



CLOSE OP THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 285- 

Head-Quartees, Aemt of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, July 30, 1862. 7 a.m. 
* * * ■ * * 

I hope that it may soon be decided what is to be done by 
his ai-my ; and that the decision may be to reinforce it at once 
We are losing much valuable time, and that at a moment when 
energy and decision are sadly needed. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd'g U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. 

About half an hour after midnight, on the morning of 
August 1st, the enemy brought some light batteries to Cog* 
gin's Point and the Coles House, on the right bank of James 
River, directly opposite Harrison's Landing, and opened a 
heavy fire upon our shipping and encampments. It was con- 
tinued rapidly for about thirty minutes, when they were driven 
back by the fire of our guns. This affair was reported in the 
following dispatch : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug. 2, 1862. 8 a.m. 

Firing of night before last killed some (10) ten men, and 
wounded about (15) fifteen. No harm of the slightest con 
sequence done to the shipping, although several struck. Sent 
party across river yesterday to the Coles House ; destroyed it 
and cut down the timber ; will complete work to-day , and 
also send party to Coggin's Point, which I will probably oc- 
cupy. I will attend to your telegraph about pressing, at once, 
will send Hooker out. Give me Burnside and I will stir these 
people up. I need more cavalry, have only (3700) thirty -seven 
hundred for duty in cavalry division. 

Adjutant-general's ofiice forgot to send Sykes's commission 
as major-general, with those of other division commanders. 
Do me the favor to hurry it on. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Gen. Com'g. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"Washington, D. 0. 



V 
286 THIRD PEKIOD. 

To prevent another demonstration of this chara(!ter, and to 
secure a debouche on the south side of the James, it became 
necessary to occupy Coggin's Point, which was done on the 
3d, and the enemy, as will be seen from the following dispatch 
driven back towards Petersburg : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potouac, 
Berkeley, Aug 3, 1862. 10 p.m. 

Coggin's Point was occupied to-day, and timber felled so as 
to make it quite defensible. I went over the ground myself, 
and found that Duane, had, as usual, selected an admirable 
pobition, which can be intrenched with a small amount of 
labor, so as to make it a formidable tete-de-pont, covering the 
landing of a large force. I shall begin intrenching it by the 
labor of contrabands to-morrow. The position covers the 
Coles House, which is directly in front of Westover. We 
have now a safe debouche on the south bank, and are secure 
against midnight cannonading. A few thousand more men 
would place us in condition at least to annoy and disconcert 
the enemy very much. 

I sent Col. Averill this morning with (300) three hundred 
cavalry, to examine the country on south side of the James, 
and try to catch some cavalry at Sycamore Church, which is 
on the main i-oad from Petersburg to Suffolk, and some (5) 
five miles from Coles House. 

He found a cavalry force of (550) five hundred and fifty 
men, attacked them at once, drove in their advanced guard to 
their camp, where he had a sharp skirmish, and drove them 
off in disorder. 

He burned their entire camp, with their commissary and 
quarter-master's stores, and then returned and re-crossed the 
river. He took but 2 prisoners, had one man wounded by a 
ball, and one by a sabre cut. Capt. Mcintosh made a hand- 
some charge. The troops engaged were of the (5) Fifth 
Regulars, and the (3d) Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. 

Col. Averill conducted this affair, as he does every thing he 
undertakes, to my entire satisfaction. 

G. B. McClellan, 

MaJ.-Gen. H. W Halleck, Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

Comd'g. U.^. Army, Washington, D. C. 



CLOSE OF THB PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 287 

On the 1st of August, I received the following dispatches : 

Washington, July 30, 1862. 8 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

A dispatch just received from General Pope, says that de- 
serters report that the enemy is moving south of James River, 
and that the foi'ce in Richmond is very small, I suggest that 
he be pressed in that direction, so as to ascertain the facts of 
the case. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-General. 

Washington, July 30, 1862. 8 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

In order to enable you to move in any direction, it is neces- 
sary to relieve yon of your sick. The surgeon-general has 
therefore been directed to make arrangements for them at 
other places, and the quarter-raaster-general to provide trans- 
portation. I hope you will send them away as quickly as 
possible, and advise me of their removal. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

It is clear that the general-in-chief attached some weight to 
the report received from General Pope, and I was justified in 
supposing that the order in regard to removing the sick, con- 
templated an offensive movement, rather than a retreat, as I 
had no other data than the telegrams just given, from which 
to form an opinion as to the intentions of the government. 
The following telegram strengthened me in that belief. 

Washington, July 31, 1862. 10 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

General Pope again telegraphs that the enemy is reported 
to be evacuating Richmond, and falUng back on Danville and 
Lynchburg. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 



288 THIBD PERIOD. 

In occupying Coggin's Point, as already described, I was 
influenced by the necessity of possessing a secure debouche 
on the south of the James, in order to enable me to move on 
the communications of Richmond in that direction, as well as 
to prevent a repetition of midnight cannonades. 

To carry out General Halleck's first order of July 30th, it 
was necessary first to gain possession of Malvern Hill, which 
was occupied by the enemy, apparently in some little force, 
and controlled the direct ajjproach to Richmond. Its tempo- 
rary occupation, at least, was equally necessary in the event 
of a movement upon Petersburg, or even the abandonment of 
the Peninsula. General Hooker, with his own division and 
Pleasanton's cavalry, was therefore directed to gain possession 
of Malvern Hill on the night of the 2d of August. He failed 
to do so, as the following dispatch recites : 

Head-Quartees, Army of the Potomac, 
*"- Berkeley, Aug. 3, 1862. 10.20 p.m. 

The movement undertaken up the river last night failed, on 
account of the incompetency of guides. The proper steps 
have been taken to-day to remedy this evil, and I hope to be 
ready to-morrow night to carry out your suggestions as to 
pressing j at least, to accomplish the first indispensable step. 

G. B. McClkllais", 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Comd'g U. S. Army. 

On the 4th General Hooker was reinforced by General 
Sedgwick's division, and, having obtained a knowledge of the 
roads, he succeeded in turning Malvern HUl, and driving the 
enemy back towards Richmond. 

The following is my report of this affair at the time : 

Malvern Hill, Aug. 5, 1862. 1 p.ii. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Cotnd^g. U. S. Army : 
General Hooker, at 5.30 this morning, attacked a very 
considerable forcf of infantry and artillery stationed at this 



CLOSE OP THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 289 

place, and carried it handsomely, driving the enemy towards 
New Market, which is four miles distant, and where it is said 
they have a large force. We have captured 100 prisoners, 
killed and wounded several, with a loss on our part of only 
three killed and eleven wounded — among the latter two offi- 
cers. 

I shall probably remain here to-night, ready to act as cir- 
cumstances may require, after the return of my cavalry recon- 
"noissances. 

The mass of the enemy escaped under the cover of a dense 
fog, but our cavalry are still in pursuit, and I trust may suc- 
ceed in capturing many more. 

This is a very advantageous position to cover an advance on 
Richmond, and only 14| miles distant, and I feel confident 
that, with reinforcements, I could march this army there in 
five days. 

I this instant learn that several brigades of the enemy are 
four miles from here, on the Quaker road, and I have taken 
steps to prepare to meet them. 

General Hooker's dispositions were admirable, and his offi- 
cers and men displayed their usual gallantry. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

On the same day the following telegram was sent : 

Malvern Hn.L, Aug. 5, 1862. 8 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W, Halleck, 
CotncVg TJ. S. Army : 
Since my last dispatch Colonel Averill has returned from 
a reconnoissance in the direction of Savage's Station, towards 
Richmond. He encountered the 10th Virginia Cavalry near 
White Oak Swamp Bridge, charged and drove them some dis- 
tance towards Richmond, captured 28 men and horses, and 
killins: and wounding several. 

Our troops have advanced (12) twelve miles in one direc- 
tion, and (17) seventeen in another, towards Richmond, to- 
day. 

We have secured a strong position at Coggin's Point, oppo- 

13 



• 



290 THIKD PERIOD. 

Bite our quarter-master's depot, which will effectually prevent 
the rebels from using artillery hereafter against our camps. 

I learn this evening that there is a force of 20,000 men 
about six miles back from this point, on the south bank of the 
river, what their object is I do not know, but wiU kecj) a sharp 
look out on their movements. 

I am sending off sick as rapidly as our transports will take 
them. I am also doing eveiything in my power to carry out 
your orders, to push recounoissances towards the rebel capital, 
and hope soon to find out whether the reports regarding the 
abandonment of that place are true. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-G^enerai 

To the dispatch of 1 p.m., August 6, the following answer 
was received : — 

■Washington, August 6, 1862. 3 A.JL 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

I have no reipforcements to send you. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-General. 

And soon after the following : — 

"Washington, August 6, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

You will immediately send a regiment of cavalry and several 
batteries of artillery to Burnside's command at Acquia Creek. 
It is reported that Jackson is moving north with a vei-y large 
force. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

On the 4th I had received General Halleck's order of th 
3d (which appears below), directing me to withdraw the army 
to Acquia, and on the same day sent an earnest protest against 
it. 

A few hcurs before this, General Hooker had informed me 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPA^IGN. 291 

that his cavalry pickets reported large bodies of the enemy 
advancing and driving them in, and that he would j)robably 
be attacked at daybreak. Under these circumstances I had 
determined to support him, but as I could not get the whole 
army in position until the next afternoon, I concluded, upon 
the receipt of the above telegram from the general-in-chief, 
to withdraw General Hooker, that there might be the least 
possible delay in conforming to General Halleck's orders. I 
therefore sent to General Hooker the following letter : — 

Head-Quarters, Army or the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aijgust 6, 1862. 10 p.m. 
My Dear General, — 

I find it will not be possible to get the whole army in posi- 
tion before some time to-morrow afternoon, which will be 
too late to support you and hold the entire position, should 
the enemy attack in large force at daybi*eak, which there is 
strong reason to suppose he intends doing. 

Should we fight a general battle at Malvern, it will be nec- 
essary to abandon the whole of our works here, and run the 
risk of getting back here. 

Under advices I have received from Washington, I think it 
necessary for you to abandon the position to-night, getting 
everything away before daylight. 

Please leave cavalry pickets at Malvern, with orders to 
destroy the Turkey Creek Bridge when they are forced back. 

The roads leading into Haxalls from the right should be 
strongly watched, and Haxalls at least held by strong cavalry 
force and some light batteries, as long as possible. 

I leave the manner of the withdrawal entirely to your dis- 
cretion. 

Please signal to the fleet when the withdrawal is about 
completed. 

Report frequently to these head-quarters. General Sumner 
was ordered up to support you, but will halt where this passes 
him, and will inform you where he is. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GereraL 

General J. Hooker, 

Comd'g at Malvern HilL 



292 THIED PERIOD. 

And the following reply was sent to General Halleck : — 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potom Aa 
Berkeley, Aug. 6, 1862, 11.30 p.m. 
Dispatch of to-day received. I have not quite (4,000) four 
thousand cavalry for duty in cavalry division, so that I cannot 
possibly spare any more. I really need many more that I now 
have, to carry out your instructions. 

The enemy are moving a large force upon Malvern Hill. In 
view of your dispatches, and the fact that I can not place the 
whole army in position before daybreak, I have ordered 
Hooker to withdraw during the night, if it is possible. If he 
can not do so, I must support him. Until this matter is devel- 
oped, I can not send any batteries. I hope I can do so to- 
morrow, if transportation is on hand. 

I will obey the order as soon as circumstances will permit. 
My artillery is none too numerous now. I have only been able 
to send off some (1,200) twelve hundred sick; no transporta- 
tion. There shall be no delay that I can avoid. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army. 

Five batteries, with their horses and equipments complete, 
were embarked on the 7th and 8th. Simultaneously with Gen- 
eral Hooker's operations upon Malvern, I dispatched a cavalry 
force under Colonel Averill towards Savage's Station, to as- 
certain if the enemy were making any movements towards our 
left flank. He found a rebel cavalry regiment near the White 
Oak Swamp biidge, and completely routed it, pursuing well 
towards Savage's Station. 

These important preliminary operations assisted my prepara- 
tions for the removal of the army to Acquia Creek, and the 
sending off our sick and supplies was pushed both day and 
night as rapidly as the means of transportation permitted. 

On the subject )f the withdrawal of the army from Harri- 
son's Landing, the following correspondence passed between 
the General in Chief and myself while the r^econnoissances to- 
wards Richmond were in progress. 



CLOSB OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAICiN. 293 

On the 2d of August I received the following. 

"Washington, August 2, 1862. 3.45 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 

You have not answered my telegram [of July 30, 8 p.m. 
about the removal of your sick. Remove them as rapidly as 
possible, and telegraph me when they will be out of your way 
The President wishes an answer as early as possible. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

To which this reply was sent. 

Head-Quarters Armt of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug. 3, 1862. , 11 p.m. 

Your telegram of [2d] second is received. The answer 
[to dispatch of July 30] was sent this morning. We have 
about (12,500) twelve thousand five hundred sick, of whom 
•perhaps (4,000) four thousand might make easy marches. We 
have here the means to transport (1,200) twelve hundred, and 
will embark to-morrow that number of the worst cases. With 
all the means at the disposal of the medical director, the re- 
mainder could be shipped in from (7) seven to (10) ten days. It 
is impossible for me to decide what cases to send off, unless I 
know what is to be done with this army. 

Were the disastrous measures of a retreat adopted, all the 
sick who can not march and fight should be despatched by wa- 
ter. Should the army advance, many of the sick could be of 
service at the depots. If it is to remain here any length of 
time, the question assumes still a different phase. 

Until I am informed what is to be done, I cannot act under- 
standingly, or for the good of the service. If I am kept longer 
in ignorance of what is to be effected, I cannot be expected to 
accomplish the object in view. In the mean time I will do all 
in my power to carry out what I conceive to be your wishes. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g U. S. Army, "Washington, D. 0. 



294 THIRD PERIOD. 

The moment I received the instructions for reijioving the 
sick, I at once gave the necessary directions for carrying them 
out. With the small amount of transportation at hand, the 
removal of the severe cases alone would necessarily take sev- 
eral days, and in the mean time I desired information to deter- 
mine what I should do with others. 

The order required me to send them away " as quickly as 
possible, and to notify the General in Chief ichen they were 
removed.^'' 

Previous to the receipt of the dispatch of the 2d of August, 
not having been advised of what the army under my command 
was expected to do, or which way it was to move, if it moved 
at all, I sent the following dispatch. 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potosiao, 
Berkeley, Aug. 3, 1862. 

I hear of sea steamers at Fort Monroe : are they for remov- 
ing my sick ? If so, to what extent am I required to go in 
sending them off? 

There are not many who need go. 

As I am not in any way informed of the intentions of the 
government in regard to this army, I am unable to judge what 
proportion of the sick should leave here, and must ask for 
specific orders. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Mnjor-General Comd'g. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g T7. S. A., Washinqton. 

If the ai'my was to retreat to Fort Monroe, it was important 
that it should be unincumbered with any sick, wounded, or 
other men who might at all interfere with its mobility; but if 
the object was to operate directly on Richmond from the 
position we then occupied, there were many cases of slight 
sickness which Avould speedily be cured, and the patients re- 
turned to duty. As the service of every man would be im- 
portant in the event of a forward offensive movement, I con- 
ceived it to be of the utmost consequence that I should know 
what was to be done. It was to ascertain this that I sent 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 296 

the dispatch of 1] p.m. on the 3d, before receiving the fol- 
lowing telegram. 

"Washington, Aug. 3, 1862. "7.45 p.m. 

Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

I have waited most anxiously to learn the result of your 
forced reconnoissance towards Richmond, and also whether all 
your sick have been sent away, and I can get no answer to my 
telegram. It is determined to Avithdraw your army from the 
Peninsula to Acquia Creek. You will take immediate meas- 
ures to effect this, covering the movement the best you can. 
Its real object and withdrawal should be concealed even from 
your own officers. Your material and transportation should 
be removed first. You will assume control of all the means 
of ti'ansportation within your reach, and apply to the naval 
forces for all the assistance they can render you. You will 
consult freely with the commander of these forces. The entire 
execution of the movement is left to your discretion and judg- 
ment. You will leave such forces as you may deem proper at 
Fort Monroe, Norfolk, and other places which we must 
occupy. 

W. H. Halleck, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g U. S. A. 

I proceeded to obey this order with all possible rapidity, 
firmly impressed, however, with the conviction that the with- 
drawal of the army of the Potomac from Harrison's Landing, 
where its communications had, by the co-operation of the gun- 
boats, been rendered perfectly secure, would at that time have 
the most disastrous effect upon our cause. I did not, as the 
commander of that army, allow the occasion to pass without 
distinctly setting forth my views upon the subject to the au- 
thorities, as in the following telegram. 

Head-Quarters, A.rmt op the Potomao, 
Berkeley, Aug. 4, 1862. 12 m. 

Your telegram of last evening is received. I must con- 
fess that it has caused me the greatest pain I ever experienced, 



296 THIRD PERIOD. 

for I am convinced that the order to withdraw this army to 
Acquia Creek will prove disastrous to our cause. 

I fear it will be a fatal blow. 

Several days are necessary to complete the preparations for 
so important a movement as this ; and while they are in pro- 
gress I beg that careful consideration may be given to my 
statements. 

This army is now in excellent discipline and condition. We 
hold a debouche on both banks of the James River, so that 
we are free to aqf in any direction, and, with the assistance of 
the gun-boats, I consider our communications as now secure. 
"We are (25) twenty-five miles from Richmond, and are not 
likely to meet the enemy in force sufficient to fight a battle, 
until we have marched (15) fifteen to (18) eighteen miles, 
which brings us practically within (10) ten miles of Richmond. 
Our longest line of land transportation would be from this 
point (25) twenty-five miles ; but with the aid of the gun- 
boats we can supply the army by water during its advance, 
certainly to within (12) miles of Richmond. 

At Acquia Creek Ave would be (75) seventy-five miles from 
Richmond, with land transportation all the way. 

From here to Fort Monroe is a march of about (70) seventy 
miles ; for I regard it as impracticable to withdraw this army 
and its material except by land. 

The result of the movement would thus be a march of (145) 
one himdred and forty-five miles to reach a point now only 
(25) twenty-five miles distant, and' to deprive ourselves entirely 
of the powerful aid of the gun-boats and water transportation. 
Add to this the certain demoralization of this army, which 
would ensue, the terribly depressing effect upon the people of 
the North, and the strong probability that it would influence 
foreign powers to recognize our adversaries, and there appear 
to me sufficient reasons to make it my imperative duty to urge, 
in the strongest terms afforded by our language, that this 
order may be rescinded, and that, fai" from recalling this army 
it be promptly reinforced to enable it to resume the offensive. 

It may be said that there are no reinforcements available. 
I point to Burns'de's force, to that of Pope, not necessary to 
maintain a strict defensive in front of Washins^ton and liar- 



CLOSE OF THE P E N I N S XT L A E CAMPAIGN. 297 

per's Ferry, to those portions of the army of the west not 
required for a strict defensive there. Here, directly in front 
of this army, is the heart of the rebellion ; it is here that all 
our resources should be collected to strike the blow which will 
determine the fate of the nation. All points of secondary im- 
portance elsewhere should be abandoned, and every available 
man brought here — a decided victory here, and the military 
strength of the rebellion is crushed — it matters not what par- 
tial reverses we may meet with elsewhere. Here is the true 
defense of Washington ; it is here, on the banks of the James, 
that the fate of the Union should be decided. 

Clear m my convictions of right, strong in the conscious- 
ness that I have ever been, and still am actuated solely by 
love of my country, knowing that no ambitious or selfish 
motives have influenced me from the commencement of this 
war, I do now, what I never did in my life before, I entreat 
that this order may be rescinded. 

If my counsel does not prevail, I will with a sad heart obey 
your orders to the utmost of my power, directing to the move- 
ment, which I clearly foresee will be one of the utmost delicacy 
and difficulty, whatever skill I may possess. 

"Whatever the result may be, and may God grant that I am 
mistaken in my forebodings, I shall at least have the internal 
satisfection that I have written and spoken frankly, and have 
sought to do the best in my power to avert disaster from my 
country. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Hau-eck, 

Major-General Comd'g U. S. A- 

Soon after sending this telegram, I received the following 
in reply to mine of 11 p.m. of the 3d : 

WASHmGTON, Aug. 4, 1862, 12.45 P.M. 

Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

My telegram to you of yesterday will satisfy you in regard 
to future operations. It was expected that you would have 
sent off your sick as directed, without waiting to know what 



299 THIRD PERIOD. 

were or would be the intentions of the government respecting 
future movements. The President expects that the instruc- 
tions which were sent to you yesterday, with his approval, 
will be carried out with all possible dispatch and caution 
The quai'ter-master-general is sending to Fort Monroe all the 
transportation he can collect. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

To which- the following is my reply : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug. 5, 1862. 1 a.m. 
Tour telegram of yesterday received, and is being carried 
out as promptly as possible. With the means at my command, 
no human power could have moved the sick in the time you 
say you exjiected them to be moved. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GreneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g U. S. A. 

My efibrts for bringing about a change of policy were un- 
successful, as will be seen from the following telegram and 
letter received by me in reply to mine of 12 m. of the 4th : 

Washington, Aug. 5, 1862. 12 m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, — 

You cannot regret the order of withdrawal more than I 
did the necessity of giving it. It will not be rescinded, and 
you will be expected to execute it with all possible prompt- 
ness. It is believed that it can be done now without serious 
danger. This may not be so if there should be any delay. 
I will write you my views more fully by mail. 

H. W. Halleck, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g U. S. A. 

The letter was as follows : 



CLOSE OF THE PEN IN S XTL A E CAMPAIGN. 299 

Head-Quarters of THif Army, 
Washinqton, Aug. 6, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

ComcVg. <&c., JBerJceley, Va. 
Geneeal, — Your telegram of yesterday was received 
this morning, and I immediately telegraphed a brief reply, 
promising to Avrite you more fully by mail. 

You, General, certainly could not have been more pained at 
receiving my order, than I was at the necessity of issuing it. 
I was advised by high officers, in whose judgment I had great 
confidence, to make the order immediately on my arrival here, 
but I determined not to do so until I could learn- your wishes 
from a personal interview : and even after that interview I 
tried every means in my jDOwer to avoid withdrawing your 
army, and delayed my decision as long as I dared to delay it. 

I assure you, General, it was not a hasty and unconsidered 
act, but one that caused me more anxious thoughts than any 
other of my life. But after flill and mature consideration of 
all the pros and cons, I was reluctantly forced to the conclusion 
that the order must be issued. There was, to my mind, no al- 
ternative. 

Allow me to allude to a few of the facts in the case. You 
and your officers, at our interview, estimated the enemy's 
forces in and around Richmond at two hundred thousand men. 
Since then, you and others report that they have received and 
are receiving large reinforcements from the South. 

General Pope's army, now covering Washington, is only 
about forty thousand. Your effective force is only about ninety 
thousand. You are about thirty miles from Richmond, and 
General Pope eighty or ninety, with the enemy directly be- 
tween you, ready to fall with his superior numbers upon one 
or the other, as he may elect. Neither can reinforce the other 
in case of such an attack. If General Pope's army be dimin- 
ished to reinforce you, "Washington, Maryland, and Pennsyl- 
vania would be left imcovered and exposd. If your force be 
reduced to strengthen Pope, you would be too weak to even 
hold the position you now occupy, should the enemy turn 
round and attack you in full force. In other words, the old 
army of the Potomac is split into two parts, with the entiri 



300 THIRD PERIOD. 

force of the enemy directly between them. They can not be 
united by hind without exposing both to destruction, and yet 
tliey must be united. To send Pope's forces by water to the 
Peninsula, is, under present circumstances, a military impossi- 
bility. The only alternative is to send the forces on the Penin- 
sula to some point by water, say Fredericksburg, where the 
two armies can be united. 

Let me now allude to some of the objections which you have 
urged. You say that the withdrawal from the present position 
will cause the certain demoralization of the army, " which is 
now in excellent discipline and condition." I can not under- 
stand why a simple change of position to a new and by no 
means distant base, M'ill demoralize an army in excellent disci- 
pline, unless the officers themselves assist in that demoraliza- 
tion, which I am satisfied they will not. Your change of front 
from your extreme right at Hanover Court House to your 
present position was over thirty miles, but I have not heard 
that it demoralized your troops, notwithstanding the severo 
losses they sustained in effecting it. * 

A new base on the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg brings 
you within about sixty miles of Richmond, and secures a re- 
inforcement of forty or fifty thousand fresh and disciplined 
troops. This change with such advantages, will, I think, if 
properly represented to your army, encourage rather than de- 
moralize your troops. Moreover, you yourself suggested that 
a junction might be effected at Yorktown ; but that a flank 
march across the Isthmus would be more hazardous than to 
retire to Fort Monroe. You will remember that Yorktown is 
two or three miles further from Richmond than Fredericks- 
burg is. Besides, the latter is between Richmond and Wash- 
ington, and covers Washington from any attack by the 
enemy. 

The political effect of the withdrawal may at first be unfav- 
orable ; but I think the public are beginning to understand its 
necessity, and that they will have much more confidence in a 
united army, than in its separated fragments. 

But you will reply, why not reinforce me here, so that I can 
strike Richmond from my present position ? To do this you 
said at our interview, that you required thirty thousand add]. 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAB CAMPAIGN 301 

tional troops. I told you that it was impossible to give you so 
many. You finally thought you would have " some chance " 
ot" success with twenty thousand. But you afterwards tele- 
graphed me that you would require thirty-five thousand, as the 
enemy was being largely reinforced. If your estimate of the 
enemy's strength was correct, your requisition was perfectly 
reasonable ; but it was utterly impossible to fill it until new 
troops could be enlisted and organized, which would require 
several weeks. 

To keep your army in its present position until it could be 
so reinforced, would almost destroy it in that climate. The 
months of August and September are almost fatal to whites 
who live on that part of James' River, and even after you 
receive the reinforcements asked for, you admitted that you 
must reduce Fort Darling and the river batteries, before you 
could advance on Richmond. It is by no means certain that 
the reduction of these fortifications would not require con- 
siderable time, perhaps as much as those at Yorktown. This 
delay might not only be fatal to the health of your army ; but 
in the mean time General Pope's forces would be exposed to 
the heavy blows of the enemy without the slightest hope of 
assistance from you. 

In regard to the demoralizing effect of a withdrawal from 
the Peninsula to the Rappahannock, I must remark that a large 
number of your highest officers, indeed, a majority of those 
whose opinions have been reported to me, are decidedly in 
favor of the movement. Even several of those wlio originally 
advocated the line of the Peninsula, now advise its abandon- 
ment. 

I have not inquired, and do not wish to know by whose 
advice, or for Avhat reasons the army of the Potomac was sep- 
arated into two parts with the enemy between them. I must 
take things as I find them. I find the forces divided, and I 
wish to unite them. Only one feasible plan has been presented 
for doing this. If you or any one else had presented a better 
plan, I certainly should have adopted it. But all of your plans 
require reinforcements, which it is impossible to give you. It 
is vei*y easy to ask for reinforcements ; but it i* not so easy to 
give them when you have no disposable troops at your command. 



302 THIRD PEEIOD. 

I have written very plainly, as I understand the case, and I 
hope you will give me credit for having fully considered the 
matter, although I may have arrived at very diiferent conclu- 
sions from your own. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
H. W. Halleck, 

General in Chiet 

On the 7th I received the following telegram : 

■Washington, Aug. 7, 1862. 10 a.il 
Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, — 

Ton will immediately report the number of sick sent off 
since you received my order ; the number still to be shipped, 
and the amount of transportation at your disposal ; that is, 
the number of persons that can be carried on all the vessels 
which by my order you were authorized to control. 

H. "W". Halleck, 

Major-GreneraL 

To which I made this reply : 

Head-Quastees, Armt of the Potomao^ 
Aug. 1, 1862. 10.40 P.M. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd^g. XT. S. Army, — 
In reply to your dispatch of 10 a.m. to-day, I report the 
number of sick sent off since I received your order, as follows : 
3,740, including some that are embarked to-night, and. will 
leave to-morrow morning. The number still to be shipped, is, 
as nearly as can be ascertained, 5,700. 

The embarkation of five batteries of artillery, with their 
horses, wagons, etc., required most of our available boats, ex- 
cept the ^erry-boats. All the transports that can ascend to 
this place, have been ordered up, they will be here to-morrow 
evening. Col. Ingalls reports to me that there are no trans- 
ports now available for cavalry, and will not be for two or 
three days. As soon as they can be obtained, T shall send off 
the Ist New York cavalry. 



CLOSE OF THE PENIN8ULAE CAMPAIGN. 303 

After the transports- with sick and wounded have returned, 
including some heavy draft steamers at Fort Monroe, that can- 
not come to this point, we can transport 25,000 men at a time. 
We have some propellers here, but they are laden with com- 
missary suppUes, and are not available. The transports now 
employed in transporting sick and wounded, will carry 12,000 
well infantry soldiers. Those at Fort Monroe, and of too 
heavy draft to come here, will carry 8,000 or 10,000 infantry. 
Several of the largest steamers have been used for transport- 
ing prisoners of war, and have only been available for the sick 
to-day. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

The report of my chief-quarter-master upon the subject, is 
as follows : 

Head-Quakters, Army op the Potomac, 
Office op Chief-Quarter-Masteb, 
Harrison's Landing, Aug. 7 1862. 

General : — I have the honor to return the papers herewith, 
which you sent me, with the following remarks : 

We are embarking five batteries of artillery, with their 
horses, baggage, etc., which requires the detailing of most of 
our available boats, except the ferry-boats. 

The medical department has 10 or 12 of our largest trans- 
port vessels, which, if disposable, could carry 12,000 men. 
Besides, there are some heavy draft steamers at Fort Moni'oe, 
that cannot come to this point, but which can carry 8,000 or 
10,000 infantry. 

I have ordered all up here that can ascend to this depot. 
They will be here to-morrow evening. As it now is, after 
the details already made, we cannot transport from this place 
more than 5,000 infantry. 

There are no transports now available for cavalry. From 
and after to-morrow, if the vessels arrive, I coiild transport 
10,000 infantry- In two or three days, a regiment of cavalry 
can be sent if required. 

If you wait and ship from Yorktown or Fort Monroe, after 



304 THIRD PBBIOD. 

the sick and wounded transports are at my disposal, we can 
transport 25,000 at a time. The number th;it can be trans- 
ported, is contingent on circumstances referred to. 

Most of the propellers here are laden with commissary, oi 
other supplies, and most of the tugs are necessary to tow off 
sail craft, also laden with supplies. 

I am very respectfully, your most ob't. servant, 

RuFus Ingalls, 
Chief-Quarter-Maater. 
Gkn. R. B. Makct, 

Chief-of-StafF. 

On the 9th, I received this dispatch : 

*» "Washington-, Aug. 9, 1862. 12.45 p.it 

Maj.-Gent. G. B. McClellan, — 

I am of opinion that the enemy is massing his forces in front 
of Generals Pope and Burnside, and that he expects to crush 
them and move forward to the Potomac. You must send re- 
inforcements instantly to Acquia Creek. 

Considering the amount of transportation at your disposal, 
your delay is not satisfactory, you must move with all possible 
celerity. 

H. W. Hallkck, 

Maior-GeneraL 

To which I sent the following reply : 

Heab-Quabters, Army op the Potomaoj 
Berkeley, Aug. 10, 1862. 8 a.m. 
Telegram of yesterday received. The batteries sent to 
Burnside, took the last available transport yesterday morning 
Enough have since arrived to ship one regiment of cavalry to 
day. ~ 

The sick are being embarked as rapidly as possible. There 
has been no unnecessary delay as you assert, not an hour, but 
every thing has been, and is being pushed as rapidly as possible 

to carry out your orders. 

G. B. McCleixan, 

Maj.-Gr«E, Comd'g 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. H allege, 

, Comd'g. U. S. Army. 



-CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 305 

The following report, made on the same day by the officer 
then in charge of the transports, exposes the injustice of the 
remark in the dispatch of the geueral-in-chief, that, " consider- 
ing the amount of transportation at your disposal, your delay 
is not satisfactory." ^ 

Assistant Quarter-Master's Opficb, 
Army of the Potomac, 
Harrison's Landing, Va., Aug. 10, 1862. 

Gen. M. C. Meigs, 

Quarter- Master General U. S. Army^ Washington: 
Colonel Ingalls being himself ill, has requested me to tele- 
graph to you concerning the state and capacity of thB trans- 
ports now here. 

On the night of the 8th I dispatched eleven steamers, prin- 
cipally small ones, and six schooners, with five batteries of 
heavy horse artillery, none of which have yet returned. 

Requisition is made this morning for transportation of one 
thousand cavalry to Acquia Creek. All the schooners that 
had been chartered for carrying horses, have been long since 
discharged or changed into freight vessels. 

A large proportion of the steamers now here are still loaded 
with stores, or are in the floating hospital service, engaged in 
removing the sick. To transport the one thousand cavalry 
to-day will take all the available steamers now here not en- 
gaged in the service of the harbor. These steamers could 
take a large number of infaptry, but are not well adapted to 
the carrying of horses, and much space is thus lost. 

Several steamers are expected here to-day, and we are un- 
loading schooners rapidly. Most of these are not chartered, 
but are being taken for the service required at same rates of 
pay as other chartered schooners. 

If you could cause a more speedy return of the steamers 
sent away from here, it would facilitate matters. 

C. G. Sawtelle, 

Capt. and A. Q. M., Comd'g. Depot 

* 

Our wharf facilities at PIsirrison's Landing were very limited, 
admitting but few vessels at one time. These were continually 



806 THIRD PERIOD. 

in use as long as there were disposable vessels, and the officers 
of the medical and quarter-master's departments, with all their 
available forces, were incessantly occupied, day and night, in 
embarking and sending off the sick men, troops and material. 
Notwithstanding the repeated representations I made to the 
general-in-chief that such were the facts, on the 10th I received 
the following : 

"Washington, Aup. 10, 1862. 12 p.m. 
Maj.-Gkn. G. B. McClellan, — 

The enemy is crossing the Rapidan in large force. They 
are fitting General Pope to-day ; there must be no further 
delay in your movements. That which has already occurred 
was entirely unexpected and must be satisfactorily explained. 
Let not a moment's time be lost, and telegraph me daily what 
progress you have made in executing the order to transfer 
your troops. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

To which I sent this reply : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug. 10, 1862. 11.30 p.m. 

Four dispatch of to-day is received. I assure you again 
that there has not been any unnecessary delay in carrying out 
your orders. You are probably laboring under some great 
mistake as to the amount of transportation available here. I 
have pushed matters to the utmost in getting off our sick, and 
the troops you ordered to Burnside. 

Colonel Ingalls has more than once informed the Quarter- 
master General of the condition of our water transportation. 
From the fact that you directed me to keep the order secret, 
I took it for granted that you would take the steps necessary 
to provide the requisite transportation. A large number of 
transports for all arms of service, and for wagons, should at 
once be sent to Yorktown and Fort Monroe. I shall be ready 
to move the whole army by land, the moment the sick are dis- 
posed of. You may be sure that not an hour's delay wiU 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 307 

occur that can be avoided. I fear you do not realize the diffi- 
culty of the operation proposed. The regiment of cavalry for 
Buruside has been in course of embarkation to-day and to- 
night. (10) ten steamers were required for the purpose. 
(1,258) twelve hundred and fifty-eight sick loaded to-day and 
to-night. Our means exhausted, except one vessel returning 
to Fort Monroe in the morning, which will take some (500) 
five hundred cases of slight sickness. 

The present moment is probably not the proper one for me 
to refer to the unnecessarily harsh and unjust tone of your 
telegrams of late. It will, however, make no difierence in my 
official action. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-General Comd'g. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd'g. U. S. Army. 

On the 11th this report was made : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug 11, 1862. 11.30 p.m. 
The embarkation of (850) eight hundred and fifty cavalry 
and (I) one brigade of infantry will be completed by (2) two 
o'clock in the morning, (500) five hundred sick were embarked 
to-day ; another vessel arrived to-night, and (600) six hundred 
more sick are now being embarked. I still have some (4,000) 
four thousand sick to dispose of You have been grossly mis- 
led as to the amount of transportation at my disposal. Vessels 
loaded to their utmost capacity with stores, and others indis- 
pensable for service here, have been reported to you as avail- 
able for carrying sick and well. I am sending off all that can 
be unloaded at Fort Monroe to have them return here, 
repeat that I have lost no time in carrying out your orders. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-Greneral Comd'g. 
IMo.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army. 

On the same day I received the following from the quarter- 
master in charge of the depot : 



308 THIED PERIOD. 

Assistant Quarter-Master's Office, 
Army of the Potomac, 
Harrison's Landing, Va., Aug. 11, 1862. 
Colonel : — In reply to the communication from Gen. Marcy, 
which was refen-ed to me by you, I have to state tliat there are 
now in this harbor no disposable transports not already detailed 
either for the use of the hospital department, for the transporta- 
tion of the N. Y. cavalry, or for the necessary service of the 
harbor. I think the steamers loading, and to be loaded with 
cavalry, could take in addition, three thousand infantry ; these 
boats are however directed to leave as fast as they are loaded ; 
some have already started. The embarkation of this cavalry 
regiment is going on very slowly, and it is not in my power to 
hurry the matter, although I have had several agents of the 
department, and one commissioned officer at the wharf, to 
render all the assistance possible. The entire army is this 
morning turning in, to be stored on vessels, knapsacks, officer's 
baggage, and other surplus property, and with our limited 
wharf facilities, it is impossible, unless the regular issues of 
forage, &c. are suspended, to avoid great confusion and delay 
with what is already ordered to be done ; of course, if any in- 
fantry is ordered to embark on these cavalry transports, the 
confusion and difficulties will be increased. 

I know of no boats that may be expected here to-day, except 
the "South America" and "Fanny Cadwallader " (a pro- 
peller) which were ordered to be sent back from Fort Monroe. 
The transports with the artillery left for Acquia Creek on 
the night of the 8th and the morning of the 9th. They were 
ordered to return immediately. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

C. G. Sawtelle, 
Capt. and A. Q. M., Comd'g. Depot. 
LiEUT.-CoL. RuFus Ingalls, 

A. D. C. and Chief Q. M., Army of the Potomac. 

On the 12th I received the following: 

-"Washington, Aug. 12, 1862. 12 M. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 

The quarter-master-general informs me that nearly every 



I 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 309 

available steam vessel in the country is now under your control. 
To send more from Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York 
would interfere with the transportation of army supplies, and 
break up the channels of travel by which we are to bring for- 
ward the new troops. Burnside moved' nearly thirteen thou- 
sand (13,000) troops to Acquia Creek in less than two (2) 
days, and his transports were immediately sent back to you. 
All vessels in the James River and Chesapeake Bay were 
placed at your disposal, and it was supposed that (8) eight or 
(10) ten thousand of your men could be transported daily. In 
addition to steamers, there is a large fleet of sailing vessels 
which could be used as transports. The bulk of your material 
on shore, it was thought, could be sent to Fort Monroe 
covered by that part of the army which could not get water 
transportation. Such were the views of the government here; 
perhaps we were misinformed as to the facts ; if so, the delay 
could be explained. Nothing in my telegram was intention- 
ally harsh or unjust; but the delay was so unexpected, that 
an explanation was required. There has been and is the most 
urgent necessity for dispatch, and not a single moment must 
be lost in getting additional troops in front of Washington. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-GeneraL 

I telegraphed the following reply : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Berkeley, Aug. 12, 1862. 11 p.m. 

Your dispatch of noon to-day received. It is positively the 
fact that no more men could have embarked hence than have 
gone, and that no unnecessary delay has occurred. Before 
your orders were received. Col. Ingalls directed all available 
vessels to come from Monroe. Oflicers have been sent to take 
personal direction. Have heard nothing here of Burnside's 
fleet. There are soiue vessels at Monroe, such as Atlantic and 
Baltic, which draw too much to come here. Hospital accom- 
modations exhausted this side New York. Propose filling 
Atlantic and Baltic with serious cases for New York, and to 
encamp slight cases for the present at Monroe. lu this way 



310 THIRD PERIOD. 

can probably get off the (3400) thirty-four hundred sick still 
on hand by day after to-morrow night. I am sure that you 
have been misinformed as to the availability of vessels on hand. 
We cannot use heavy loaded supply vessels for troops or 
animals, and such constitute the mass of those here, which 
have been represented to you as capable of transporting this 
army. I fear you will find very great delay in embarking troops 
and material at Yorktown and Monroe, both from want of ves- 
sels and of facilities for embarkation. At least two additional 
wharves should be built at each place. I ordered two at the 
latter some (2) two weeks ago, but you countermanded the 
order. 

I learn that wharf accommodations at Acquia are altogether 
inadequate for landing troops and supplies to any large extent. 
Not an hour should be lost in remedying this. Great delays 
wiU ensue there from shallow water. You will find a vast 
deficiency in horse transports ; we had nearly (200) two hun- 
dred when we came here. I learn of only (20) twenty pro- 
vided now ; they carry about (50) fifty horses each. More 
hospital accommodations should be provided. We are much 
impeded here because our wharves are used night and day to 
land current supplies. At Monroe a similar difficulty will 
occur. With all the facilities at Alexandria and Washington, 
(6) six weeks about were occupied in embarking this army and 
its material. 

Burnside's troops are not a fair criterion for rate of embarka- 
tion. All his means were in hand ; his outfit specially pre- 
pared for the purpose, and his men habituated to the move- 
ment. 

There shall be no unnecessary delay, but I cannot manufac- 
ture vessels. I state these difficulties from exi^erience, and 
because it appears to me that we have been lately working at 
ci'oss purposes, because you have not been properly informed 
by those around you who ought to know the inherent difficul- 
ties of such an undertaking. 

It is not possible for any one to place this army where you 
wish it, ready to move, in less than a month. If Washington 
is in danger now, this army can scarcely arrive in time to save 
it ; it is in much better position to do so from here than from 



CLOSE OP THE PEKINSTJLAB CAMPAIGN. 311 

Acquia. Oav material can only be saved by using the whole 
army to cover it if we are pressed. If sensibly weakened by 
detachments the result might be the loss of much material 
and many men. I will be at the telegraph oflSce to-morrow 
morning to talk with you. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"Waahington, D. 0. 

To the reasons given in the foregoing dispatch, to show 
why General Burnside's movement from Fort Monroe was not 
a fair criterion for our operations, the following may be 
added : 

He was not encumbered by either sick or wounded men. 

He had no cavalry, artillery, wagons or teams. His force 
consisted of infantry alone, with a few ambulances and officers' 
horses. 

His baggage was already on the transports, where it had 
remained since his arrival from North Carolina, and his men 
had only to resume their places on board. 

The cavalry and artillery mentioned in my dispatches of 'the 
7th, 10th and 11th were sent to supply his total deficiency in 
those arras. 

I may also repeat that the vessels used by General Burnside 
had not returned from Acquia when the army left Harrison's 
Bar. 

It will be seen, from the concluding paragraph of the fore- 
going dispatch, that in order to have a more direct, speedy 
and full explanation of the condition of aifairs in the army 
than I could by sending a single dispatch by steamer to the 
nearest telegraph office at Jamestown Island, some seventy 
miles distant, and waiting ten hours for a reply, I proposed to 
go in person to the office. This I did. On my arrival at James- 
town Island there was an interruption in the electric current, 
which rendered it necessary for me to continue on to Fort 
Monroe, and cross the Chesapeake Bay to Cherry Stone Inlet 
on the " Eastern Shore," where I arrived late in the evening, 
and immediately sent the annexed dispatches. 



S12 THIRD PERIOD. 

Cherry Stone, Aug. 13, 1862. 11.30 p.m. 
Please come to office : wish to talk to you. "What news 
from Pope ? 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Haixeck, 

* "Washington. 

Cherry Stone Inlet, Aug. 14, 1863. 12.30 a.m. 
Started to Jamestown Island to talk with you ; found cable 
broken, and came here. Please read my long telegram. [See 
above dispatch of Aug. 12, 11 p.m.] All quiet at camp. 
Enemy burned wharves at City Point yesterday. No rebel 
pickets within (8) miles of Coggin's Point yesterday. Rich- 
mond prisoners state that large force, with guns, left Richmond, 
northward, Sunday. 



G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 



Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"Washington. 



To which the following reply was received. 

"Washington, Aug. 14, 1862. 1.40 a.m. 
I have read your dispatch. There is no change of plans. 
You will send up your troops as rapidly as possible. There is 
no difficulty in landing them. According to your own ac- 
counts there is now no difficulty in withdrawing your forces. 
Do so with all possible rapidity. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Maj.-Gen. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan. 

Before I had time to decipher and reply to this dispatch, the 
telegraph operator in "Washington informed me that General 
Halleck had gone out of the office immediately after writing 
this dispatch, without leaving any intimation of the fact for 
me or waiting for any further information as to the object of 
my journey across the bay. As there was no possibility of 



CLOSE OF THE PENINSULAE CAMPAIGN. 313 

Other communication with him at that time, 1 sent the follow- 
ing dispatch and returned to Harrison's Landing. 

Cherry Stone Inlet, Aug. 14, 1862. 1.40 a.m. 
Tour orders will be obeyed. I return at once. I had 
hoped to have had a longer and fuller conversation with you, 
after traveUng so far for the purpose. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"Washington, D. 0. 

On the 14th and 15th, and before we had been able to em- 
bark all our sick men, two army corps were put in motion 
towards Fort Monroe. This was reported in the annexed 
dispatch. 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac, 
Berkeley, August 16, 1862. 11 p.m. 

Movement has commenced by land and water. All sick 
will be away to-morrow night. Every thing being done to 
carry out your orders, I don't like Jackson's movements, he 
will suddenly appear where least exj)ected. Will telegraph 
fully and understandingly in the morning. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Washington, D. C. 

The phrase " movement has commenced," it need not be re- 
marked, referred obviously to the movement of the main army, 
after completing the necessary preliminary movements of the- 
sick, etc., etc. 

The perversion of the term to which the general in chief 
saw fit to give cui'rency in a letter to the Secretary of War, 
should have been here rendered impossible by the dispatches 
which precede this of the 14th, which show that the move- 
ment really began immediately after the receipt of the order 
of August .4th. 

14 



314 THIRD PEEIOD. 

The progress made in the movement on the 15 th was re- 
ported in the following dispatches. 

HeAD-QUAETERS, ARilT OP THE POTOMAO, 
August 15, 1862. 12 M. 

]\La.j.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

ComcVg. U. S.A. 
Colonel Ingalls this moment reports that after embarking 
the remaining brigade of McCall's division, with the sick 
which are constantly accumulating, the transports now dis- 
posable will all be consumed. 

Two of my army corps marched last night and this morn- 
ing en route for Yorktown, one via Jones's Bridge, and the 
the other via Barrett's Ferry, where we have a pontoon bridge. 
The other corps will be pushed forward as fast as the roads 
are clear, and I hope before to-morrow morning, to have the 
entire army in motion. 

A report has just been received from my pickets that the 
enemy in force is advancing on us from the Chickahominy, but 
I do not credit it — shall know soon. Should any more trans- 
ports arrive here before my departure, and the enemy do not 
show such a force in our front as to require all the troops I 
have remaining to insure the safety of the land movement with 
its immense train, I shall send every man by water that the 
transports will carry. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-G-eneral. 

Head-Quartebs, Armt op the Potoslao, 
Berkeley, Aug. 15, 1862. 1.30 p.m. 

The advance corps and the trains are fairly started. I learn 
nothing more in relation to reported advance of rebels via 
Jones's Bridge. Shall push the movement as rapidly as pos- 
sible. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"WashingtxjD, D. 0. ' 



the return to the potomac. 315 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomao, 
Berkeley, Aug. 15, 1862. 10 p.m. 

Coggin's Point is abandoued. The whole of McCall's divi- 
siou, with its artillery, is now en route for Burnside. We 
have not yet transportation sufficient for our sick. I hope 
will get it to-morrow. Porter is across the Cliickahomiuy, 
near its mouth, with his wagons and the reserve artillery. 

Heintzelman at Jones's Bridge, with a portion of his corps. 
They will all be up by morning. 

Averill's cavalry on the other side. All quiet thus far. I 
cannot get the last of the wagons as far as Charles City 
Court-house before some time to-morrow afternoon. I am 
hurrying matters with the utmost rapidity possible. "Wagons 
will move all night. 

G. B. McClellax, 

Maj-G«n. Comd'g. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Hallkck, 

"Washington, D. C. 

After the commencement of the movement, it was continued 
with the utmost rapidity, until all the troops and material were 
en route, both by land and water, on the morning of the 16th. 

Late in the afternoon of that day, when the last man had 
disappeared from the deserted camps, I followed with my per- 
sonal staff in the track of the grand army of the Potomac, bid- 
ding farewell to the scene still covered with the marks of its 
presence, and to be forever memorable in history as the vicin- 
ity of its most brilliant exploits. 

THE RETURN TO THE POTOMAC. 

Previous to the departure of the troops, I had directed Cap- 
tain Duane, of the Engineer Corps, to proceed to Barrett's 
Ferry, near the mouth of the Chickahominy, and throw across 
the river at that point a pontoon bridge. This was executed 
promptly and satisfactorily, under the cover of gun-boats, and 
an excellent bridge of about 2,000 feet in length was ready 
for the first arrival of troops. The greater part of the army, 
with its artillei-y, wagon trains, &c., crossed it rapidly, and in 



316 THIRD PEBIOD. 

perfect order and safety, so that, on the night of the 17th, 
everything was across the Chickahominy, except the rear- 
guard, which crossed early on the morning of the 18th, when 
the pontoon bridge was immediately removed. 

General Poi'ter's corps, which Avas the first to march from 
Harrison's Landing, had been pushed forward rapidly, and on 
the 16th reached Williamsburg, where I had directed him to 
halt until the entire army was across the Chickahominy. 

On his arrival at Williamsburg, however, he received an in- 
tercepted letter, which led to the belief that General Pope 
would have to contend against a very heavy force then in his 
front. General Portei', therefore, very properly took the re- 
sponsibility of continuing his march directly on to Newport 
News, which place he reached on the morning of the^lSth of 
August, having marched his corps sixty miles in the short 
period of three days and one night, halting one day at the 
crossing of the Chickahominy. 

The embarkation of this corps commenced as soon as trans- 
ports were ready, and on the 20th it had all sailed for Acquia 
Creek. I made the following rej^ort from Barrett's Ferry : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Barrett's Ferry, Chickahomint, 
Aug. 17, 1862. 11 A.M. 

Everything is removed from our camp at Harrison's Bar — 
no property nor men left behind. The (5th) Fifth Corps is at 
WilUamsburg, with all its wagons and the reserve artillery. 
The (3d) Third Corps is on the march from Jones's Bridge to 
Williamsburg, via Diascund Bridge, and has probably passed 
the latter before this hour. Averill's cavalry watches every- 
thing in that direction. 

The mass of the wagons have j^assed the pontoon bridge 
here, and are parked on the other side. Peck's wagons are 
now crossing ; his division will soon be over. Head-quarters 
wagons follow Peck's. I hope to have everything over to- 
night, and the bridge removed by daylight. May be delayed 
beyond that time. Came here to see Burnside ; otherwise 
should have remained with the rear-guard. Thus far all is 
quiet, and not a shot fired that I know of since we began the 



THE RETURN TO THE POTOMAC. 317 

march. I shall not feel entirely secure until I have the whole 
army beyond the Chickahorainy. I will then begin to forward 
troops by water as fast as transportation permits. 

G. B. McClellais^, 

Major-Gen. Comd'g. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army, "Washington, D. C. 

On the 18th and 19th our march was continued to Williams- 
burg and Yorktown, and on the 20th the remainder of the 
army was ready to embark at Yorktown, Fort Monroe, and 
Newport News. The movement of the main body of the 
army on this march was covered by General Pleasanton, with 
his cavalry and horse-artillery. That oflScer remained at Hax- 
all's until the army had passed Charles City Court-house, when 
he gradually fell back, picking up the stragglers as he pro- 
ceeded, and crossed the bridge over the Chickahominy after 
the main body had marched towards Williamsburg. His 
ti'oops were the last to cross the bridge, and he deserves great 
credit for the manner in which he performed this duty. Gen- 
eral Averill did a similar service in the same satisfactory way, 
in covering the march of the 3d Corps. 

As the campaign on the Peninsula terminated here, I cannot 
close this part of my report without giving an expression of 
my sincere thanks and gratitude to the officers and men whom 
I had the honor to command. 

From the commencement to the termination of this most 
arduous campaign, the army of the Potomac always evinced 
the most perfect subordination, zeal, and alacrity in the per- 
formance of all the duties required of it. 

The amount of severe labor accomplished by this army in 
the construction of intrenchments, roads, bridges, &c., was 
enormous ; yet all the work was performed with the most 
gratifying cheerfulness and devotion to the interests of the 
service. 

During the campaign ten severely contested and sanguinary 
battles had been fought, besides numerous small engagements, 
in which the troops exhibited the most determined enthusiasm 
and bravery. They submitted to exposure, sickness, and even 



318 THIRD PERIOD. 

death without a murmur. Indeed, they had become veterans 
in their country's cause, and richly deserved the warm com- 
mendation of the government. 

It was in view of these facts that this seemed to me an ap- 
propriate occasion for tlie general-in-chief to give, in general 
orders, some appreciative expression of the services of the 
army while upon the Peninsula. Accordingly, on the 18th, I 
sent him the following dispatch : 

Head-Quarters, Armt op the Potomac, 
August 18, 1862. 11 P.M. 

Please say a kind word to my army, that I can repeat to 
them in general orders, in regard to their conduct at Yorktown, 
Williamsburg, "West Point, Hanover Court-House, and on the 
Chickahominy, as well as in regard to the (V) seven days, and 
the recent retreat. 

No one has ever said anything to cheer them but myself. 
Say nothing about me, merely give my men and officers credit 
for what they have done. It will do you much good, and wUl 
strengthen you much with them if you issue a handsome order 
to them in regard to what they have accomplished. They 
deserve it. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Gteneral. 
. Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army, "Washin6ton, D. C. 

As no reply was received to this communication, and no 
order was issued by the general-in-chief, I conclude that my 
suggestion did not meet with his approbation. 

All the personnel and material of the army had been trans- 
ferred from Harrison's Landing to the different points of em- 
barkation in the very brief period of five days, without the 
slightest loss or damage. Porter's corps sailed from Newport 
News on the 19th and 20th; Heintzelman's corps sailed from 
Yorktown on the 2l8t. On that day I received the following 
telegram from the general-in-chief: 



THE RETURN TO THE POTOMAC. 319 

■Washington, Aug. 21, 1862 6 p.m. 
General McClellan, — 

Leave such garrisons in Fort Monroe, Yorktown, &c., as 
you may deem proper. They will be replaced by new troops 
as rapidly as possible. The forces of Burnside and Pope are 
hard pushed, and require aid as rapidly as you can send it. 
Come yourself as soon as you can. By all means see that the 
troops sent have plenty of ammunition. We have no time 
here to supply them. Moreover they may have to fight as 
soon as they land. 

W. H. Halleck, 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. IT. S. A. 

To which the following are replies : 

Head-Quaeters, Arjiy of the Potomac, 
Fort Monroe, August 21, 1862. 1.30 p.m. 

Your dispatch of (6) p.m. received. I have not lost an 
hour in sending troops, nor will I. Franklin is here, and I 
will try to get some of his troops on board to-night. I had 
already ordered all the ammunition forward. I will put head- 
quarters on board ship early to-morrow morning, so that I 
can leave at a moment's notice. I hope that I can get oiF to- 
morrow. Shall I go in person to Acquia, or do you wish to 
see me first in Washington ? If you wish it, I can probably 
ship quite an amount of ammunition for other troops than this 
army. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

"Washington, D. C. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Fort Monroe, Aug. 21, 1862. 10.25 p.m. 

I have ample supplies of ammunition for infantry and artil 
lery, and will have it up in time. I can supply any deficiencies 
tEat may exist in General Pope's army. Quite a number of 
rifled field-guns are on hand here. The forage is the only 
question for you to attend to. Please have that ready for 



820 THIRD PERIOD. 

me at Acquia. I want many more schooners for caralry- 
horses. They should have water on board when they come 
here. 

If you have leisure, and there is no objection, please com 
municate to me fully the state of affairs, and your plans. I 
will then be enabled to arrange details understandingly. 

G. B, MoClellajst, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Washington. 

Immediately on reaching Fort Monroe, I gave directions for 
strengthening the defenses of Yoi'ktown, to resist an attack 
fi-om the direction of Richmond, and left General Keyes, with 
his corps, to perform the work, and temporarily garrison the 
place. 

I telegraphed as follows on the 22d : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Fort Monroe, Aug. 22, 1862. 2.15 p.m. 

Dispatch of to-day received. Franklin's corps is embarking 
as rapidly as possible. Sumner's corj)s is at Newport News, 
ready to embark as fast as transportation arrives. Keyes is 
still at Yorktown, putting it in a proper state of defense. I 
think that all of Franklin's corps will get off to-day," and hope 
to commence with Sumner to-morrow. I shall then push off 
the cavalry and wagons. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-G-eneraL 
Maj. Gen. H. W. IIalleck, 
■Washington, D. C. 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Fort Monroe, Aug. 22, 1862. 3.40 p.m. 

Two (2) good ordnance sergeants are needed immediately 
at Yorktown and Gloucester. The new defenses are arranged 
and commenced. I recommend that (5,000) five thousand new 
troops be sent immediately to garrison York and Gloucester. 
They should be commanded by an experienced general-officer, 
■who can discipline and instruct them. About (000) nine 



CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 321 

hundred should be artillery. I recommend that a new regi- 
ment, whose colonel is an artillery officer, or graduate, be 
designated as heavy-artillery, and sent there. A similar regi- 
nent is absolutely necessary here. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army. 

On the 23d Franklin's corps sailed. I reported this in the 
following dispatch : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 
Fort Monroe, Aug. 23, 1862. 1.30 p.m. 

Fi-anklin's corps has stai'ted. I shall start for Acquia in 
about half-an-hour. No transports yet for Sumner's corps. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd'g. U. S. Army. 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 

On that evening I sailed with my staff for Acquia Creek, 
where I arrived at daylight on the following morning, report- 
ing as follows : 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomao^ 
Acquia Creek, Aug. 24, 1862. 

I have reached here, and respectfully report for orders 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Generai. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. Army. 

I also telegraphed as follows : 

14* 



322 THIRD PERIOD. 

Head-Quauters, Asirr of the Potomac, 
ACQUIA Creek, Aug. 24, 1862. 2 P.M. 
Your telegram received. Morell's scouts report Rappalian- 
nock Station burned and abandoned by Pope, without any 
notice to Morell or Sykes. This was telegra})hed you some 
hours ago. Reynolds, Reno and Stevens, are supposed to be 
with Pope, as nothing can be heard of them to-day. Morell 
and Sykes are near Morrisville Post Office, watching the lower 
fords of Rappahannock, with no troops between them and 
Rappahannock Station, Avhich is reported abandoned by Pope. 
Please inform me immediately exactly where Pope is, and 
what doing ; until I know that, I cannot regulate Porter's 
movements ; he is much exposed now, and decided meas- 
ures should be taken at once. Until I kiJow what my com- 
mand and position are to be, and whether you still intend to 
place me in the command indicated in your first letter to me, 
and orally through General Burnside at the Chickahominy, I 
cannot decide where I can be of most use. If your determina- 
tion is unchanged, I ought to go to Alexandria at once. Please 
define my position and duties. 



Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleok, 

Comd'gU. S. Army. 



G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 



To which I received the following reply. 

Washington, August 24, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellak, 

You ask me for information which I can not give. I do 
not know either where General Pope is, or where the enemy 
in force is. These are matters which I have been all day most 
anxious to ascertain. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-ChieC 

On the 26th, I received the following : 

"Washington, August 26th, 1862. 11 am. 
Majok-General G. B. McClellan, 

There is reason to believe that the enemy is moving a large 
force into the Shenandoah Valley. Reconnoissances will soon 
determine. General Heintzelman's corps was ordered to re- 



CAMPAGN OF GENERAL POPE. 323 

port to General Pope, and Kearney's will probably be sent to- 
day against the enemy's flank. Don't draw any troops down 
the Rappahannock at present. We sliall probably want them 
'all in the direction of the Shenandoah. Perhaps you had bet- 
ter leave General Burnside in charge at Acquia Creek, and 
come to Alexandria, as very great irregularities are reported 
there. General Franklin's corps will march as soon as it re- 
ceives transportation. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-iu-ChieC 

On receipt of this, I immediately sailed for Alexandria, and 
reported as follows. 

Alexandria, Aug. 27, 1862. 8 a.m. 
I arrived here last night, and have taken measures to ascer- 
tain the state of affairs here, and that proper remedies may be 
applied. Just received a rumor that railway bridge over Bull 
Run was burnt last night. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Haj^leck, 

Comd'g. TJ. S. A. 

Alexandeu, Aug. 2t, 1862. 9.40 a.m. 
The town is quiet, although quite full of soldiers who are 
said to be chiefly convalescents. The affairs of the quarter- 
master's department are reported as going on well. It is said 
that the Bull Run bridge will be repaired by to-morrow. The 
disembarkation of Sumner's corps commenced at Acquia yes- 
terday afternoon, I found that he could reach Rappahan- 
nock Station earlier that way than from here. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-Goneral. 
Maj.-Gen, H. W. Halleck, 
Comd'g. U. S. A 

On the same day I received the following : 

"Washington, August 27, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan. 

Telegrams from General Porter to General Burnside just 

received, say that Banks is at Fayetteville. McDowell, Sigel, 



324 THIRD PERIOD. 

and Ricketts neai Warrenton, Reno on his right. Porter is 
marching on Warrenton Junction to reinforce Pope. Nothing 
said of Heintzelman. Porter reports a general battle immi- 
nent. Franklin's corps should move out by forced marches, 
canying three or four days' provisions, and to be supplied as 
far as possible by railroad. Perhaps you may prefer some 
other road than to Centreville. Colonel Haupt has just tele- 
graphed about sending out troops, &c. Please see him and 
give him your directions. There has been some serious neg- 
lect to guard the railroad, which should be immediately reme- 
died. 

H. W. Hallkck, 

Greneral-in-Chief. 

I replied as follows : 

Alexandria, August 27, 1862. 10.20 a.m. 
Telegram this moment received, I have sent orders to 
Franklin to prepare to march with his corps at once, and to 
repair here in person to inform me as to his means of trans- 
portation. Kearney was yesterday at Rappahannock Station. 
Porter at Bealton, Kelly's, Darnell's, &c. Sumner will com- 
mence reaching Falmouth to-day. Williams's Massachusetts 
Cavalry will be mostly at Falmouth to-day. I loaned Burn- 
side my personal escort, 1st squadron (4th) Fourth Regulars, 
to scout down Rappahannock. I have sent for Couch's di- 
vision to come at once. As fast as I gain any information I 
will forward it, although you may already have it. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Washington, D. C. 

I also received the following telegrams. 

WAsmNGTON, August 27, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, 

Direct Gen. Casey to furnish you about five thousand of the 
new troops under his command. Take entire direction of the 
Befi^iiiff put Pf t^6 troops from Alexandria. Determine que&« 



CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 825 

tions of priority in transportation, and the places tliey shall 
occupy. Pope's head-quarters are near Warreuton Junction, 
but I cannot ascertain the present position of his troops. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief. 

"Washington, Aug. 21, 1862 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

I can get no satisfactory information from the front, either 
of the enemy or our troops. There seems to haA-e been great 
neglect and carelessness about Manassas. Franklm's corps 
should march in that direction as soon as possible. A compe- 
tent officer should be sent out to take direction of affairs in 
that vicinity. 

, H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief 

Upon the receipt of these I immediately sent the following 
telegram -to Generals Heintzelraan and Porter : 

Alexandria, Aug. 21, 1862. 
Where are you, and what is state of affairs ? What troops 
in your front, right and left? Sumner is now landing at 
Acquia. Where is Pope's left, and what of enemy ? Enemy 
burned Bull Run bridge' last night with cavalry force. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Heintzelman, 

"Wabbenton. 

Maj.-Gen. Porter, 

Bealton. 

p. S. If these general officers are not at the places named, 
nearest operator will please have message forwai'ded. 

I also telegraphed the General-in-Chief as follows : 

Alexandria, Aug. 21, 1862. 10.50 p.m. 
I have sent all the information I possess to Burnside, 
instructing him to look out well for his right flank between 
the Rappahannock and Potomac, and to send no trains to 



826 THIRD PEEIOD. 

Porter without an escort. I fear the cavalry who dashed at 
Bull Run last night may trouble Burnside a little. I have 
sent to communicate with Porter and Heintzelman via Fal- 
mouth, and hope to give you some definite information in a 
few hours. I shall land the next cavalry I get hold of here, 
and send, it out to keep open the communication between Pojdb 
and Porter, also to watch vicinity of Manassas. Please send 
me a number of copies of the best maps of present field of 
operations. I can use (50) fifty to advantage. 

G. B. McClellan. 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Comd'g. U. S. A. 

Alexandria, Aug. 2T, 1862. 11.20 a.m. 
In view of Burnside's dispatch, just received, would it not 
be advisable to throw the mass of Sumner's corps here, to move 
out with Franklin to Centreville or vicinity ? If a decisive 
battle is fought at Warrenton, a disaster would leave any 
troops on lower Rajjpahannock in a dangerous position. They 
would do better service in front of Washington. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

"Washington, D. C. 

Arexandbia, Aug. 2T, 1862. 12.5 p.m. 
My aid has just returned from General Franklin's camp. 
Reports that Generals Franklin, Smith, and Slocum are all in 
Washington. He gave the order to the next in rank to place 
the corps in readiness to move at once. I learn that heavy 
firing has been heard this morning at Centreville, and have 
sent to ascertain the truth. I can find no cavalry to send out 
on the roads. Are the works garrisoned and ready for 
defense ? 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 
Washingtom. 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 327 

Alexandria, August 27, 1862. 12.20 p.m. 
What bridges exist over Bull Run? Have steps been 
taken to construct bridges for the advance of troops to rein- 
force Pope, or to enable him to retreat if in trouble ? There 
should be two gun-boats at Acquia Creek at once. Shall I 
push the rest of Sumner's corps here, or is Pope so strong as 
to be reasonably certain of success ? I have sent to inspect 
the works near here, and their garrisons. As soon as I can 
find Gen. Casey, or some other commanding officer, I will see 
to the railway, etc. It would be well to have them report to 
me, as I do not know where they are. I am trying to find 
them, and will lose no time in carrying out your orders. 
Would like to see Burnside. 

G. B. McClkllan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Washington. 

Alexandria, Aug. 21, 1862. 1.15 p.m. 
Franklin's artillery have no horses, except for (4) four guns 
without caissons ; I can pick up no cavalry. In view of these 
facts, will it not be well to push Sumner's corps here by water 
as rapidly as possible ; to make immediate arrangements for 
placing the works in front of Washington in an efficient con- 
dition of defense. I have no means of knowing the enemy's 
force between Pope and ourselves. Can Franklin, without his 
artillery or cavalry, effect any useful purpose in front ? Should 
not Burnside at once take steps to evacuate Falmouth and 
Acquia, at the same time covering the retreat of any of Pope's 
troops who may fall back in that direction. I do not see that 
we have force enough in hand to form a connection with Pope, 
whose exact position we do not know. Are we safe in the 
direction of the valley ? 

G. B. McClkllan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Washington. 

Alexandria, Aug. 27, 1862. 1.35 p.m. 
I learn that Taylor's brigade sent this morning to Bull Run 



928 THIRD PERIOD. 

bridge, is either cut to pieces or captured. That the force 
against them had many guns, and about (5,000) five thousand 
infantry, receiving reinforcements every moment. Also, that 
Gainsville is in possession of the enemy. Please send som 
cavalry out towards Drainesville via Chain Bridge, to watch 
Lewinsville and Drainesville, and go as far as they can. If you 
will give me even one squadron of good cavalry here, I will 
ascertain the state of the case. I think our policy now is to 
make these works perfectly safe, and mobihze a couple of corps 
as soon as possible ; but not to advance them until they can 
have their artillery and cavalry. I have sent for Colonel Tyler 
to place his artillerymen in the works. Is Fort Maroy securely 
held? 

McClki.i.an. 
Gen. Halleck. 

Alexandria, Aug. 2'?, 1862. 2.30 p.it 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
ComcVg. U. S. Army : 
Sumner has been ordered to send here all of his corps that 
are within reach. Orders have been sent to Couch to come 
here from Yorktown with the least possible delay. But one 
squadron of my cavalry has arrived, that will be disembarked 
at once, and sent to the front. If there is any cavalry in 
Washington it should be ordered to report to me at once. 

I still think that we should first provide for the immediate 
defense of Washington on both sides of the Potomac. I am 
not responsible for the past, and can not be for the future, 
unless I receive ajUthority to dispose of the available troops 
according to my judgment. Please inform me at once, what 
my position is. I do not wish to act in the dark. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

Alexandria, Aug. 27, 1862. 6 p.i£. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd''g U. S. Army: 
I have just received the copy of a dispatch from General 
Pope to you, dated 10 sum. this morning, in which he says: 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENEEAL POPE. 329 

" All forces now sent forward should be sent to my right at 
GainsvUle." 

I now have at my disposal here about (10,000) ten thousand 
men of Franklin's corps, about (2800) twenty-eight hundred 
of General Tyler's brigade, and Colonel Tyler's 1st Connecti- 
cut artillery, which I recommend should be held in hand for 
the defense of Washington. If you wish me to order any 
part of this force to the front, it is in readiness to march at a 
moment's notice to any point you may indicate. 

In view of the existing state of things in our front, I have 
deemed it best to order General Casey to hold his men for 
Yorktown in readiness to move ; but not to send them off till 
further orders. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

On the 28th I telegraphed as follows : 

Head-Quartees, Camp near Alexandria, 

Aug. 28, 1862. 4.10 P.M. 

General Franklin is with me here. I will know in a few 
minutes the condition of artillery and cavalry. We are not. 
yet in condition to move, may be by to-morrow morning. 
Pope must cut through to-day, or adopt the plan I suggested. 
I have ordered troops to garrison the works at Upton's Hill. 
They must be held at any cost. As soon as I can see the way 
to spare them, I will send a corps of good troops there. It is 
the key to Washington, which can not be seriously menaced as 
long as it is held. 

G. B. McCleixan, 

Major-GeneraL 

Maj.-Gen Halleck, 

WASmNGTON, D. 0. 

I received the following from the general-in-chief : — 

Washinqton, August 28, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

I think you had better place Sumner's corps, as it arrives, 
near the guns, and particularly at the Chain Bridge. The 



390 THIRD PKKIOD. 

principal thing to be feared now is a cavalry raid into this city, 
especially in the night-time. Use Cox's and Tyler's brigade 
and the new U'oops for the same object, if you need them. 
Porter writes to Burnside from Bristol, 9.30 a.m., yesterday, 
tliat Pope's forces were then moving on Manassas, and that 
Burnside would soon hear of them by way of Alexandria. 
General Cullum has gone to Harper's Ferry, and I have only 
a single regular officer for duty in the office. Please send 
some of your officers to-day to see that every precaution is 
taken at the forts against a raid ; also at the bridge. Please 
answer. 

H. W. Halleck, 

G^eneral-in-ChieC 

On the 29th the following dispatch was telegraphed : 

Camp near Alexandhia, Aug. 29, 1862. 10.30 a.m. 
Franklin's corps is in motion. Started about (6) six a.m. I 
can give him but two squadrons of cavalry. I propose mov- 
ing General Cox to Upton's Hill, to hold that important point, 
with its works, and to push cavalry scouts to Vienna via 
Freedom Hill and Hunter's Lane. Cox has (2) two squadrons 
cavalry. Please answer ut once whether this meets your ap- 
proval. I have directed Woodbury, with the engineer brigade, 
to hold Fort Lyon. Sumner detached last night two regiments 
to vicinity of Forts " Ethan Allen" and " Marcy." Meagher's 
brigade is still at Acquia. If he moves in support of Franklin 
it leaves us without any reliable troops in and near Washing- 
ton, yet Franklin is too weak alone. What shall be done ? 
No more cavalry arrived ; have but (3) three squadrons. 
Franklin has but (40) forty rounds of ammunition, and no 
wagons to move more. I do not think Franklin is in condi- 
tion to accomplish much if he meets with serious resistance. 

I should not have moved him but for your pressing order 
■)f last night. What have you from Vienna and Drainesville ? 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GreneraL 

Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

Washington. 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 331 

To which the following is a reply : 

Washington, August 29, 1862. 12 n. 
Ma.j.-Gen. McClkllan, 

Upton's Hill arrangement all right. We must send wagons 
and ainmunition to Franklin as fast as they arrive. Meagher's 
brigade ordered up yesterday. Fitzhugh Lee was, it is said 
on good authority, in Alexandria on Sunday last for three 
hours. I have nothing from Drainesville. 

H. W. Halleck, 
/ General-in-Chief. 

On the same day the following was received from his Excel- 
lency the President : 

"Washington, August 29, 1862. 2.30 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, 

What news from direction of Manassas Junction ? What, 
generally ? 

A. Lincoln. 

To which I replied as follows : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862. 2.45 p.m. 
The last news I received from the direction of Manassas 
was from stragglers, to the effect that the enemy were evacu- 
ating Centreville and retiring towards Thoro'fare Gap. This 
by no means reliable. I am clear that one of two courses 
should be adopted : 1st. To concentrate all our available 
forces to open communication with Pope. 2d. To leave Pope 
to get out of his scrape, and at once use all our means to make 
the capital perfectly safe. No middle ground will now answer. 
Tell me what you wish me to do and I will do all in my 
power to accomplish it. I wish to know Avhat my orders and 
authority are. I ask for nothing, but will obey whatever orders 
you give. I only ask a prompt decision, that I may at once 
give the necessary orders. It will not do to delay any longer 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-Gr«neraL 
A. Lincoln, 

President 

and copy to Gen. Halleck. 



332 THIRD PERIOD. 

To which the follo\ving is a reply : 

Washington, Aug. 29, 1862. 110 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, 

Yours of to-day just received. I think your first alternative, 
to wit : " To concentrate all our available forces to open com- 
munication with Pope," is the right one, but I wish not to 
control. That I now leave to General Halleck, aided by your 
counsels. 

A. Lincoln. 

It had been officially reported to me from Washington that 
the enemy in strong force was moving through Vienna, in the 
direction of the Chain Bridge, and had a large force at Vienna. 
This report, in connection with the dispatch of the general-in- 
chief on the 28th, before noted, induced me to direct Franklin 
to halt his command near Annandale, until it could be deter- 
mined by reconnoissances to Vienna and towards Manassas, 
whether these reports were true. General Cox was ordered 
to send his small cavalry force from Upton's Hill towards 
Vienna and Drainesville in one direction, and towards Fairfax 
Court-House in the other, and Frankhn to push his (2) two 
squadrons as far towards Manassas as possible, in order to 
ascertain the true position of the enemy. With the enemy in 
force at Vienna and towards Lewinsville, it would have been 
very injudicious to have pushed Franklin's small force beyond 
Annandale. It must be remembered that at this time we Avere 
cut off from direct communication with General Pope ; that 
the enemy was, by the last accounts, at Manassas in strong 
force; and that Franklin had only from 10,000 to 11,000 men, 
with an entirely insufficient force of cavalry and artillery. 

In order to represent this condition of affairs in its pi'oper 
iight to the general-in-chief, and to obtain definite instructions 
from him, I telegraphed as follows : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862. 12 m. 

Have ordered most of the (12th) Twelfth Pennsylvania 
Cavalry to report to General Barnai'd for scouting duty to- 
wards Rockville, Poolesville, etc. If you apprehend a raid of 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 333 

cavalry on your side of the river, I had better send a brigade 
or two of Sumner's to near Tenallytown, where, with two or 
three old regiments in Forts Allen and Marcy, they can watch 
both Chain Bridge and Tenallytown. Would it meet your 
views to post rest of Sumner's corjjs between Arlington and 
Fort Corcoran, whence they can either support Cox, Franklin, 
or Chain Bridge, and even Tenallytown. Franklin has only 
between (10,000) ten thousand and (11,000) eleven thousand 
for duty ? How far do you wish this force to advance ? 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen, Halleck, 

Washington. 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862. 1 p.m. 

I anxiously await reply to my last dispatch in regard to 
Sumner. Wish to give the order at once. Please authorize 
me to attach new regiments permanently to my old brigades. 
I can do much good to old and new troops in that way. I 
shall endeavor to hold a line in advance of Forts Allen and 
Marcy, at least with strong advanced guards. I wish to hold 
the line through Prospect Hill, Mackall's, Minor's and Hall's 
Hills. This will give us timely warning. Shall I do as seems 
best to me with all the troops in this vicinity, including 
Franklin, who, I really think, ought not, under present cir- 
cumstances, to advance beyond Annandale ? 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

Gen. Halleck. 

On the same day I received a dispatch from the general-in- 
chief, in which he asks me why I halted Franklin at Annan 
dale, to which I replied as follows : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862. 8 p.ic 
By referring to ray telegrams of 10.30 a.m., 12 m., and 1 p.m., 
together with your reply of 2.48 p.m., you will see why Frank- 
lin's corps halted at Annandale. His small cavalry force — all 
I had to give him — was ordered to push on as far as possible 



334 THIRD PERIOD. 

towards Manassas. It Avas not safe for Franklin to move bfr- 
yond Annandale under the circumstances, until we knew what 
was at Vienna. General Franklin remained here until about 
1 P.M., endeavoring to arrange for supplies for his command. 
I am responsible for both these circumstances, and do not see 
that either was in disobedience to your orders. Please give 
distinct orders in reference to Franklin's movements to-mor- 
row. I have sent to Colonel Haupt to push out construction 
and supply trains as soon as possible. General Tyler to fur- 
nish the necessary guards. I have directed General Banks's 
supply trains to start out to-night at least as far as Annan- 
dale, with an escort from General Tyler. In regard to to- 
morrow's movements, I desire definite instructions, as it is not 
agreeable to me to be accused of disobeying orders, when 
I have simply exercised the discretion you committed to 
me. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gex. Halleck, 

Washington, D. 0. 

On the same evening I sent the following dispatches : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862, 10 p.m. 
Not hearing from you, I have sent orders to General Frank- 
lin, to place himself in communication with General Pope as 
soon as possible, and at the same time, cover the transit of 
Pope's supplies. Orders have been given for railway and 
wagon trains to move to Pope, with least possible delay. I 
am having inspections made of all the forts around city by 
members of my staff, with instructions to give all requisite 
orders. I inspected Worth and Ward myself this evening; 
found them in good order. Reports, so far as heard from, 
are favorable as to condition of works. 

G, B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 
Maj.-Gbn. H. W. Halleck, 

WASmNGTON. 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GBNEKAL POPE. 335 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 29, 1862. 10 p.m 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Ceneral-in- Chief U. S. A., 

"Washington, D. C, — 
Tour dispatch received. Franklin's corps has been ordered 
to march at 6 o'clock to-morrow morning. Sumner has about 
fourteen thousand infantry, without cavahy or artillery, here 
Cox's brigade of four regiments is here, with two batteries of 
artilleiy. Men of two regiments, much fatigued, came in to 
day. Tyler's brigade of three new regiments but little drilled, 
is also here. All these troops will be ordered to hold them- 
selves ready to march to-morrow morning, and all, except 
Franklin's, to await further orders. If you wish any of them 
to move towards Manassas, please inform me. 

Col. Wagner, 2d New York artillery, has just come in from 
the front. He reports strong infantry and cavalry force of 
rebels, near Fairfax Court House ; reports rumors from 
various sources, that Lee and Stuart, with large forces, are 
at Manassas. That the enemy with 120,000 men, intend 
advancing on the forts near Arlington and Chain Bridge, with 
a view of attacking Washington and Baltimore. General Bar- 
nard telegraphs me to-night, that the length of the line of 
fortifications on this side of the Potomac, requires 2,000 addi- 
tional artillery men, and additional troops to defend intervals, 
according to circumstances. At all events, he says an old 
regiment should be added to the force at Chain Bridge, and a 
few regiments distributed along the lines, to give confidence 
to our new troops. I agree with him fully, and think our forti- 
fications along the upper part of our line, on this side the river, 
very unsafe with their present garrisons, and the movements 
of the enemy seem to indicate attack upon those works. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

Camp near Alexandru, Aug. 30, 1862. 11.30 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
General-in- Chiefs — 
Your telegi'am of 9 a.m. received. Ever since General 
Franklin received notice that he was to march from Alexan- 
dria, he has been endeavoring to get transportation from the 



3S8 THIEDPERIOB. 

quarter-master at Alexandria, but he has uniformly been told 
that there was none disposable, and his command marched 
without wagons. After the departure of his corps, he- pro- 
cured twenty wagons to carry some extra ammunition, by un- 
loading Banks's supply train. General Sumner endeavored, by 
application upon the quarter-master's department, to get wagons 
to carry his reserve ammunition, but without success, and was 
obliged to march with what he could carry in his cartridge- 
boxes. I have this morning directed that all my head-quarters 
wagons that are landed, be at once loaded with ammunition 
for Sumner and Franklin, but they will not go far towards 
supplying the deficiency. 

Eighty-five wagons were got together by the quarter-masters 
last night, loaded with subsistence, and sent forward at 1 a.m., 
with an escort via Annandale. Every eflTort has been made 
to carry out your orders promptly. The great difiiculty seems 
to consist in the fact, that the greater part of the transporta- 
tion on hand at Alexandria and Washington, has been needed 
for current supplies of the garrisons. Such is the state of the 
case, as represented to me by the quarter-masters, and it ap- 
pears to be true. I take it for granted, that this has not been 
properly explained to you. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

On the morning of the 30th, heavy artillery firing was heard 
in the direction of Fairfax Court House, which I reported to the 
general-in-chief. At 11 a.m. the following telegram was sent. 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 30. 1862. 11 a.m. 
Have ordered Sumner to leave (l) one brigade in vicinity of 
Chain Bridge, and to move the rest via Columbia pike on An- 
nandale and Fairfax Court House. Is this the route you wish 
them to take ? He and Franklin are both instructed to join 
Pope as promptly as possible. Shall Couch move out also 
when he arrives ? 

Geo. B. McClellajt, 

Major-General. 
Maj. Gen. Halleck, 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENEEAL POPE. 337 

On the same day I received the following : 

"Washington, Aug. 30, 1862. 1.45 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan. 

Ammunition, and particularly for artillery, must be immedi- 
ately sent forward to Centreville for General Pope. It must 
be done with all possible dispatch. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chiet 

To which the following reply was made : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 30, 1862. 2.10 p,m. 

I know nothing of the calibres of Pope's artillery. All I 
can do is to direct my ordnance officer to load up all the 
wagons sent to him. I have already sent all my head-quarters 
wagons. You will have to see that wagons are sent from 
Washington. I can do nothing more than give the order that 
every available wagon in Alexandria shall be loaded at once. 
The order to the brigade of Sumner that I directed to remain 
near Chain Bridge and Tenallytown, should go from your 
head-quarters, to save time. I understand you to intend it 
also to move. I have no sharpshootets except the guard 
around my camp. I have sent off every man but those, and 
will now send them with the train as you direct. I will also 
send my only remaining squadron of cavalry with General 
Sumner. I can do no more. You now have every man of 
the army of the Potomac who is within my reach. 

G. B, McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck. 

At 10.30 P.M. the following telegram was sent : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 30, 1862. 10.30 p.m. 
I have sent to the front all my troops, with the exception 
of Couch's division, and have given the orders necessary to 
insure its being disposed of as you directed. I hourly expect 
the return of one of my aides, who will give authentic news 
from the field of battle. 

15 



538 THIRD PERIOD. 

I cannot express to you the pain and mortification I have 
experienced to-day in listening to the distant sound of the 
firing of my men. As I can be of no further use here, I re- 
spectfully ask that if there is a probability of the conflict being 
renewed to-morrow, I may be permitted to go to the scene of 
battle with m/ stafi", merely to be with my own men, if 
nothing more ; they will fight none the worse for my being 
with them. If it is not deemed best to intrust me with the 
command even of my own army, I simply ask to be permitted 
to share their fate on the field of battle. Please reply to this 
to-night. 

I have been engaged for the last few hours in doing what I 
can to make arrangements for the wounded. I have started 
out all the ambulances now landed. 

As I have sent my escort to the front, I would be gla'd to 
take some of Gregg's cavalry with me, if allowed to go. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-GeneraL 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Comd'g U. S. A., "Washington, D..C. 

To which on the following day I received- this answer : 

Washington, Aug. 31, 1862. 9.18 A.M. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, 

I have just seen your telegram of 11.5 last night. The sub- 
stance was stated to me Avhen received, but I did not know 
that you asked for a reply immediately. I cannot anwer 
without seeing the President, as General Pope is in command, 
Sjy his orders, of the department. 

I think Couch's division should go forward as rapidly as 
ossible, and find the battle-field. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chie£ 

On the same day the following was received : 

■WASHmoTON, Aug. 31, 1862. 12.45 P.M. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

The subsistence department are making Fairfax Station 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 889 

their principal depot : it should be well guarded. The officer 
in charge should be directed to secure the depot by abattis 
against cavalry. As many as possible of the new regiments 
should be prepared to take the field. Perhaps some more 
should be sent in the vicinity of Chain Bridge. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief. 

THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC REMOVED FROM 
GENERAL McCLELLAN'S COMMAND. 

At 2.30 P.M. the following dispatch was telegraphed : 

Camp neak Alexandria, Aug. 31, 1862. 2.30 P.M. 

Major Haller is at Fairfax Station, with my provost and 
head-quarters guard and other troops. I have requested (4) 
four more companies to be sent at once, and the precautions 
you direct to be taken. 

Under the W.ir Department order of yesterday, I have no 
control over anything except my staff, some one hundred men 
m my camp here, and the few remaining near Fort Monroe. 

I have no control over the new regiments ; do not know 
where they are or anything about them, except those near 
here. Their commanding officers and those of the works are 
not under me. Where I have seen evils existing under my 
own eye I have corrected them. I think it is the business of 
General Casey to prepare the new regiments for the field, and 
a matter between him and General Barnard to order others to 
vicinity of Chain Bridge. Neither of them is under my com- 
mand, and by the War Department order I have no right to 
give them orders. 

G. B. McClellan. 

General Halleck, 

"Washington. 

To which the following is an answer : 

■Washington, Aug. 31, 1862. lO.t p.m. 
Ma J.- Gen. McClellan, — 

Since receiving your dispatch, relating to command, I have 



340 THIRD PEBIOD. 

not been able to answer any not of absolute necessity. I have 
not seen tlie order as published, but will write to you in the 
morning. You will retain the command of everything in this 
vicinity not temporarily to be Pope's army in the field. 

I beg of you to assist me in this crisis with your ability and 
experience. I am entirely tired out. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chie£ 

•« 

\ 

The order referred to in the preceding dispatches was as 
follows : 

War Department, Aug. 30, 1862. 

The following are the commanders of the armies operating 
in Virginia : 

General Burnside commands his own corps, except those 
that have been temporarily detached and assigned to General 
Pope. 

General McClellan commands that portion of the Army of 
the Potomac that has not been sent forward to General Pope's 
command. 

General Pope commands the Army of Virginia, and all the 
forces temporarily attached to it. 

All the forces are under the command of Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 
General-in-Chief. 

E. D. TOWNSEND, 

Assistant- Adj.-GeneraL 

I was informed by Col. Townsend that the above was pub- 
lished by order of the Secretary of War. 
At 11.30 P.M. I telegraphed the following : 

Camp near Alexandria, Aug. 31, 1862. 11.30 p.m. 
The squadron of 2d Regular Cavalry that I sent with Gen. 
Sumner was captured to-day, about 2 p.m, some three miles 
from Fairfax Court House, beyond it on the Little River Pike, 
by Fitzhugli Lee, with 3,000 cavalry and (3) three light bat- 
teries. I have conversed with the 1st sergeant, who says that 
when he last saw them they were within a mile of Fairfax. 
Pope had no troops on that road, this squadron getting there 



THE CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL POPE. 341 

by mistake. There is nothing of ours on the right of Centre- 
ville but Sumner's corps. There was much artillery firing 
during the day. A rebel major told the Serjeant that the 
rebels had driven in our entire left to-day. He says the road 
is filled with wagons and stragglers coming towards Alexan- 
dria. It is clear, from the Serjeant's account, that we were 
badly beaten yesterday, and that Pope's right is entirely 
exposed. 

I recommend that no more of Couch's division be sent to 
the front, that Burnside be brought here as soon as practicable, 
and that everything available this side of Fairfax be drawn iu 
at once, including the mass of the troops on the railroad. I 
apprehend that the enemy will, or have by this time, occupied 
Fairfax Court-House, and cut ofi" Pope entirely, unless he falls 
back to-night via Sangster's and Fairfax Station. I think 
these orders should be sent at once. I have no confidence in 
the dispositions made, as I gather them. To speak frankly, 
and the occasion requires it, there appears to be a total ab- 
sence of brains, and I fear the total destruction of the army. 
I have some cavalry here that can carry out any orders you 
may have to send. The occasion is grave, and demands grave 
measures. The question is the salvation of the country. I 
learn that our loss yesterday amounted to (15,000) fifteen 
thousand. We cannot afford such losses without an object. 
It is my deliberate opinion that the interests of the nation de- 
mand that Pope should fall back to-night if possible, and not 
one moment is to be lost. I will use all the cavalry I have to 
watch our right. Please answer at once. I feel confident you 
can rely upon the information I give you. I shall be up all 
night, and ready to obey any orders you give me. 

G. B. McClellan, 



Gen. Halleck, 

"Washington. 



Major-GeneraL 



To which this reply was received : 

"Washington, Sept. 1, 1862. 1.30 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

Burnside was ordered up very early yesterday morning. 
Retain remainder of CouJh's forces, and make arrangements 



342 TIIIKD PERIOD. 

to stop all retreating troops in line of works-, or where you can 
best establish an outer line of defense. My news from Pope 
was up to 4 P.M., he was then all right. I must Avait for more 
definite information before I can order a retreat, as the falling 
back on the line of works must necessarily be directed, ia case 
of a serious disaster. 

Give me all additional news that is reliable. I shall be up 
all night, and ready to act as circumstances may require. I 
am fully aware of the gravity of the crisis, and have been for 
weeks. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief. 

It will be seen from what has preceded that I lost no time 
that could be avoided in moving the army of the Potomac 
from the Peninsula to the support of the army of Virginia ; 
that I spared no effort to hasten the embarkation of the 
troops at Fort Monroe, Newport News and Yorktown, re- 
maining at Fort Monroe myself until the mass of the army had 
sailed ; and that after my arrival at Alexandria I left nothing 
in my power undone to forward supplies and reinforcements 
to General Pope. I sent with the troops that moved all the 
cavalry I could get hold of, even my personal escort was sent 
out upon the line of the railway as a guard, with the provost 
and camp guard at head-quarters, retaining less than one hun- 
dred men, many of whom were orderlies, invalids, merabex's of 
bands, etc. ; all the head-quarter teams that arrived were sent 
out with supplies and ammunition, none being retained even 
to move the head-quaiters camp. The squadron that habitu- 
ally served as my personal escort was left at Falmouth with 
General Burnside, as he was deficient in cavalry. 



FOURTH PERIOD. 



On the 1st of September, I went into Washington, where 
I had an interview with the general-in-chief, who instructed 
me verbally, to take command of its defenses, expressly limit- 
ing my jurisdiction to the works and their garrisons, and pro- 
hibiting me from exercising any control over the troops actively 
engaged in front under General Pope. During this interview, 
I suggested to the geueral-in-chief, the necessity of his going 
in person, or sending one of his personal staiF, to the army 
under General Pope, for the purpose of ascertaining the exact 
condition of affairs. He sent Colonel Kelton, his assistant- 
adjutant-general. 

During the afternoon of the same day, I received a message 
from the general-in-chief, to the effect that he desired me to go 
at once to his house to see the President. The President in- 
formed me that he had reason to believe, that the army of the 
Potomac was not cheerfully co-oj^erating with, and supporting 
General Pope, that he had " always been a friend of mine," 
and now asked me as a special favor, to use ray influence in 
correcting this state of things. I replied, substantially, that I 
was confi(fent that he was misinformed, that I was sure, what- 
ever sentiment the army of the Potomac might entertain 
towards General Pope, that they would obey his orders, sup- 
port him to the fullest extent, and do their whole duty. The 
President, who was much moved, again asked me to telegraph 
to " Fitz John Porter, or some other of my fi'iends," and try 
to do away with any feeling that might exist, adding that I 
could rectify the evil, and that no one else could. I there- 
upon told hiri that I would cheerfully telegraph to General 
Porter, or do any thing else in my powex', to gratify his wishes 



344 FOURTH PERIOD. 

and relieve his anxiety, upon which he thanked me very 
warmly, assured me that he could never forget my action in 
the matter, etc., and left. 

I then wrote the following telegram to Gen. Porter, which 
was sent to him by the general-in-chief : 

Washington, Sept. 1, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. Porter, 

I ask of you for my sake, and that of the country, and the 
old array of the Potomac, that you and all my friends, will 
lend the fullest and most cordial co-operation to General Pope, 
in all the operations now going on. The destinies of our 
country, the honor of our array are at stake, and all depends 
now upon the cheerful co-operation of all in the field. This 
week is the crisis of our fate. Say the same thing to my friends 
in the Array of the Potomac, and that the last request I have 
to make of them is, that for their country's sake they will 
extend to General Pope, the same support they ever have 
to me. 

I am in charge of the defenses of Washington, and am doing 
all I can to render your retreat safe, should that become 
necessary. 

* Geo. B. McClellan. 

To which he sent the following reply : 

Fairfax Court House, 10 a.m., Sept. 2, 1862. 
" You may rest assured that all your friends, as well as every 
lover of his country, will ever give, as they have given, to Gen- 
eral Pope their cordial co-operation and constant support, in 
the execution of all ordei's and plans. Our killed, wounded 
and enfeebled troops, attest our devoted duty." 

F. J. Porter, 
Gkn. Geo. B. McClellan, Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

"Washington. 

Neither at the time I wrote the telegram, nor at any other 
time, did I tliink for one moment, that General Porter had been, 
or would be in any manner, derelict in the performance of his 
4uty to the nation uni its cause. Such an impression never 



RECALL TO THE COMMAND. 345 

entered my mind. The dispatch in question was written 
purely at the request of tlie President. 

On the morning of the 2d, the President and General Hal- 
leck came to my house, when the President informed me that 
Colonel Kelton had returned from the front ; that our affairs 
were in bad condition ; that the army was in full retreat upon 
the defenses of Washington ; the roads filled with stragglers, 
&G. He instructed me to take steps at once to stop and col- 
lect the stragglers, to place the works in a proper state of de- 
fense, and to go out to meet, and take command of the army 
when it approached the vicinity of the works ; then to put the 
troops in the best position for defense ; committing every thing 
to my hands.* 

I immediately took steps to carry out these orders, and I 
sent an aide to General Pope with the following letter : 

Head-Quartees, Washington-, Sept. 2, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. John Pope, 

ConicPg. Army of Virginia : 
General, — General Halleck instructed me to repeat to 
you the order he sent this morning to withdraw your army to 
Washington without unnecessary delay. He feared that his 
messenger might miss you, and desired to take this double 
precaution. 

In order to bring troops upon ground with which they are 
already familiar, it would be best to move Porter's corps upon 
Upton's Hill, that it may occupy Hall's Hill, etc. ; McDowell's 
to Upton's Hill ; Franklin's to the works in front of Alexan- 
dria ; Heintzelman's to the same vicinity ; Couch to Fort 
Corcoran, or, if practicable, to the Chain Bridge ; Sumner either 

° Tlio following, which was the only order issued oq the subject, was pub- 
lished on the 2d September. It was accidentally omitted in preparing the 
report. 

Wab-Depabtmtint, Adjittant-Genebai'b OrFio*, 

Washington, Sept, 2, 1SC2. 
Major-General McClellan will have command of the fortifications of Wash' 
Ington, and of all the troops for the defense of the capital. 

By order of Maj.-Gen. Halleck, 

E. D. Townsend, 

Ass' t.-Adg*t -General. 



346 FOUETH PERIOD. 

to Fort Albany or to Alexandria, as may be most conve- 
nient. 

In haste, General, 

Very truly yours, 

Geo. B, McClellan", « 
Maj.-Gen. U. S. A. 

In the afternoon I crossed the Potomac and rode to the 
front, and at Upton's Hill met the advance of McDowell's 
corps, and with it Generals Pope and McDowell. After get- 
ting what information I could from them, I sent the few aids 
at my disposal to the left, to give instructions to the troops 
approaching in the direction of Alexandria ; and hearing artil- 
lery firing in the direction of the Vienna and Langley road, by 
which the corps of Sumner, Porter and Sigel were returning, 
and learning from General Pope that Sumner was probably 
engaged, I went with a single aide and three orderUes by the 
shortest line to meet that column. I reached the column after 
dark, and proceeded as far as Lewinsville, where I became 
satisfied that the rear corps (Sumner's) would be able to 
reach its intended ^^osition Av^thout any serious molestation. 
I therefore indicated to Generals Porter and Sigel the posi- 
tions they were to occupy, sent instructions to General Sum- 
ner, and at a late hour of the night returned to Washington. 

Next day I rode to the front of Alexandria, and was en- 
gaged in rectifying the positions of the troops, and giving 
orders necessary to secure the issuing of the necessary sup- 
plies, etc. I felt sure on this day that we could repulse any 
attack made by the enemy on the south side of the Potomac. 



THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN. 

On the 3d the enemy had disappeared from the front of 
Washington, and the information which I received induced 
me to believe that he intended to cross the upper Potomao 
into Maryland. This materially changed the aspect of aflTairs 
and enlarged the sphere of operations, for, in case of a cross- 
ing in force, an active campaign would be necessary to cover 



THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN. 347 

Baltimore, prevent the invasion of Pennsylvania, and clear 
Maryland. 

I therefore on the 3d ordered the 2d and 12th Corps to 
TenallytowTi, and the 9th Corps to a point on the 7th Street 
road near Washington, and sent such cavalry as was available 
to the fords near Poolesville, to watch and impede the enemy 
in any attempt to cross in that vicinity. 

On the 5th the 2d and 12th Corps were moved to Rock- 
ville, and Couch's division (the only one of the 4th Corps that 
had been brought from the Peninsula) to Offut's Cross Roads. 

On the 6th the 1st and 9th Corps were ordered to Lees- 
boro, the 6th Corps and Sykes's division of the 5th Corps to 
Tenallytown. 

On the 7th the 6th Corps was advanced to Rockville, to 
which place *ny head-quarters were moved on the same day. 

All the necessary arrangements for the defense of the city, 
under tlie new condition of things, had been made, and Gen- 
eral Banks was left in command, having received his instruc- 
tions from me. 

I left Washington on the 7th of September. At this time 
it was known that the mass of the rebel army had passed up 
the south side of the Potomac in the direction of Leesburg, 
and that a portion of that army had crossed into Maryland ; 
but whether it was tfceir intention to cross their whole force, 
with a view to turn Washington by a flank movement down 
the north bank of the Potomac, to move on Baltimore, or to 
invade Pennsylvania, Avere questions which at that time we 
had no means of determining. This uncertainty as to the 
intentions of the enemy obliged me, up to the 13th of Septem- 
ber, to march cautiously, and to advance the army in such 
order as continually to keep Washington and Baltimore cov- 
ered, and at the same time to hold the troops well in hand, so 
as to be able to concentrate and follow rapidly if the enemy 
took the direction of Pennsylvania, or to return to the defense 
of Washington, if, as was greatly feaVed by the authorities, 
the enemy should be merely making a feint "with a small force 
to draw off our array, while with their main forces they stood 
ready to feize the first favorable opportunity to attack the 
capital. 



348 FOURTH PERIOD. 

In the meantime the process of reorganization rendered 
necessary after the demoraUzing effects of the disastrous cam- 
paign upon the other side of the Potomac, was rapidly pio- 
gressing, the troops were regaining confidence, and ^leir former 
soldierly appearance and discipline were fl\st returning. My 
cavalry was pushed out continually in all directions, and all 
possible steps taken to learn the positions and movements of 
the enemy. 

The following table shows the movements of the army from 
day to day, up to the 14th of September. 

[See opposite page.^ 

The right wing, consisting of the 1st and 9th Corps, under 
the command of Major-General Burnside, moved on Frederick, 
the 1st Corps via Brookville, Cooksville and Ridge ville, and 
the 9th Corps via Damascus and New Market. 

The 2d and 12th Corps, forming the centre, imder the com- 
mand of General Sumner, moved on Frederick ; the former 
via Clarksburg and Urbana, and the 12th Corps on a lateral 
road between Urbana and New Market, thus maintaining the 
communication with the right wing, and covering the direct 
road from Frederick to Washington, 

The 6th Corps under the command of General Franklin, 
moved to Buckeystown via Darnestown, Dawsonville, and 
Barnville, covering the road from the mouth of the Monocacy 
to Rockville, and being in a position to connect with and 
support the centre should it have been necessary (as was sup- 
posed) to force the line of the Monocacy. 

Couch's division moved by the " River Road," covering that 
approach, watching the fords of the Potomac, and ultimately 
following and supporting the 6th Corps. 

The following extracts from telegrams received by me after 
my departure from Washington will show how little was 
known there about the enemy's movements, and the fears 
which were entertained for the safety of the capital. 

On the 9th of September, General Halleck telegraphed me 
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349 



850 FOURTH PERIOD. 

" Until we can get better advices about the numbers of the 
enemy at Drainesville, I think we must be very cautious about 
stripping too much the forts on the Virginia side. It may be 
the enemy's object to draw off the mass of our forces, aod then 
attempt to attack from the Virginia side of the Potomac. 
Think of this." 

Again on the 11th of September, General Halleck tele- 
graphed me as follows : 

" Why not order forward Keyes or Sigel ? I think the 
main force of the enemy is in your front ; more troops can be 
spared from here." 

This dispatch, as published by the Committee on the Con- 
duct of the War, and furnished by the general-in-chief reads 
as follows : " Why not order forward Porter's corps, or 
Sigel's ? If the main force of the enemy is in your front, more 
troops can be spared from here." 

I remark that the original dispatch as received by me from 
the telegraph operator, is in the words quoted above : " / 
think the main force of the enemy ^ (fee?'' 

In accordance with tjiis suggestion, I asked on the same 
day, that all the troops that could be spared should at once be 
sent to reinforce me ; but none came. 

On the 12th I received the following telegram from liis Ex- 
cellency the President : 

" Governor Curtin telegraphs me : 'I have advices that 
Jackson is crossing the -Potomac at WilHamsport, and pro- 
bably the whole rebel army will be drawn from Maryland.' " 
The President adds : " Receiving nothing from Harper's Ferry 
or Martiusburg to-day, and positive information from Wheel- 
ing, that the line is cut, corroborates the idea, that the enemy 
is recrossing the Potomac. Please do not let him get off with 
out being hurt." 

On the 13th General Halleck telegraphed as follows : 

" Untii you know more certainly the enemy's force south of 
the Potomac, you are wrong in thus uncovering the capital. I 
am of tlie opinion that the enemy will send a small column to- 
wards Pennsylvania to draw your forces in that direction^ then 
suddenly move on Washington with the forces south of the 
Potomac, and those he may eross over." 

1 



THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN. 351 

Again on the 14th, General Halleck telegraphed me that 
" scouts I'eport a large force still on the Virginia side of the 
Potomac. If so, I fear you are exposing your left and rear." 

Again, as late as the 16th, after we had the most positive 
evidence that Lee's entire army was in front of us, I received 
the following : 

"Wae Depabtment, Sept. 16, 1862. 12.30 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

Youi'S of 7 A.M. is this moment received. As you give me 
no information in regard to the position of your forces, except 
those at Sharpsburg, of course I cannot advise. I think, how- 
ever, you Avill find that the whole force of the enemy in your 
front has crossed the river. I fear now more than ever that 
they will recross at Harper's Ferry or below, and turn your 
left, thus cutting you off fromWashington. This has appeared 
to me to be a part of their plan, and hence my anxiety on the 
subject. A heavy rain might prevent it, 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief. 

The importance of moving with all due caution, so as not to 
uncover the national capital, until the enemy's position and 
plans were developed, was, I believe, fully appreciated by me ; 
and as my troops extended from the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road to the Potomac, with the extreme left flank moving along 
that stream, and Avitli strong pickets left in rear to watch and 
guard all the available fords, I did not regard ray left or rear 
as in any degree exposed. But it appears from the foregomg 
telegrams that the general-in-chief was of a different opinion, 
and that my movements were, in his judgment, too precipitate, 
not only for the safety of Washington, but also for the security 
of my left and rear. 

The precise nature of these daily injunctions against a pre- 
cipitate advance may now be perceived. The general-in-chief, 
in his testimony before the " Committee on the Conduct of the 
War," says : " In respect to Gen. McClellan's going too fast, 
or too far from Washington, there can be found no such tele- 
gram from me to him, he has mistaken the meaning of the 



35S FOURTH PERIOD. 

telegrams I sent him. I telegraphed him that he was going 
too far, not from Washington, but f''ora the Potomac, leaving 
General Lee the opportunity to come down the Potomac and 
get between him and Washington. I thought Gen. McClel- 
lan should keep more on the Potomac, and press forward his 
left rather than his right, so as the more readily to relieve 
Harper's Ferry." 

As I can find no telegram from the general-in-chief recom- 
mending me to keep my left flank nearer the Potomac, I am 
compelled to believe that when he gave this testimony he had 
forgotten the purport of the telegrams above quoted ; and had 
also ceased to remember the fact, well known to him at the 
time, that my left, from the time I left Washington, always 
rested on the Potomac, and that my centre was continually 
in position to reinforce the left or right as occasion might re- 
quire. Had I advanced ray left flank along the Potomac more 
rapidly than the other columns marched upon the roads to the 
right, I should have thrown that flank out of supporting dis- 
tance of the other troops, and greatly exposed it. And if I 
had marched the entire army in one column along the banks 
of the river, instead of upon five difierent parallel roads, the 
column, with its trains, would have extended about fifty miles, 
and the enemy might have defeated the advance before the 
rear could have reached the scene of action. Moreover, such 
a movement would have uncovered the communications with 
Baltimore and Washington on our right, and exposed our left 
and rear. 

I presume it will be admitted by every military man that it 
was necessary to move the army in such order that it could at 
any time be concentrated for battle, and I am of opinion that 
this object could not have been accomplished in any other way 
than the one employed. Any other disposition of our forces 
would have subjected them to defeat in detached fragments. 

On the 10th of September, I received from my scouts infor- 
mation which rendered it quite probable that General Lee'a 
army was in the vicinity of Frederick, but whether his inten- 
tion was to move towards Baltimore or Pennsylvania was not 
then known. 



THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN. 353 

On the 11th I ordered General Burnside to push a strong 
reconnoissance across the National Road and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad towards New Market, and if he learned 
that the enemy had moved towards Hagerstown, to press on 
rapidly to Frederick, keeping his troops constantly ready to 
meet the enemy in force. A corresponding movement of all 
the troops in the centre and on the left was ordered in the 
direction of Urbana and Poolesville. 

On the 12th a portion of the right wing entered Frederick, 
after a brisk skirmish at the outskirts of the city and in the 
streets. On the 13th the main bodies of the right wing and 
centre passed through Frederick. 

It was soon ascertained that the main body of the enemy's 
forces had marched out of the city on the two previous days, 
taking the roads to Boonsboro' and Harper's Ferry, thereby 
rendering it necessary to force the passes through the Catoc- 
tin and South Mountain ridges, and gain possession of Boons- 
boro' and Rohrersville before any relief could be extended to 
Col. Miles at Harper's Ferry. 

On the 13th, an order fell into my hands issued by General 
Lee, which fully disclosed his plans, and I immediately gave 
orders for a rapid and vigorous forward movement 

The following is a copy of the order referred to : 



Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Vibginia. 
Sept. 9, 1862. 

Special Orders, No. 191. 

The army will resume its march to-morrow, taking the 
Hagerstown road. General Jackson's command will form the 
advance, and after passing Middletown, with such portion as 
he may select, will take the route towards Sharpsburg, cross the 
Potomac at the most convenient point, and by Friday night 
take possession of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, capture 
such of the enemy as may be at Martinsburg, and intercept 
such as may attempt to escape from Harper's Ferry. 

General Longstreet's command will pursue the same road 
as far as Boonsboro', where it will halt with the reserve, supjfly 
and baggage trains of the army. 



354 FOUETH PERIOD. 

General McLaws, with his own division and that of General 
R. H. Anderson, will follow General Longstreet. On reaching 
Middletown, he will take the route to Harper's Ferry, and by 
Friday morning possess himself of the Maryland Heights, 
and endeavor to capture the enemy at Harper's Ferry and 
vicinity. 

General Walker, with his division, after accomplishing the 
object in which he is now engaged, will cross the Potomac at 
Cheek's Ford, ascend its right bank to Lovettsville, take pos- 
session of Loudon Heights if practicable, by Friday moi'ning, 
Keys' ford on his left, and the road between the end of the 
mountain and the Potomac on his light. He will, as far as 
practicable, co-operate with General McLaws and General 
Jackson, in intercepting the retreat of the enemy. 

General D. H. HiU's division will form the rear guard of 
the army, pursuing the road taken by the main body. The 
reserve artillery, ordnance, and supply trains, <fcc., will precede 
General Hill. 

General Stuart will detach a squadron of cavalry to accom- 
pany the commands of General Longstreet, Jackson, and Mc- 
Laws, and with the main body of the cavalry will cover the 
route of the army, and bring up all stragglers that may have 
been left behind. 

The commands of General Jackson, McLaws, and Walker, 
after accomplishing the objects for which they have been de- 
tached, will join the main body of the army at Boonsboro or 
Hagerstown. 

Each regiment on the march, will habitually carry its axes 
in the regimental ordnance wagons, for use of the men at their 
encampments to procure wood, <S;c. 

By command of Gen. R. E. Lee, 

R. H. Chilton, 

A. A. General. 

Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill, 

Comd'g. Division. 



habpkr's fbrrt. 356 



HARPER'S FERRY. 

In the report of a military commission, of which Major-Gen- 
eral D. Hunter was President, which convened at Washington, 
for the purpose of investigating the conduct of certain officers 
in connection with the surrender of Harper's Ferry, I find the 
following : 

" The commission has remarked freely on Colonel Miles, an 
old officer, who has been killed in the service of his countiy, 
and it can not, from any motives of delicacy, refrain from cen- 
suring those in high command, when it thinks such censure 
deserved. , 

" The general-in-chief has testified, that General McClellan, 
after having received orders to repel the enemy invading the 
State of Maryland, marched only six miles per day, on an 
average, when pursuing this invading enemy. 

"The general-in-chief also testifies, that in his opinion 
he could, and should have relieved and protected Harper's 
Ferry ; and in this opinion the commission fully concur." 

I have been greatly surprised that this commission, in its 
investigations, never called upon me, nor upon any officer of 
my staff, nor, so far as I know, upon any officer of the army 
of the Potomac, able to give an intelligent statement of the 
movements of that army. But another paragraph in the same 
report, makes testimony from such sources quite superfluous. 
It is as follows : 

" By a reference to the evidence it will be seen that at the 
very moment Colonel Ford abandoned Maryland Heights, his 
little army was in reality relieved by General Franklin's and 
Sumner's corps at Crampton's Gap, within seven miles of his 
position." 

The corps of Generals Franklin and Sumner were a part of 
the army which I at that time had the honor to command, and 
they were acting under my orders at Crampton's Gap, and 



- 366 FOUETH PERIOD. 

elsevrhere, and if, as the commission states, Colonel Ford's 
" little army was in reality relieved" by tbose officers, it was 
relieved by me. 

I had, on the morning of the 10th, sent the following dis- 
patch in relation to the command at Harper's Ferry : 

Camp near Rockville, Sept. 10, 1862. 9.45 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

"Washington, D. C. 
Colonel Miles is at or near Harper's Ferry, as I understand, 
with nine thousand troops. He can do nothing where he is, 
but could be of great service if oi'dered to join me. I suggest 
that he be ordered to join me by the most practicable route. 

G, B. McClellan, 

Major-GeaeraL 

To this I received the following reply : 

" There is no way for Colonel Miles to join you a^present, 
his only chance is to defend his works till you can open com- 
munication with him. 

"H. W. Halleck." 

It seems necessary for a distinct understanding of this mat- 
ter, to state that I was directed on the 12th to assume com- 
mand of the garrison of Harper's Ferry, as soon as I should 
open communication with that place, and that when I received 
this order all communication from the direction in which I was 
approaching was cut off. Up to that time, however, Colonel 
Miles could, in my judgment, have marched his command into 
Pennsylvania, by crossing the Potomac at Williarasport or 
above, and this opinion was confirmed by the fact that Colonel 
Davis marched the cavalry part of Colonel Miles's command 
from Harper's Ferry on the 14th, taking the main road to 
Hagerstown, and he encountered no enemy excepting a small 
picket near the mouth of the Antietam. 

Before I left Washington, and when there certainly could 
have been no enemy to prevent the withdrawal of the forces 
of Colonel Miles, I recommended to the proper authorities 
that the garrison of Harper's Ferry should be withdrawn via 



HABPEB'S rERRT. 357 

Hagerstown, to aid in covering the Cumberland Valley, or 
that, taking up the pontoon bridge and obstructing the rail- 
road bridge, it should fall back to the Maryland Heights, and 
there hold out to the last. In this position it ought to have 
maintained itself many days. It was not deemed proper to 
adopt either of these suggestions, and when the matter was 
left to my discretion it was too late for me to do anything bu 
endeavor to relieve the garrison. I accordingly directed ar- 
tillery to be fired by our advance at frequent intervals, as a 
signal that relief was at hand. This was done, and as I after- 
wards learned, the reports of the cannon were distinctly heard 
at Harper's Ferry, It was confidently expected that Colonel 
Miles would hold out until we had carried the mountain passes, 
and were in condition to send a detachment to his relief. The 
left was therefore oi'dered to move through Crampton's Pass 
in front of Burkettsville, while the centre and right marched 
upon Turner's Pass in front of Middletown. 

It may be asked by those who are not acquainted with the 
topography of the country in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry, 
why Franklin, instead of marching his column over the cir- 
cuitous road from Jefferson via Burkettsville and Bi'ownsville, 
was not ordered to move along the direct turnpike to Knox- 
ville, and thence up the river to Harper's Ferry. It was for 
the reason that I had received information that the enemy 
were anticipating our approach in that direction, and had es- 
tablished batteries on the south side of the Potomac which 
commanded all the approaches to Knoxville ; moreover, the 
road from that point winds directly along the river bank at the 
foot of a precipitous mountain, where there was no oppor- 
tunity of forming in line of battle, and where the enemy could 
have placed batteries on both sides of the river to enfilade our 
narrow approaching columns. The approach through Cramp- 
ton's Pass, which debouches into Pleasant Valley in rear of 
Maryland Heights, was the only one which offered any reason- 
able prospect of carrying that formidable position. At the 
same time the troops upon the road were in better relation to 
the main body of our forces. 

On the morning of the 14th a verbal message reached me 
from Colonel Miles, which w^as the first authentic intelligence 



358 FOURTH PERIOD. 

I had received as to the condition of things at Harper's Feiry. 
The messenger informed me that on the preceding afternoon 
Maryland Heights had been abandoned by our troops after 
repeUing an attack of the rebels, and that Colonel Miles's 
entire force was concentrated at Harper's Ferry ; the Mary- 
land, Loudon, and Bolivar Heights having been abandoned by 
him, and occupied by the enemy. The messenger also stated 
that there was no apparent reason for the abandonment of the 
Maryland Heights, and that Colonel Miles instructed him to 
say, that he could hold out with certainty two days longer. I 
directed him to make his way back, if possible, with the in- 
formation, that I was approaching rapidly, and felt confident I 
could relieve the place. 

On the same afternoon I wrote the following letter to Col. 
Miles, and dispatched three copies by three difierent couriers, 
on different routes. I did not, however, leai'n that any of 
these men succeeded in reaching Harper's Ferry. 

MiDDLETOWN, Sept. 14, 1862. 
Colonel D. S. Miles, 

Colonel : The army is being rapidly concentrated here. 
We are now attacking the pass on the Hagerstown road over 
the Blue Ridge. A column is about attacking the Burketts- 
ville and Boonsboro' Pass. You may count on our making 
every effort to relieve you ; you may rely upon my speedily 
accomplishing that object. Hold out to the last extremity. 
If it is possible, reoccupy the Maryland Heights with your 
whole force. If you can do that, I will certainly be able to 
reUeve you. As the Catoctin Valley is in our possession you can 
safely cross the river at Berlin or its vicinity, so far as opposi- 
tion on this side of the river is concerned. Hold out to the 
last. 

G. B. McClellan. 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

On the previous day I had sent General Franklin the follow- 
ing instructions : 



habpee's febkt. 369 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomao, 
Camp NEAR Frederick, Sept. 13, 1862. 6.20 p.m. 

Maj.-Gen. W. B. Franklin, — 
ComcVg. Qth Corps. 
General : — I have now full information as to movements 
and intentions of the enemy. Jackson has crossed the Upper 
Potomac to capture the garrison at Martinsburg, and cut off 
Miles's retreat towards the west. A division on the south 
side of the Potomac was to carry Loudon Heights, and cut off 
his retreat in that direction, McLaws, with his own com- 
mand and the division of R. H. Andei'son was to move by 
Boonsboro' and Rohrersville to carry the Maryland Heights. 
The signal officers inform me that he is now in Pleasant Val- 
ley. The firing shows that Miles still holds out. Lougstreet 
was to move to Boonsboro', and there halt with the reserve 
trains, D, H. Hill to form the rear guard, Stuart's cavalry to 
bring up stragglers, &c. We have cleared out all the cavalry 
this side the mountains, and north of us. The last I heard 
from Pleasanton he occupied Middletown after several sharp 
skirmishes. A division of Burnside's started several hours 
ago to support him. The whole of Burnside's command, in- 
cluding Hooker's corps, march this evening and early to- 
morrow morning, followed by the corps of Sumner, and Banks's 
and Sykes's division upon Boonsboro', to carry that position. 
Couch has been ordered to concentrate his division and join 
you as rapidly as possible. Without waiting for the whole of 
that division to join you, you will move at day-break in the 
morning by Jefferson and Burkettsville upon the road to 
Rohrersville ; I have reliable information that the mountain 
pass by this road is practicable for artillery and wagons. If 
this pass is not occupied by the enemy in force, seize it as 
soon as practicable, and debouch upon Rohrersville in order to 
cut off the retreat of or destroy McLaw's command. If you 
find this pass held by the enemy in large force, make all your 
dispositions for the attack, and commence it about half an hour 
after you hear severe firing at the pass on the Hagerstown 
pike, where the main body will attack. Having gained the 
pass, your duty will be first to cat off, destroy, or capture 
McLaw's command, and relieve Colonel Miles. If you effect 



3ftO FOUBTHPERIOD. 

this you will order him to join you at once with all his dis- 
posable troops, first destroying the bridges over the Potomac, 
if not already done, and leaving a sufficient garrison to pre- 
vent the enemy from passing the ford ; you will then return 
by Rohrersville on the direct road to Boonsboro' if the main 
column has not succeeded in its attack. If it has succeeded, 
take the road from Rohrersville to Sharpsburg and Williamsport, 
in order either to cut off the retreat of Hill and Longstreet 
towards the Potomac, or to prevent the repassage of Jackson. 
My general idea is to cut the enemy in two, and beat him in 
detail. I believe I have sufficiently explained my intentions. 
I ask of you at this important moment all your intellect, and 

the utmost activity that a general can exercise. 

******* 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

Again on the 14th I sent him the following ; 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac, 
Frederick, Sept. 14, 1862. 2 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Franklin, 

Your dispatch of 12.30 just received. Send back to hurry 
up Couch. Mass your troops and carry Burkettsville at any 
cost. We shall have strong opposition at both passes. As 
fast as the troops come up, I will hold a reserve in readiness 
to support you. If you find the enemy in very great force at 
the pass, let me know at once, and amuse them as best you 
can, so as to retain them there. In that event I will probably 
throw the mass of the army on the pass in front of here. If I 
carry that, it will clear the way for you, and you must then 
follow the enemy as rapidly as possible. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 

General Franklin pushed his corps rapidly forward towards 
Crampton's Pass, and at about 12 o'clock on the 14th arrived 



CRAMPT0N8 GAP. 361 

at Burkettsville, immediately in rear of which he found the 
enemy's infantry posted in force on both sides of the road, 
with artillery in strong positions to defend the approaches to 
the pass. 

Slocum's division was formed upon the right of the road 
leading through the gap, and Smith's upon the left. A line 
formed of Bartlett's and Torbert's brigades, supported by 
"^fewton, whose activity was conspicuous, advanced steadily 
;pon the enemy at a charge on the right. The enemy were 
driven from their position at the base of the mountain, where 
they were protected by a stone wall, and steadily forced back 
up the slope until they reached the position of their battery 
on the road, Avell up the mountain. Here they made a stand. 
They were, however, driven back, retiring their artillery in 
echelon, until, after an action of three hours, the crest was 
gained, and the enemy hastily fled down the mountain on the 
other side. 

On the left of the road Brooks's and Irwin's brigades of 
Smith's division, formed for the protection of Slocum's flank, 
charged up the mountain in the same steady manner, driving 
the enemy before them until the crest was carried. Four hun- 
dred prisoners from seventeen different organizations, seven 
hundred stand of arms, one piece of artillery, and three colors, 
were captured by our troops in this brilliant action. It was 
conducted by General Franklin in all its details. These 
details are given in the report of General Franklin, herewith 
submitted, and due credit awarded to the gallant officers and 
men engaged. The loss in General Franklin's corps was one 
hundred and fifteen killed, four hundred and sixteen wounded, 
and two missing. The enemy's loss was about the same. 
The enemy's position was such that our artillery could not be 
used with any effect. 

The close of the action found General Franklin's advance in 
Pleasant Valley on the night of the 14th, within three and a 
half miles of the point on Maryland Heights, (where he might 
on the same night, or on the morning of the isth, have formed 
a junction with the garrison of Harper's Ferry, had it not been 
previously withdrawn from Maryland Heights,) and within six 
miles of Harper's Ferry. 

16 



362 FOURTH PERIOD. 

On the night of the 14th the following dispatch was sent to 
General Franklin : 

Bolivar, Sept. 15. 1 a.m. 
General, 

^TT "I* * -f^ 'I* T^ T» 

The commanding general directs that you occupy with 
your command the road from Rohrersville to Harper's Ferry, 
placing a sufficient force at Rohrersville to hold that position, 
in case it should be attacked by the enemy from Boonsboro'. 
Endeavor to open communication with Colonel Miles at Har- 
per's Ferry, attacking and' destroying such of the enemy as 
you may find in Pleasant Valley. Should you succeed in 
opening communication with Colonel Miles, direct him to join 
you with his whole command, with all the guns and public 
property he can carry with him. The remainder of the guns 
will be spiked or destroyed ; the rest of the public property 
will also be destroyed. You will then proceed to Boonsboro', 
• — which place the commanding general intends to attack to- 
morrow, — and join the main body of the army at that place. 
Should you find, however, that the enemy has retreated from 
Boonsboro' towards Sliarpsburg, you will endeavor to fall 
upon him and cut off his retreat. 

By command of Major-General McClellan. 

Geo. D. Ruggles, 

Col, and A. D. 0. 
Gek, Frakklin. 

On the 15th the following were received from General 
Franklin : 

At the Foot op the Mountain in Pleasant Valley, 
Three Miles from Rohrersville, September 15. 8.50 a.m. 

General, — 

My command started at daylight this morning, and I am 
waiting to have it closed up here. Gen. Couch arriA^ed about 
10 o'clock last night. I have ordered one of his brigades and 
one battery to Rohrersville, or to the strongest ])oint in its 
vicinity. The enemy is drawn up in line of battle about two 
miles to our front — one brigade in sight. As soon as I am 



CRAMrXON's GAP. 363 

sure that Rohrersville is occupied, I shall move forward to 

attack the enemy. This may be two hours from now. If 

Harper's Ferry is fallen, and the cessation of firing makes me 

fear that it has, it is my opinion that I should be strongly 

reinforced. 

***** 

W. B. Fbaistkliis^, 
Maj.-General Comd'g 6th Corps. 
Gen. G. B. McClkllait, 

Sept. 15, 11 A.M. 
Genebax, — 

I have received your dispatch by Capt. O'Keefe. The ene- 
my is in large force in ray front, in two lines of battle stretch- 
ing across the valley, and a large column of artillery and 
infantry on the right of the valley, looking towards Harper's 
Ferry. They outnumber me two to one. It of course will 
not answer to pursue the enemy under these circumstances. 
I shall communicate with Burnside as soon as possible. In 
the meantime I shall wait here until I learn what is the pros- 
pect of reinforcement. I have not the force to justify an 
attack on the force I see in front. I have had a very close 
view of it, and its position is very strong. 

Respectfully, 

"W. B. Franklin, 

Major-General. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 

Commanding. 

Col. Miles surrendered Harper's Ferry at 8 a.m. on the 15th, 
as the cessation of the firing indicated, and Gen. Franklin was 
ordered to remain where he was, to watch the large force in 
front of him, and protect our left and rear, until the night of 
the 16th, Avlien he was ordered to join the main body of the 
army at Keedysville, after sending Couch's division to Mary- 
land Heights. 

While the events which have just been described were 
taking place at Crampton's Gap, the troops of the centre and 
right wing, which had united at Frederick on the 13th, were 
engaged in the contest for the popsession of Turner's Gap. 



364 FOURTH PKEIOD. 

On the morning of the 13th, Gen. Pleasanton was ordered 
to send McReynolds's brigade and a section of artillery in the 
direction of Gettysburg, and Rush's regiment towards Jeffer- 
son, to communicate with Franklin, to whom the 6th U. S. 
Cavalry and a section of artillery had previously been sent, 
and to proceed with the remainder of the force in the direc- 
tion of Middletown in pursuit of the enemy. 

After skirmishing with the enemy all the morning, and 
driving them from several strong positions, he reached Tur- 
ner's Gap of the South Mountain in the aftei'noon, and found 
the enemy in force, and apparently determined to defend the 
pass. He sent back for infantry to Gen. Burnside, who had. 
been directed to support him, and proceeded to make a recon- 
noissance of the position. 

The South Mountain is at this point about one thousand 
feet in height, and its general direction is from north-east to 
south-west. The National Road from Frederick to Hagers- 
town crosses it nearly at right angles through Turner's Gap, 
a depression which is some four hundred feet in depth. The 
mountain on the north side of the turnpike is divided into 
two crests or ridges by a narrow valley, which, though deep 
at the pass, becomes a slight depression at about a mile to the 
north. There are two country roads, one to the right of the 
turnpike, and the other to the left, which give access to the 
crests overlooking the main road. The one to the left, called 
the " old Sharpsburg road," is nearly parallel to, and about 
half a mile distant from the turnpike, until it reaches the crest 
of the mountain, when it bends off to the left. 

The other road, called the " old Hagerstown road," passes 
up a ravine in the mountain, about a mile from the turnpike, 
and, bending to the left over and along the first crest, enters 
the turnpike at the Mountain House near the summit of the 
pass. 

On the night of the 13th the positions of the different corps 
were as follows : 

Reno's Corps, at Middletown, except Rodman's division at 
Frederick. 

Hooker's Corps, on the Monocacy, two miles from Fied- 
erick. 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 865 

Sumnek's Corps, near Frederick. 

Banks's Corps, " " 

Stkes's Division, " " 

Franklin's Corps, at Buckeystown. 

Couch's Division, at Licksville. 

The orders from head-quarterg, for the march on the 14th, 
were as follows : 

13th, 11.30 P.M. — Hooker to march at daylight to Middle- 
town. 

13th, 11.30 P.M. — Sykes to move at 6 a.m., after Hooker, on 
the Middletown and Hagerstown road. 

14th, 1 A.M. — Artillery Reserve to follow Sykes closely. 

13th, 8.45 P.M. — Sumner to move at 7 a.m. 

14th, 9 a.m. — Sumner ordered to take the Shookstown road 
to Middletown. 

13th, 6.45 P.M. — Couch ordered to move to Jefferson with 
his whole division. 

On the 14th General Pleasanton continued his reconnois 
sance. Gibson's battery, and afterwards Benjamin's battery 
(of Reno's corps), were placed on high ground to the left of 
the turnpike, and obtained a direct fire on the enemy's position 
in the gap. 

General Cox's division, which had been ordered up to sup- 
port General Pleasanton, left its bivouac near Middletown at 
6 A.M. The first brigade reached the scene of action about 9 
A.M., and was sent up the old Sharpsburg road by General 
Pleasanton, to feel the enemy and ascertain if he held the crest 
on that side in strong force. This was soon found to be the 
case, and General Cox having arrived with the other brigade, 
and information having been received from General Reno that 
the column would be supported by the whole corps, the divi- 
sion was ordered to assault the position. 

Two 20-pound Pariotts of Simmons's battery and two sec- 
tions of McMullin's battery were left in the rear in position 
near the turnpike, where they did good service during the day 
against the enemy's batteries in the gap. 

Colonel Scammon's brigade was deployed, and, well covered 
by skirmishers, moved up the slope to the left of the road, 
with the object, of turning the enemy's right if possible. It 



366 FOURTH PEEIOD. 

succeeded in gaining the crest and establishing itself there in 
spite of the vigorous resistance of the enemy, who was posted 
behind stone walls and in the edges of timber, and the tire of 
a battery which poured in canister and case-shot on the regi- 
ment on the right of the brigade. 

Colonel Crooke's brigade marched in column, at supporting 
distance. A section of McMullin's battery, under Lieutenant 
Croome (killed while serving one of his guns), was moved up 
with great difficulty, and opened wuth canister at very short 
range on the enemy's infantry, by whom (after having done 
considerable execution) it was soon silenced and forced to 
withdraw. 

One regiment of Crooke's brigade Avas now dej^loyed on 
Scammon's left, and the other two in his i-ear, and they several 
times entered the first line and relieved the regiments in front 
of them when hard pressed. A section of Simmon's battery 
was brought up and placed in an open space in the woods, 
where it did good service during the rest of the day. The 
enemy several times attempted to retake the crest, advancing 
■with boldness, but were each time repulsed. They then with- 
drew their batteiy to a point more to the right, and formed 
columns on both our flanks. 

It was now about noon, and a lull occurred in the contest, 
which lasted about two hours, during which the rest of the 
corps was coming up. General Wilcox's division was the 
first to arrive. When he reached the base of the mountain, 
General Cox advised him to consult General Pleasanton as to 
a position. The latter indicated that on the right, afterwards 
taken up by General Hooker, General Wilcox was in the act 
of moving to occupy this ground Avhen he received an order 
from General Reno to move up the old Sharpsburg road, and 
take a position to its right, overlooking the turnpike. Two 
regiments w'ere detached to support General Cox, at his re- 
quest. One section of Cook's battery was placed in position 
near the turn of the road (on the crest), and opened fire on the 
enemy's batteries across the gap. The divisio'n was proceed- 
ing to deploy to the right of the road when the enemy sud- 
denly opened (at 150 yards) with a battery which enfiladed 
the road at that point, drove off Cook's cannoneers with their 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 367 

limbers, and causing a temporary panic, in which the guns 
were nearly lost. But the 79th New York and lYth Michigan 
pioraptly rallied, changed front under a heavy fire, and moved 
out to protect the guns, with which Captain Cook had re- 
mained. Order was soon restored, and the division formed in 
line on the right of Cox, and was kept concealed as much as 
possible under the shelter of the hill-side until the whole line 
advanced. It was exposed not only to the fire of the battery 
in front, but also to that of the batteries on the other side of 
the turnpike, and lost heavily. 

Shortly before this time Generals Bui'nside and Reno ar- 
rived at til e base of the mountain; and the former directed 
the latter to move up the divisions of Generals Sturgis and 
Rodman to the crest held by Cox and Wilcox, and to move 
upon the enemy's position with his Avhole force as soon as he 
was informed that General Hooker (who had just been directed 
to attack on the right) was well advanced up the mountain. 
General Reno then Avent to the front and assumed the direction 
of aflfairs, the positions having been explained to him by Gen. 
Pleasanton. 

Shortly before this time I arrived at the point occupied by 
General Burnside, and my head-quarters were located there 
until the conclusion of the action. 

General Sturgis had left his camp at 1 p.m., and i-eached the 
scene of action about 3^ p.m. Clark's battery of his division 
was sent to assist Cox's left, by order of General Reno, and 
two regiments (2d Maryland and 6th New Hampshire) were 
detached by General Reno and sent forward a short distance 
on the left of the turnpike. His division was formed in rear 
of Wilcox's, and Rodman's division was divided, Colonel 
Fairchild's brigade being placed on the extreme left, and 
Colonel Harland's under General Rodman's personal suj^er- 
vision on the right. 

My order to move the whole line forward, and take or 
silence the enemy's batteries in front, was executed with en- 
thusiasm. The enemy made a desperate resistance, charging 
our advancing lines with fierceness, but they were everywhere 
routed, and fled. Our chief loss fell on Wilcox's division. 
The enemy's battery was found to be across a gorge and be- 



368 FOURTH PERIOD. 

yond the reach of our infantry, but its position was made 
untenable, and it was hastily removed and not again put in 
position near us. But the batteries across the Gap still kept 
up a fire of shot and shell. 

General Wilcox praises very highly the conduct of the l7th 
Michigan in this advance — a regiment which had been organ- 
ized scarcely a month, but which charged the advancing enemy 
in flank in a manner worthy of veteran troops : and also thai, 
of the 45th Pennsylvania, which bravely met them in front. 

Cook's battery now re-opened fire, Sturgis's division was 
moved to the flank of Wilcox's, occupying the new ground 
gained on the further side of the slope, and his artillery opened 
on the batteries across the Gap. The enemy made an effort 
to turn our left about dark, but were repulsed by Fairchild's 
brigade and Clark's battery. 

At abo.ut 7 o'clock the enemy made another effort to regain 
the lost ground, attacking along Sturgis's front and. part of 
Cox's. A lively fire was kept up until nearly 9 o'clock, several 
charges being made by the enemy and repulsed with slaugliter, 
and we finally occupied the highest part of the mountain. 
General Reno was killed just before sunset, while making a 
reconnoissance to the front, and the command of the corps 
devolved upon General Cox. 

In General Reiio the nation lost one of its best general offi- 
cers. He was a skillful soldier, a brave and honest man. 

There was no firing after ten o'clock, and the troops slept 
on their arms, ready to renew the fight at daylight ; but the 
enemy quietly retired from our front during the night, aban- 
doning their wounded and leaving their dead in large numbers 
scattered on the field. 

While these operations were progressiiig on the left of the 
main column, the right, under General Hooker, Avas actively 
engaged. His corps left the Monocacy early in the morning, 
and its advance reached the Catoctin Creek about 1 p.m. 
General Hooker then went forward to examine the ground. 

At about 1 o'clock General Meade's division was ordered to 
make a diversion in favor of Reno. The following is the order 
sent: 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 369 

September 14. 1 P,K. 
Maj.-Gen. Hooker, 

General, — General Reno requests that a division of youi-s 
may move up on the right (north) of the main road. General 
McClellan desires you to comply with this req[nest, holding 
your whole corps in readiness to support the movement, and 
taking charge of it yourself. Sumners's and Banks's corps have 
commenced arriving. Let General McClellan be informed as 
soon as you commence your movement. 

Geo. D. Ruggles, 
Colonel, A.-A.-G & A.-D.-C. 

Meade's division left Catoctin Creek about 2 o clock, and 
turned off to the right from the main road on the old Hagers- 
town road to Mount Tabor Church, where Gen. Hooker was, 
and deployed a short distance in advance, its right resting 
about one and a half miles from the turnpike. The enemy 
fired a few shots from a battery on the mountain side, but did 
no considerable damage. Cooper's Battery " B," 1st Pennsyl- 
vania Artillery, was placed in position on high ground at about 
Sh o'clock, and fired at the enemy on the slope, but soon ceased 
by order of Gen. Hooker, and the position of our lines prevented 
any further use of artillery by us on this part of the field. The 
1st Massachusetts Cavalry was sent up the valley to the right 
to observe the movements, if any, of the enemy in that direc- 
tion, and one regiment of Meade's division, posted to watch a 
road coming in in the same direction. The other divisions 
were deployed as they came up. General Hatch's on the left, 
and General Ricketts', which arrived about 5 p.m., in the rear 

General Gibbon's brigade was detached from Hatch's divi- 
sion by General Burnside for the purpose of making a demon- 
stration on the enemy's centre up the main road, as soon as 
the movements on the right and left had sufficiently pro- 
gressed. 

The 1st Pennsylvania Rifles, of General Seymour's brigade, 
were sent forwclfd as skirmishers to feel the enemy, and it was 
found that he was- in force. Meade was then directed to ad- 
Tance his division to the right of the road, so as to outflank 
them if possible, and then to move forward and attack, whilo 



370 FOURTH PERIOD. 

Hatch was directed to take, with his division, the crest on the 
lelt of the old Hagerstown road, Rickett's division being held 
in reserve. x 

Seymour's brigade was sent up to the top of the slope on 
the right of the ravine, through which the road runs, and then 
move along the summit parallel to the road, while Col. Galla- 
gher's and Col. Magilton's brigades moved in the same direc- 
tion along the slope and in the ravine. The ground was of 
the most difficult character for the movements of troops, the 
hillside being very steep and rocky, and obstructed by stone 
walls, fences, and timber. The enemy was soon encountered, 
and in a short time the actioii became general along the whole 
front of the division. The line advanced steadily up the moun- 
tain side, where the enemy was posted behind trees and rocks, 
from which he was gradually dislodged. During this advance 
Col. Gallagher, commanding '3d brigade, Avas severely wounded, 
and the command devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Robt. Anderson. 

General Meade, having reason to believe that the enemy 
were attempting to outflank him on his right, applied to Gen. 
Hooker for reinforcements. General Duryea's brigade, of 
Rickett's division, was ordered np, but it did not arrive until 
the close of the action. It was advanced on Seymour's left, 
but only one regiment could open tire before the enemy re- 
tired, and darkness intervened. General Meade speaks highly 
of General Seymour's skill in handling his brigade on the ex- 
treme right, securing by his manoeuvres the great object of the 
movement, the outflanking of the enemy. 

"While General Meade was gallantly driving the enemy on 
the right. General Hatch's division was engaged in a severe 
contest for the possession of the crest on the left of the ravine. 
It moved up the mountain in the following order : two regi- 
ments of General Patrick's brigade deployed as skirmishers, 
"with the other two regiments of the same brigade supporting 
them : Col. Phelps's brigade in line of battalions in mass at 
deploying distance : General Doubleday's brigade, in the same 
order, bringing up the rear. The 21st New York having gone 
straight up the slope, instead of around to the right, as 
directed, the 2d United States Sharpshooters was sent out in 
its place. 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 37l 

Phelps's and Doubleday's brigades were deployed in turn as 
they reached the woods, which began about^half way up the 
mountain ; Gen, Patrick, witli his skirmishers, soon drew the 
fire of the enemy, and found him strongly posted behind a 
fence which bounded tlie cleared space on the top of the ridge, 
having in his front the woods, through which our line was ad- 
vancing, and in his rear a cornfield, full of rocky ledges, which 
afforded good cover to fill back to if dislodged. 

Phelps's brigade gallantly advanced under a hot fire, to close 
quarters, and after ten or fifteen minutes of heavy firing on 
both sides, (in which General Hatch was wounded while urg- 
ing on his men), the fence was carried by a charge, and our 
line advanced a few yards beyond it, somewhat sheltered by 
the slope of the hill. Doubleday's brigade, now imder the 
command of Lieut.-Col. Hoffman, (Col. Wainwright having 
been wounded), relieved Phelps's, and continued firing for an 
hour and-a-half, the enemy, behind ledges of rocks some thirty 
or forty paces in our front, making a stubborn resistance, and 
attempting to charge on the least cessation of our fire. About 
dusk Colonel Christian's brigade, of Rickett's division, came 
up and relieved Doubleday's brigade, which fell back into line 
behind Phelps. Christian's brigade continued the action for 
thirty or forty minutes, when the enemy retired, after having 
made an attempt to flank us on the left, which was repulsed 
by the iGth ISTew York, and 7th Indiana. 

The remaining -brigade of Rickett's division, (General Hart- 
Buff's), was moved up in the centre, and connected Meade's 
left with Doubleday's right. We now had possession of the 
summit of the first ridge, which commanded the turnpike on 
both sides of the mountain, and the troops were ordered to 
hold their positions until further orders, and slept on their 
arms. Late in the afternoon, General Gibbon, with his bri- 
gade, and one section of Gibbon's battery, (B, 4th U.S. artillex'y), 
was ordered to move up the main road on the enemy's centre 
Pie advanced a regiment on each side of the road, preceded by 
skirmishers, and followed by the other two regiments in double 
column ; the artillery moving on the road until within range 
of the enemy's guns, which were firing on the column from 
the gorge. The brigade advanced steadily, driving the enemy 



372 FOU RTH PERIOD. 

before it from his positions in the woods and behind stone 
walls, until it reached a point well np towards the top of the 
pass ; when the enemy, having been reinforced by three regi- 
ments, opened a heavy tire on the front, and on both flanks 
The fight continued until 9 o'clock, the enemy being entirely 
repulsed; and the brigade, after having suffered sevei-ely, 
and having expended all its ammunition, including #even the 
cartridges of the dead and wounded, continued to hold the 
ground it had so gallantly won until 12 o'clock, when it was 
relieved by General Gorman's brigade, of Sedgwick's division, 
Sumner's corps, (except the 6th Wisconsin, which remained 
on the field all night.) General Gibbon, in this delicate move- 
ment, handled his brigade with as much precision and cool- 
ness, as if upon parade, and the bravery of his troops could 
not be excelled. 

The 2d Corps, (Sumner's), and the 12th Corps, (Williams), 
reached their final positions shortly after dark. General Rich- 
ardson's division was placed near Mount Tabor Church, in a 
position to support our right if necessaiy ; the 12th Corps, and 
Sedgwick's division, bivouacked around Bolivar, in a position 
to support our centre and left. 

General Sykes's division of regulars, and the artillery reserve, 
halted for the night at Middletown, so that, on the night of 
the 14th, the whole array was massed in the vicinity of the 
field of battle, in readiness to renew the action the next 
day, or to move in pursuit of the enemy. • At daylight our 
skirmishers were advanced, and it was found that he had re- 
treated during the night, leaving his dead on the field, and his 
wounded uncared for. About fifteen hundred prisoners were 
taken by us during the battle, and the loss to the enemy in 
killed, was much greater than our own, and probably also 
in wounded. It is believed that the force opposed to us at 
Turner's Gap, consisted of D. H. Hill's corps, (15,500), and a 
part, if not the whole of Longstreet's, and perhaps a portion 
of Jackson's; probably some 30,000 in all. We went into 
action with about 30,000 men, and our losses amoimted to 
1,568, aggregate ; (312 killed, 1,234 wounded, 22 missing.) 

On the next day I had the honor to receive the following 
very kind dispatch fro n his Excellency the President : 



ANTIETAM. 3'/3 

"War Department, 
"Washington, Sept. 16, 1862. 2.45 p.m. 

Tour dispatch of to-day received. God bless you, aud all 
with you. Destroy the rebel army if possible. 

A. Lincoln. 
To Maj.-Gen. MoClellan. 



ANTIETAM. 

On the night of the battle of South Mountain, orders were 
given to the corps commanders to press forward their pickets 
at early dawn. This advance revealed the fact that the enemy 
had left his positions, and an immediate pursuit Avas ordered ; 
the cavalry, under General Pleasanton, and the three corps 
under GeneraJs Sumner, Hooker and Mansfield, (the latter of 
whom had arrived that morning and assumed command of the 
12th [Williams's] corps,) by the national turnpike and Boons- 
boro ; the corps of Generals Burnside and Porter (the latter 
command at that time consisting of but one weak division, 
Sykes's) by the old Sharpsburg road ; and General Franklin to 
move into Pleasant Valley, occupy Rohrersville by a detach- 
ment, and endeavor to relieve Harper's Ferry. 

Generals Burnside and Porter, upon reaching the road from 
Boonsboro to Rohrersville, were to reinforce Franklin or to 
move on Sharpsburg, according to circumstances. 

Franklin moved towards Brownsville, and found. there a 
force of the enemy much superior in numbers to bis own, 
drawn_up in a strong position to receive him. 

At this time the cessation of firing at Harper's Ferry indi- 
cated the surrender of that place. 

The cavalry overtook the enemy's cavalry in Boonsboro, 
made a dashing charge, killing aud wounding a number, and 
capturing 250 prisoners and two guns. 

General Richardson's division of the 2d Corps, pressing th 
rear guard of the enemy with vigor, passed Boonsboro and 
Keadysville, and came upon the main body of the enemy, oc- 
cupying in large force a strong position a few miles beyond 
the latter place. 



374 FOURTH PEBIOD. 

It had been hoped to engage the enemy on the 15th, accord- 
ingly instructions were given that if the enemy were over- 
taken on the march, they should be attacked at once ; if found 
in heavy force and in position, the corps in advance sliould be 
placed in position for attack and await my arrival. On reach- 
ing the advanced position of our troops, I found but two 
divisions, Richardson's and 'iSykes's, in position, the other 
troops were halted in the road, the head of the column some 
distance in rear of Richardson. 

The enemy occupied a strong position on the heights, on the 
-west side of Antietara Creek, displaying a large force of in- 
fantry and cavalry, with numerous batteries of artillery, which 
opened on our columns as they appeared in sight on the 
Keadysville and Sharpsburg turnpike, Avhich fire was returned 
by Captain Tidball's light battery, 2d United States Artillery, 
and Pettit's battery, 1st New York Artillery. 

The division of General Richardson, following close on the 
heels of the retreating foe, halted and deployed near Antietam 
River, on the right of the Sharpsburg road. General Sykes, 
leading on the division of regulars on the old Sharpsburg road, 
came up and deployed to the left of General Richardson, on 
the left of the road. 

Antietam Creek, in this vicinity, is crossed by four stone 
bridges, the upper one on the Keadysville and Williamsport 
road ; the second on the Keadysville and Sharpsburg turnpike, 
some two and a half miles below ; the third about a mile be- 
low the second, on the Rohrersville and Sharpsburg road ; and 
the fourth near the mouth of Antietam Creek, on the road lead- 
ing from Harper's Ferry to Sharpsburg, some three miles below 
the third. The stream is sluggish, with few and difficult fords. 

After a rapid examination of the position, I found that it 
was too late to attack that day, and at once directed the pla- 
cing of the batteries in position in the centre, and indicated 
the bivouacs for the difierent corps, massing them near and on 
both sides of the Sharpsburg turnpike. The corps were not 
all in their positions until the next morning after sunrise. 

On the morning of the 16th it was discovered that the 
enemy had changed the position of his batteries. The masses 
of his troops, were, however, still concealed behind the o|)po- 



ANTIETAM. 376 

Site heights. Their left and centre were upon and in front of 
the Sharpsburg and Hagerstown turnpike, hidden by woods 
and irregularities of the ground ; their extreme left resting 
ujx)n a wooded eminence near the cross roads to the north of 
J. Miller's farm, their left resting upon the Potomac. Their 
ine extended south, the right resting upon the hills to the 
south of Sharpsburg, near Snaveley's farm. 

The bridge over the Antietam, described as No. 3, near this 
point, was strongly covered by ritiemen protected by rifle-pits, 
stone fences, &c., and enfiladed by artillery. The ground in 
front of this line consisted of undulating hills, their crests in 
turn commanded by others in their rear On all favorable 
points the enemy's artillery was posted, and their reserves, 
hidden from view by the hills on which their line of battle was 
formed, could manoeuvre unobserved by our army, and frdm 
the shortness of their line, could rapidly reinforce any point 
threatened by our attack. Their position stretching across the 
angle formed by the Potomac and Antietam, their flanks and 
rear protected by these streams, was one of the strongest to 
be found in this region of country, which is well adapted 
to defensive warfare. 

On the right near Keadysville, on both sides of the Sharps- 
burg turnpike were Sumner's and Hooker's corps. In advance, 
on the right of the turnpike, and near the Antietam river, 
General Richardson's division of General Sumner's corps was 
posted. General Sykes' division of General Porter's corps 
was on the left of the turnpike, and in line with General 
Richardson, protecting the bridge. No. 2, over the Antietam. 
The left of the line opposite to, and some distance from bridge 
No. 3, was occujiied by General Burnside's corps. Before 
giving General Hooker his orders to make the movement which 
will presently be described, I rode to the left of the line to 
satisfy myself that the troops were properly posted there to 
secure our left flank from any attack made along the left bank 
of the Antietam, as Avell as to enable us to carry bridge No. 3. 

I found it necessary to make considerable changes in the 
position of General Burnside's corps, and directed him to ad- 
vance to a atrong position in the immediate vicinity of the 
bridge, and to CQ^nnoitre the approaches to the bridge carefully. 



376 FOURTH PERIOD. 

In rear of Generals Sumner's and Hooker's corps, near 
Keadysville, General Mansfield's corps was massed ; the 
cavalry on the turnpike in rear of Keadysville. On the ridge 
of tlie first line of hills overlooking the Antietam, and be- 
tween the turnpike and Fry's house, on the right of the road, 
were placed Captains Taft's, Langner's, Von Kleizer's, and 
Lieutenant Weaver's batteries of 20-pounder Parrott guns. 
On the crest of the hill, in the rear and right of bridge No. 3 
Captain Weed's 3-inch, and Lieutenant Benjamin's 20-pounder 
batteries. General Franklin's corps, and General Couch's di- 
vision held a position in Pleasant Valley, in front of Browns- 
ville, with a strong force of the enemy in their front. Gen. 
Morell's division of Porter's corps was en route from Boons- 
boro', and General Humphrey's division of new troops, en 
route from Frederick, Md. About daylight on the 16th the 
enemy opened a heavy fire of artillery on our guns in position 
which was promptly returned. Their fire was silenced for the 
time, but was frequently renewed during the day. In the 
heavy fire of the morning. Major Arndt, commanding 1st bat- 
talion 1st New York Artillery was mortally wounded, while 
directing the operations of his batteries. 

It was afternoon before I could move the troops to their po> 
sitions for attack, being compelled to spend the morning in 
reconuoitering the new position taken up by the enemy, 
examining the ground, finding fords and clearing their ap- 
proaches, and hurrying up the ammunition and supply trains, 
which had been delayed by the rapid march of the troops over 
the few practicable approaches from Frederick. These had 
been crowded by the masses of infantry, cavalry and artillery, 
pressing on with the hope of overtaking the enemy before he 
could ibrm to resist an attack ; many of the trooj^s were out 
of rations on the previous day, and a good deal of their am- 
munition-had been expended in the severe action of the 14th. 

My plan for the impending general engagement was to attack 
the enemy's left with the corps of Hooker and jVIansfield, sup- 
ported by Sumner's, and if necessary,* Franklin's, and as soon 
as matters looked favorably there to move the corps of Gen. 
Burnside against the enemy's extreme right, upon the ridges 
running to the south and rear ^f Sharpsburg, and having car- 



ANTIETAM. ^11 

ried their position to press along the crest towards our right ; 
and whenever either of these flank movements should be suc- 
cessful to advance our centre with all their forces then 
disposable. 

About 2 P.M. General Hooker, with his corps consisting of 
General Rickett's, Meade's and Doubleday's divisions wa 
ordered to cross the Antietam at a ford, and at bridge No. 1 
a short distance above, to attack, and if possible turn th 
enemy's left. General Sumner was ordered to cross the corp 
of General Mansfield (the 12th) daring the night, and hold his 
own (the 2d) corps ready to cross early the next morning. On 
reaching the vicinity of the enemy's left, a sharp contest com- 
menced with the Pennsylvania reserves, the advance of Gen. 
Hooker's corps, near the house of Dr. Miller. The enemy 
was driven from the strip of woods where he was first met, 
the tiring lasted until after dark, when General Hooker's corps 
rested on their arms, on ground won from the enemy. 

During the night General Mansfield's corps, consisting of 
Generals Williams's and Green's divisions, crossed the An- 
tietam at the same ford and bridge that General Hooker's 
corps had passed, and bivouacked on the farm of J. Poffen- 
berger, about a mile in rear of General Hooker's position. At 
daylight, on the 17th, the action was commenced by the skir- 
mishers of the Pennsylvania Reserves. The whole of General 
Hooker's corps was soon engaged, and drove the enemy from 
the oj^en field in front of the first line of woods, into a second 
line of woods beyond, which runs to the eastward of and 
nearly parallel to the Sharpsburg and Hagerstown turnpike. 

This contest was obstinate, and as the troops advanced the 
opposition became more determined, and the numbers of the 
enemy greater. General Hooker then ordered up the corps 
of General Mansfield, which moved promptly towards the 
scene of action. The first division, General Williams, was 
deployed to the right on approaching the enemy ; General 
Crawford's brigade on the right, its right resting on the 
Hagerstown turnpike, on his left General Gordon's brigade. 
The 2d Division, General Green's, joining the left of Gordon's, 
extended as far as the burnt buildings to the north and east 
of the white church on the turnpike. During the deploy- 



878 FOURTH PERIOD. 

ment that gallant veteran, General Mansfield, fell mortally 
wounded while examining the ground in front of his troops. 
General HartsufF, of Hooker's corps, was severely wounded 
while bravely pressing forward his troops, and was taken 
from the field. 

The command of the 12th corps fell upon General Williams. 
Five regiments of the 1st division of this corps were new 
troops. One brigade of the 2d division was sent to support 
General Doubleday's. The 124th Pennsylvania Volunteers 
were pushed across the turnpike into the woods beyond J. 
Miller's house, with orders to hold the position as long as 
possible. 

The line of battle of J:his corps was formed and it became 
engaged at about 7 a.m., the attack being opened by Knapp's 
Pennsylvania, Cothran's New York and Hampton's Pittsburg 
batteries. To meet this attack the enemy had pushed a 
strong column of troops into the open fields in front of the 
turnpike, while he occupied the woods on the west of the 
turnpike in strong force. The woods (as was found by sub- 
sequent observation,) were traversed by the out-cropping 
ledges of rock. Several hundred yards to the right and rear 
was a line which commanded the debouche of the woods, and 
in the fields between was a long line of stone fences, continued 
by breastworks of rails, which covered the enemy's infantry 
from our musketry. The same woods formed a screen behind 
which his movements were concealed, and his batteries on the 
hill and the rifle works covered from the fire of our artillery 
in front. 

For about two hours the battle raged with varied success, 
the enemy endeavoring to drive our troops into the second 
line of wood, and ours in turn to get possession of the line in 
front. Our troops ultimately succeeded in forcing the enemy 
back into the woods near the turnpike, General Green, with 
his two brigades, crossing into the woods to the left of the 
Dunker church. During this conflict General Crawford, com- 
manding 1st division after General Williams took command 
of the corps, was wounded, and left the field. General Green, 
being much exposed and applying for reinforcements, the 13th 



A NTIETAM. 379 

New York and 27th Indiana, and the 3d Maryland were sent 
to his support with a section of Knapp's battery. 

At about 9 o'clock a.m., Genei'al Sedgwick's division of 
General Sumner's corps arrived. Crossing the ford pre- 
viously mentioned, this division raarclicd in three cohimns to 
the support of the attack on the enemy's left. On nearing the 
scene of action the columns were halted, faced to the front, 
and established by General Sumner in three parallel lines by 
brigade, facing towards the south and west ; General Gor- 
man's brigade in front. General Dana's second and General 
Howard's third, with a distance between the lines of some 
seventy paces. 

The division was then put in motion, and moved upon the 
field of battle under fire from the enemy's concealed batteries 
on the hill beyond the woods, passing diagonally to the front 
across the open space, and to the front of the 1st division of 
General Williams's corps : this latter division withdrew. 

Entering the woods on the west of the turnpike, and driving 
the enemy before them, the first line was met by a heavy fire 
of musketry and shell from the enemy's breastworks and the 
batteries on the hill commanding the exit from the woods. 
Meantime a heavy column of the enemy had succeeded in 
crowding back the troops of General Green's division, and 
appeared in rear of the left of Sedgwick's division. By com- 
mand of General Sumner, General Howard fiiced the third 
line to the rear, preparatory to a change of front, to meet the 
column advancing on the left, but this line now suffering from 
a destructive fire both in front and on its left, which it was 
unable to return, gave way towards the right and rear in con- 
siderable confusion, and was soon followed by the first and 
second lines. 

General Gorman's brigade, and one regiment of Genera 
Dana's, soon rallied and checked the advance of the enemy on 
the right. The second and third lines now formed on the left 
of General Gorman's brigade, and poured a destructive tire 
upon the enemy. 

During General Sumner's attack, he ordered General Wil- 
liatns to support him. Brigadier-General Gordon, with a por 
tion of his brigade, moved forward, but when he reached th6 



380 FOURTH PEEIOD. 

• 

woods the left of General Sedgwick's division had given way, 
and finding himself, as the smoke cleaved up, opposed to the 
enemy in force, with his small command, he withdrew to the 
rear of the batteries at the second line of woods. As General 
Gordon's troops unmasked our batteries on the left, they 
opened with canister, the batteries of Captain Cothran, 1st 
New York, and " I," 1st U. S. Artillery, commanded by Lieut. 
Woodruff, doing good service. Unable to stand this deadly 
fire in front and the musketry fire from the right, the enemy 
again sought shelter in the woods and rocks beyond the turn- 
pike. 

Daring this assault Generals Sedgwick and Dana were 
seriously wounded and taken from the field. General Sedg- 
wick, though twice wounded and faint from loss of blood, re- 
tained command of his division for more than an hour after 
his first wound, animating his command by his presence. 
General Howard assumed command after General Sedgwick 
retired. 

About the time of General Sedgwick's advance, General 
Hooker, while urging on his command, was seriously wounded 
in the foot and taken from the field. The repulse of the 
enemy offered opportunity to re-arrange the lines and re-or- 
ganize the commands on the right, now more or less in confu- 
sion. The batteries of the Pennsylvania Reserve, on high 
ground near I. Poffenburger's house, opened fire and checked 
several attempts of the enemy to establish batteries in front 
of our right, to turn that flank and enfilade the lines. 

"While this conflict was so obstinately raging on the right. 
General French was pushing his division against the enemy 
still further to the left. This division crossed the Antietam 
at the same ford as General Sedgwick, and immediately in his 
rear. Passing over the stream in three columns, the division 
marched about a mile from the ford, then facing to the left, moved 
in three lines towards the enemy. General Max Weber's brigade 
in front. Colonel Dwight Morris's brigade of raw troops, un- 
drilled and moving for the first time under fire, in the second, 
and General Kimball's brigade in the third. The division 
was first assailed by a fire of artillery, but steadily advanced, 
driving the enemy's skirmishers, and encountered the in- 



ANTIETAM. 881 

fantry in some force at the group of houses on Roulette's 
farm. General Weber's brigade gallantly advanced with an 
unwavering front, and drove the enemy from their position 
»boi>t the houses. 

While General Weber was hotly engaged with the first line 
of the enemy, General French received orders from General 
Sumner, his corps commander, to push on Avith renewed vigor 
to make a diversion in favor of the attack on the right. Leav 
ing the new troops, who had been thrown into some confusion 
from their march through corn-fields, over fences, &c., to form 
as a reserve, he ordered the brigade of General Kimball to the 
front, passing to the left of General Weber. The enemy was 
pressed back to near the crest of the hill, Avhere he was en- 
countered in greater strength, posted in a sunken road running 
in a northwesterly direction and forming a natural rifle-pit. 
In a corn-field in rear of this road were also strong bodies of 
the enemy. As the line reached the crest of the hill, a galling 
fire was opened on it from the sunken road and corn-field. 
Here a terrific fire of musketry burst from both lines, and the 
battle raged along the whole line with great slaughter. The 
enemy attempted to turn the left of the line, but were met by 
the 7th Virginia and 132d Pennsylvania Volunteers, and re- 
pulsed. 

Foiled in this, the enemy made a determined assault on the 
front, but was met by a charge from our lines, which drove 
him back with severe loss, leaving in our hands some three 
hundred prisoners, and several stands of colors. The enemy 
having been repulsed by the terrible execution of the batteries, 
and the musketry fire on the extreme right, now attempted to 
assist the attack on General French's division, by assaihng 
him on his right, and endeavoring to turn his flank, but this 
attack was met and checked by the 14th Indiana and 8th Ohio 
volunteers, and by canister from Captain Tompkins's battery, 
1st Rhode Island Artillery. Having been under an almost 
continuous fire for nearly four hours, and their ammunition 
being nearly exhausted, this division now took position im- 
mediately below the crest of the heights on which they had 
so gallantly fought, the enemy making no attempt to regain 
their lost ground. 



382 FOURTH PERIOD. 

On the left of General French, General Richardson's divi« 
sion was hotly engaged. Having crossed the Antietani about 
9.30 A.M., at the ford crossed by the other divisions of Sumner's 
corps, it moved on a line nearly parallel to the Antietani, and 
formed in a ravine behind the high grounds over-looking 
Roulette's house. The 2d (Irish) brigade, commanded by 
General Meagher, on the right, the 3d brigade, commanded 
by General Caldwell, on his left, and the brigade commanded 
by Colonel Brooks, 53d Pennsylvania Volunteers, in support. 
As the division moved forward to take its position on the field, 
the enemy directed a fire of artillery against it, but owing to 
the irregularities of the grovand, did but little damage. 

Meagher's brigade advancing steadily, soon became engaged 
with the enemy posted to the left and in fi-ont of Roulette's 
house. It continued to advance under a heavy fire nearly to 
the crest of the hill overlooking Piper's house, the enemy being 
posted in a continuation of the sunken road, and corn-field, 
before referred to. Here the brave Irish brigade opened upon 
the enemy a terrific musketry fire. All of General Sumner's 
corps was now engaged. General Sedgwick's on the right, 
General French in the centre, and General Richardson on the 
left. The Irish brigade sustained its well earned reputation. 
After sufiering terribly in ofiicers and men, and strewing the 
ground with their enemies as they drove them back, their 
ammunition nearly expended, and their commander, General 
Meagher, disabled by the fall of his horse, shot under him, this 
brigade was ordered to give place to General Caldwell's bri- 
gade, which advanced to a short distance in its rear. The 
lines were passed by the Irish brigade, breaking by company 
to the rear, and General Caldwell's, by company to the front, 
as steadily as on drill. Colonel Brooks's brigade, now became 
the second line. 

The ground over which General Richardson's and French's 
divisions were fighting was very irregular, intersected by 
numerous ravines, hills covered with growing corn, enclosed 
by stone walls, behind wliich the enemy could advance un- 
observed u^n any exposed point of our lines. Taking ad- 
vantage of this, the enemy attempted to gain the riglit of 
Richardson's position in a corn-field, near Roulette's house, 



ANTIETAM. 883 

where the division had become separated from that of Gen- 
eral French. A change of front by the 52d New York 
and 2d Delaware Volunteers, of Colonel Brooks's brigade, 
under Colonel Frank, and the attack made by the 53d Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers, sent further to right by Colonel Brooks 
to close this gap in the line, and the movement of the 132d 
Pennsylvania and 7th Virginia Volunteers, of General French's 
division, before referred to, drove the enemy from the corn- 
field, and restored the line. 

yhe brigade of General Caldwell, with determined gallantry, 
pushed the enemy back opposite the left and centre of this 
division, but sheltered in the sunken road they still held our 
forces on the right of Caldwell in check. Colonel Barlow, 
commanding the 61st and 64th New York regiments, of Cald- 
well's brigade, seeing a favorable opportunity, advanced these 
regiments on the left, taking the Une on the sunken road in 
flank, and compelled them to surrender, capturing over three 
hundred pi'isoners, and three stands of colors. 

The whole of the brigade, with the 57th and 66th New 
York regiments of Colonel Brooks's brigade, who had moved 
these regiments into the first line, now advanced with gal- 
lantry, driving the enemy before them in confusion into the 
corn-field beyond the sunken road. The left of the division 
was now well advanced, when the enemy, concealed by an 
intervening ridge, endeavored to turn its left and rear. Col. 
Cross, 5th N. H., by a change of front to the left and rear, 
brought his regiment facing the advancing line. Here a 
spirited contest arose to gain a commanding height — the two 
opposing forces, moving parallel to each othei', giving and 
receiving fire. The 5th, gaining the advantage, faced to the 
right and delivered its volley. The enemy staggered, but 
raUied and advanced desperately at a charge. Being rein- 
forced by the 81st Pennsylvania regiment, these regiments 
met the advance by a counter charge. The enemy fled, leav 
ing many killed, wounded, and prisoners, and the colors of 
the 4th North Carolina in our hands. 

Another column of the enemy, advancing under shelter of a 
stone wall and corn-field, pressed down on the right of the 
division; but Col. Barlow again advanced the 61st and 64th 



384 FOURTH PERIOD. 

New York against these troops, and, with the attack of Kim- 
ball's brigade on the right, drove them from this position. 

Our troops oh the left of this part of the line, having driven 
the enemy far back, they, with reinforced numbers, made a 
determined attack directly in front. To meet this. Col. Bar- 
low brought his two regiments to their position in line, and 
drove the enemy through the corn-field into the orchard be- 
yond, under a heavy fire of musketry, and a fire of canistei 
from two pieces of artillery in the orchard and a battery fur- 
ther to the I'ight, throwing shell and case-shot. This advance 
gave us possession of Piper's house, the strong point contended 
for by the enemy at this part of the line, it being a defensible 
building, several hundred yards in advance of the sunken 
road. 

The musketry fire at this point of the line now ceased. 
Holding Piper's house. General Richardson withdrew the line 
a little way to the ci*est of a hill, a more advantageous posi- 
tion. Up to this time this division was without artillery, and 
in the new pjpsition suffered severely from artillery fire, which 
could not be replied to. A section of Robertson's horse bat- 
tery, commanded by Lieut. Vincent, 2d U. S. Artillery, now ar- 
rived on the ground, and did excellent service. Subsequently 
a battery of brass guns, commanded by Capt. Graham, 1st U. 
S. Artillery, arrived, and was posted on the crest of the hill^ 
and soon silenced the two guns in the orchard. A heavy fire 
soon ensued between the battery further to the right and our 
own. Captain Graham's batteiy was bravely and skilfully 
served, but, unable to reach the enemy, who had rifled guns of 
greater range than our smooth bores, retired by order of Gen. 
Richardson, to save it from useless sacrifice of men and horses. 
The brave general was himself mortally wounded while per- 
sonally directing its jire. 

General Hancock was placed in command of the division 
after the fall of General Richardson. General Meagher's 
brigade, now commanded by Col. Burke of the 63d New 
York, having refilled their cartridge boxes, was again ordered 
forward, and took position in the centre of the line. The 
division now occupied one line in close proximity to the enemy, 
who had taken up a position in the rear of Piper's house. 



ANTIETAM. 386 

Col. D wight Morris, with the 14th Connecticut and a de- 
tachment of the 108th New York, of Gen. French's division, 
was sent by Gen. French to the support of Richardson's 
division. This command was now placed in an interval in the 
line between General Caldwell's and the Irish Brigade. The 
requirements of the extended line of battle had so engaged the 
artillery that the application of General Hancock for artillery 
for his division could not be complied Avith immediately by the 
chief of artillery, or the corps commanders in his vicinity. 
Knowing the tried courage of the troops. General Hancock 
felt confident that he could hold his position, although suffer- 
ing from the enemy's artillery, but was too weak to attack, as 
the great length of the line he was obliged to hold prevented 
him from forming more than one line of battle ; and, from his 
advanced position, this line was ah-eady partly enfiladed by 
the batteries of the enemy on the right, which were protected 
from our batteries opposite them by the woods at the Dunker 
church. 

Seeing a body of the enemy advancing on some of our 
troops to the left of his position, General Hancock obtained 
Hexamer's battery from General Franklin's corps, which 
assisted materially in frustrating this attack. It also assisted 
the attack of the Tth Maine of Franklin's corps, which, with- 
out other aid, made an attack against the enemy's line and 
drove in skirmishers who were annoying our artillery and 
troops on the right. Lieutenant Woodruff, with battery " I," 
2d U. S. Artillery, relieved Capt. Hexamer, whose ammunition 
was expended. The enemy seemed at one time to be about 
making an attack in force upon this part of the line, and ad- 
vanced a long column of infantry towards this division, but, 
on nearing the position. General Pleasanton opening on them 
with sixteen guns, they halted, gave a desultory fire, and re- 
treated, closing the operations on this portion of the field. 

To return to the incidents occurring still further to tfee 
right. 

Between 12 and 1 p.m. General Franklin's corps arrived on 
the field of battle, having left their camp near Crampton's 
Pass at 6 a.m., leaving General Couch Avith orders to move 
with his division to occupy Maiyland heights. 

17 



S86 FOURTH PERIOD. 

General Smith's division led the column, followed by General 
Slocum's 

It was first intended to keep this corps in reserve on the 
east side of the Antietam, to operate on either flank or on the 
centre, as circumstances might require. But, on nearing 
Keadysville, the strong opposition on the right, developed by 
the attacks of Hooker and Sumner, rendered it necessary to 
Bend this corps at once to the assistance of the right wing. 
On nearing the field, hearing that one of our batteries (" A," 
4th United States Artillery), commanded by Lieut. Thomas, 
who occupied the same position as Lieut. Woodruff's battery 
in the morning, was hotly engaged, without supports. General 
Smith sent two regiments to its relief from General Hancock's 
brigade. On inspecting the ground, General Smith ordered 
the other regiments of Hancock's brigade, with Frank's and 
Co wen's batteries, 1st New York Artillery, to the threatened 
position ; Lieut. Thomas and Captain Cothran, commanding 
batteries, bravely held their positions against the advancing 
enemy, handling their batteries with skill. 

Finding the enemy still advancing, the 3d brigade of Smith's 
division, commanded by Colonel L-win, 49th Pennsylvania 
Volunteers, was ordered wp, and, passing through Lieutenant 
Thomas's battery, charged upon the enemy and drove back 
the advance until abreast of the Dunker Church. As the 
right of the brigade came opposite the woods, it received a 
destructive fire which checked the advance and threw the 
brigade somewhat into confusion. It formed again behind 
a rise of ground in the open space in advance of the batteries. 
General French having reported to General Franklin that his 
ammunition was nearly expended, that officer ordered General 
Brooks, Avith his brigade, to reinforce him. General Brooks 
formed his brigade on the right of General French, where 
they remained during the remainder of the day and night, 
frequently under the fire of the enemy's artillery. It was 
soon after the brigade of Colonel Irwin had fallen back behrnd 
the rise of ground that the Vtli Maine, by order of Colonel 
Irwin, made the gallant attack already referred to. 

The advance of General Franklin's cavyts was ojiportune. 
The attack ot the enemy on the position, but for the timely 



ANTIETAM. 387 

arrival of his corps, must have been disastrous, had it suc- 
ceed in piercing the line between General Sedgwick's and 
French's divisions. 

General Franklin ordered two brigades of General Slocum's 
division, General Newton's and Colonel Torbert's, to form in 
column to assault the woods that had been so hotly contested 
before, by Generals Sumner and Hooker ; General Bartlett's 
brigade was ordered to form as a reserve ; at this time Gene- 
ral Sumner having command on the right, directed further 
offensive operations to be postponed, as the repulse of this, the 
only remaining corps available for attack, would peril the 
safety of the whole army. 

General Porter's corps, consisting of General Sykes's division 
of regulars and volunteers, and General Morell's division of 
volunteers, occupied a position on the east side of Antietam 
Creek, upon the main turnpike leading to Sharpsburg, and 
directly opposite the centre of the enemy's line. This corps 
filled the interval between the right wing and General Burn- 
side's command, and guarded the main approach from the 
enemy's position to our trains of supplies. 

It was necessary to watch this part of our line with the 
utmost vigilance, lest the enemy should take advantage of the 
first exhibition of weakness here, to push upon us a vigorous 
assault for the purpose of piercing our centre and turning 
our rear, as well as to capture or destroy our supply trains. 
Once having penetrated this line, the enemy's passage to our 
rear could have met with but feeble resistance, as there were 
no reserves to reinforce or close up the gap. 

Towards the middle of the afternoon, proceeding to the 
right, I found that Sumner's, Hooker's and Mansfield's corps 
had met with serious losses. Several general oflicers had been 
carried from the field severely wounded, and the aspect of 
affairs was anything but promising. At the risk of greatly 
exposing our centre, I ordered two brigades from Porter's 
corps, the only available troops, ^to reinforce the right. Six 
battalions of Sykes's regulars had been thrown across the 
Antietam bi'idge on the main road, to attack and drive back 
the enemy's sharpshooters, who were annoying Pleasanton's 
horse batteries in advance of the bridge. Warren's brigade 



388 VOUKTH PEBIOD. 

of Porter's corps was detached to hold a position on .Burn- 
side's right and rear, so that Porter was left at one time with 
only a portion of Sykes's division, and one small brigade of 
Morell's division (but little over three thousand men) to hold 
his important position. 

General Sumner expressed the most decided opinion against 
another attempt during that day to assault the enemys position 
in front, as portions of our troops were so much scattered and 
demoralized. In view of these circumstances, after making 
changes in the positions of some of the troops, I directed the 
different commanders to hold their positions and, being satisfi- 
ed that this could be done without the assistance of the two 
brigades from the centre, I countermanded the order Avhich 
"was in course of execution. 

General Slocum's division replaced a portion of General 
Sumner's troops, and positions were selected for batteries in 
front of the woods. The enemy opened several heavy fires 
of artillery on the position of our troops after this, but our 
batteries soon silenced them. 

On the morning of the 17th General Pleasanton, with h'S 
cavalry division and the horse batteries under Captains Robert- 
son, Tidball and Lieutenant Haines, of the 2d U. S. artillery, and 
Capt. Gibson, 3d IT. S. artillery, was ordered to advance on the 
turnpike towards Sharpsbui-g across bridge No. 2, and support 
the left of General Sumner's line. The bridge being covered 
by a fire of ai-tillery and sharpshooters, cavalry skirmishers 
were thrown out and Captain Tidball's battery advanced by 
piece, and drove off the sharpshooters with canister sufficient- 
ly to establish the batteries above mentioned, which opened on 
the enemy with effect. The firing was kept up for about two 
hours, when, the enemy's fire slackening, the batteries were re- 
lieved by Randall's and Van Reed's batteries, U. S. Artillery. 
About 3 o'clock Tidball, Robertson and Haines returned to their 
positions on the west of Antietam, Captain Gibson having 
been placed in position on the east side to guard the ap- 
proaches to the bridge. These batteries did good service, 
concentrating their fire on the column of the enemy about to 
attack General Hancock's position, and compelling it to find 
shelter behind the hills in rear. 



ANTIETAM. 389 

General Sykes's division had been in position since the 15th, 
exposed to the enemy's artillery and sharpshooters. 

General Morell had come up on the 16th and relieved Gen- 
eral Richardson on the right of General Sykes, and, continual- 
ly under the vigilant watch of the enemy, this corps guarded 
a vital point. 

The position of the batteries under General Pleasanton 
being one of great exposure, the battalion of the 2d and 10th 
United States Infantry under Capt. Poland, 2d U. S. Infantry, 
was sent to his support. Subsequently, four battalions of regu- 
lar infantry under Captain Dwyer, 4th U. S. Infantry were sent 
across to assist in driving off the sharpshooters of the enemy. 

The battalion of the 2d and 10th U. S. Infantry advancing far 
beyond the batteries, compelled the cannoneers of a battery 
of the enemy to abandon their guns. Few in number and 
unsupported, they were unable to bring them off. The heavy 
loss of this small body of men attests their gallantry. 

The troops of General Burnside held the left of the line 
opposite bridge No. 3. The attack on the right was to have 
been supported by an attack on the left. Preparatory to this 
attack, on the evening of the 16th General Burnside's corps 
was moved forward and to the left, and took up a position 
nearer the bridge. 

I visited General Burnside's position on the 16th and, after 
pointing out to him the proper dispositions to be made of his 
troops during the day and night, informed him that he would 
probably be required to attack the enemy's right on the follow- 
ing morning, and directed him to make careful reconnoissances. 

General Burnside's corps, consisting of the divisions of Gen- 
erals Cox, Wilcox, Rodman, and Sturgis, was posted as fol- 
lows : Colonel Brooks's brigade, Cox's division, on the right 
Gen. Sturgis's division immediately in rear. On the left was 
Gen. Rodman's division, with Gen. Scammon's brigade. Cox' 
division in support. 

General Wilcox's division was held in reserve. 

The corps bivouacked in position on the night of the 16th. 

Early on the morning of the lYth I ordered General Burn- 
gide to form his troops and hold them in readiness to assault 
the bridge in his front, and to await further orders. 

At 8 o'clock an order was sent to him by Lieutenant Wil 



390 FOURTH PERIOD. 

son, Topographical Engineers, to carry the bridge, then to 
gain possession of the heights beyond, and to advance along 
their crest upon Sharpsburg and its rear. 

After some time had elapsed, not hearing from him, I dis- 
patched an aide to ascertain what had been done. The aide 
returned with the information that but little progress had been 
made. I then sent him back with an order to General Burn- 
side to assault the bridge at once, and carry it at all hazards. 
The aide returned to me a second time, with the report that the 
bridge was still in the possession of the enemy. Whereupon 
I directed Colonel Sackett, inspector-general, to deliver to 
General Burnside my positive order to push forward his troops 
without a moment's delay, and, if necessary, to carry the bridge 
at the point of the bayonet, and I ordered Colonel Sackett to 
remain with General Burnside and see that the order was 
executed promptly. 

After these three hours' delay, the bridge was carried at 1 
o'clock by a brilliant charge of the 51st New York and 51st 
Pennsylvania Volunteers. Other troops were then thrown 
over and the opposite bank occupied, the enemy retreating to 
the heights beyond. 

A halt was then made by General Burnside's advance until 
3 P.M., upon hearing which I directed one of my aides — Col. 
Key — to inform Genei-al Burnside that I desired him to push 
forward his troops with the utmost vigor and carry the enemy's 
position on the heights, that the movement was vital to our 
success, that this Avas a time when we must not stop for loss 
of life if a great object could be thereby accomplished. That 
if in his judgment his attack would fail, to inform me so at 
once, that his troops might be withdrawn, and used elsewhere 
on the field. He replied that he Avould. soon advance, and 
would go up the hill as far as a battery of the enemy on the 
left would permit. Upon this report I again immediately sent 
Colonel Key to General Burnside, with orders to advance at 
once, if possible, to flank the battery or storm it and carry the 
heights, repeating that if he considered the movement imprac- 
ticable to inform me so, that his troops might be recalled. The 
advance Avas then gallantly resumed, the enemy driven from 
their guns, the heights handsomely carried, and a portion of 



ANTIETAM. 391 

the troops even reached the outskirts of Sharpsburg. By this 
time it was nearly dark, and strong reinforcements just then 
reaching the enemy from Harper's Ferry, attacked General 
Burnside's troops on their left flank, and forced them to retire 
to a lower line of hills nearer the bridge. 

If this important movement had been consummated two 
hours earlier, a position would have been secured upon the 
heights from which our batteries might have enfiladed the 
greater part of the enemy's line, and turned their right and 
rear. Our victory might have been much more decisive. 

The following is the substance of General Burnside's opera- 
tions, as given in his report. 

Colonel Crook's brigade was ordered to storm the bridge. 
This bridge No, 3 is a stone structure of three arches, with 
stone parapets. The banks of the stream on the opposite side 
are precipitous, and command the eastern approaches to the 
bridge. On the hiU side immediately by the bridge was a 
stone fence running parallel to the stream, the turns of the 
roadway as it wound up the hill were covered by rifle-pits and 
breastworks of rails, &c. These works and the woods that 
covered the slopes were filled with the enemy's riflemen, and 
batteries were in position to enfilade the bridge and its ap- 
proaches. 

General Rodman was ordered to cross the ford below the 
bridge. From Colonel Crook's position it was found impos- 
sible to cany the bridge. 

General Sturgis was ordered to make a detail from his divi- 
sion for that purpose. He sent forward the 2d Maryland and 
6th New Hampshire. These regiments made several succes- 
sive attacks in the most gallant style, but were driven back. 

The artillery of the left were ordered to concentrate their 
fire on the woods above the bridge. Colonel Crook brought a 
section of Captain Simmon's battery to a position to command 
the bridge. The 51st New York, and 51st Pennsylvania, were 
then ordered to assault the bridge. Taking advantage of a 
small spur of the hills which ran parallel to the river, they 
moved toward the bridge. From the crest of this spur, they 
rushed with bayonet fixed and cleared the bridge. 

The division followed the storming party, also the brigade 



392 FOURTH PERIOD. 

of Colonel Crook, as support. The enemy withdrew to still 
higher ground some live or six hundred yards beyond, and 
opened a fire of artillery on the troops in the new positions on 
the crest of the hill above the bridge. 

General Rodman's division succeeded in ci'ossing the ford, 
after a sharp fire of musketry and artillery, and joined on the 
left of Sturgis ; Scammon's brigade crossing as support. Gen- 
eral Wilcox's division was ordered across to take position on 
General Sturgis's right. 

These dispositions being completed about 3 o'clock, the com- 
mand moved forward, except Sturgis's division left in reserve. 
Clark's and Darell's batteries accompanied Rodman's division ; 
Cook's battery with Wilcox's division, and a section of Sim- 
mons's battery with Colonel Crook's brigade. A section of Sim- 
mons's battery, and MuUenburgh's and McMullin's batteries 
were in position. The order for the advance was obeyed by the 
troops with alacrity. General Wilcox's division, with Crook in 
support, moved up on both sides of the turnpike leading from the 
bridge to Sharpsburg. General Rodman's division, supported 
by Scammon's brigade, on the left of General Wilcox. The 
enemy retreated before the advance of the troops. The 9th 
New York, of General Rodman's division, captured one of 
the enemy's battei-ies, and held it for some time. As the com- 
mand was driving the enemy to the main heights on the left 
of the town, the light division of General A. P. Hill, arrived 
upon the field of battle from Harper's Ferry, and with a heavy 
artillery fire made a strong attack on the extreme left. To 
meet this attack, the left division diverged from the line of 
march intended, and opened a gap between it and the right. 
To fill up this, it was necessary to order the troops from the 
second line. During these movements, General Rodman was 
mortally wounded. Colonel Harland's brigade, of General 
Rodman's division, was driven back. Colonel Scammon's bri- 
gade, by a change of front to rear on his right flank, saved 
the left from being driven completely in. The fresh troops of 
the enemy pouring in, and the accumulation of artillery against 
this command, destroyed all hope of its being able to accom- 
plish any thing more. 

It was now nearly dark. G jrie-al Sturgis was ordered for- 



ANTIETAM. $93 

ward to support the left. Notwithstanding the hard work in 
the early part of the day, his division moved forward with 
spirit. With its assistance, the enemy were checked and held 
at bay. 

The command Avas ordered to fall back by General Cox, who 
commanded, on the field, the troops engaged in this attack be. 
yond the Antietam. The artillery had been well served during 
the day. Night closed the long and desperately contested 
battle of the 17th. Nearly two hundred thousand men, and 
five hundred pieces of artillery, were for fourteen hours en- 
gaged in this memorable battle. We had attacked the enemy 
in a position selected by the experienced engineer then in per- 
son directing their operations. We had driven them from 
their line on one flank, and secured a footing within it on the 
other. The army of the Potomac, notwithstanding the moral 
efiect incident to previous reverses, had achieved a victory 
over an adversary invested with the prestige of recent success. 
Our soldiers slept that night, conquerors, on a field won by 
their valor, and covered with the dead and wounded of the 
enemy. 



CONDITION OF THE ARMY AFTER ANTIETAM. 

The night, however, brought with it grave responsibilities. 
Whether to renew the attack on the 1 8th, or to defer it, even with 
the risk of the enemy's retirement, was the question before me. 
After a night of anxious deliberation, and a full and careful sur- 
vey of the situation and condition of our array, and the strength 
and position of the enemy, I concluded that the success of an at- 
tack on the 18th was not certain. I am aware of the fact, that 
under ordinary circumstances, a general is expected to risk a 
battle if he has a reasonable prospect of success ; but at thi 
critical juncture, I should have had a narrow view of the con- 
dition of the country, had I been willing to hazard another 
battle with less than an absolute assurance of success. At that 
moment — Virginia lost, Washington menaced, Maryland in- 
vaded — the national cause could afibrd no risks of defeat. One 
battle lost, and almost all would have been lost. Lee's army 



394 FOURTH PERIOD. 

might then have marched as it pleased on Washington, Balti- 
more, Philadelphia, or New York. It could have levied its 
supplies from a fertile and undevastated country ; extorted 
tribute from wealthy and populous cities ; and nowhere east 
of the AUeghanies, was there another organized force able to 
arrest its march. 

The following are among the considerations which led me 
to doubt the certainty of success in attacking before the 19th. 

The troops were greatly overcome by the fatigue and ex- 
haustion attendant upon the long continued and severely con- 
tested battle of the iTth, together with the long day and night 
marches to which they had been subjected during the previous 
three days. 

The supply trains were in the rear, and many of the troops - 
had suffered from hunger. They required rest and refresh- 
ment. 

One division of Sumner's, and all of Hooker's corps, on the 
right, had, after fighting most valiantly for several hours, been 
overpowered by numbers, driven back in great disorder, and 
much scattered ; so that they were for the time somewhat 
demoralized. 

In Hooker's corps, according to the return made by General 
Meade, commanding, there were but 6729 men present on the 
18th: whereas, on the morning of the 22d, there were 13,093 
men present for duty in the same corps, showing that previous 
to, and during the battle, 6364 men were separated from their 
command. 

General Meade, in an ofiicial communication upon this sub- 
ject, dated Sept. 18, 1862, says: " I enclose a field return of 
the corps made this afternoon, which I desire you will lay 
before the commanding-general. I am satisfied the great 
reduction in the corps since the recent engagements, is not due 
solely to the casualties of battle, and that a considerable num- 
ber of men are still in the rear, some having dropped out on 
the march, and many dispersing and leaving yesterday during 
the fight. I think the efficiency of the corps, so far as it goes 
good. To resist an attack in our present strong position, 
I think they may be depended on ; and I hope they will per- 
form duty in case we make an attack, though I do not think 



ANTIETAM. 895 

their morale is as good for an offensive as a defensive move- 
ment." 

One division of Sumner's corps had also been overpowered, 
and was a good deal scattered and demoralized. It was not 
deemed by its corps commander, in proper condition to attack 
the enemy vigorously the next day. 

Some of the new troo^^s on the left, although many of them 
fought well during a part of the battle, and are entitled to 
great credit, were, at the close of the action, driven back, and 
their morale impaired. 

On the morning of the 18th, General Burnside requested me 
to send him another division to assist in holding his position 
on the other side of the Antietam, and to enable him to with- 
draw his corps if he should be attacked by a superior force. 
He gave me the impression that if he were attacked again that 
morning, he would not be able to make a very vigorous 
resistance. I visited his position early, determined to send 
General Morell's division to his aid, and directed that it should 
be placed on this side of the Antietam, in order that it might 
cover the retreat of his own corps from the other side of the 
Antietam, should that become necessary, at the same time it 
was in position to reinforce our centre or right, if that were 
needed. Late in the afternoon, I found that although he had 
not been attacked, General Burnside had withdrawn his own 
corps to this side of the Antietam, and sent over Morell's 
division alone to hold the opposite side. 

A large number of our heaviest and most eflBcient batteries 
had consumed all their ammunition on the 16th and 17th, and 
it was impossible to supply them until late on the following 
day. 

Supplies of provision and forage had to be brought up and 
issued, and infantry ammunition distributed. 

Finally, reinforcements to the number of 1-1,000 men, to say 
nothing of troops from Pennsylvania, had not arrived, but 
were expected during the day. 

The 18th was therefore spent in collecting the dispersed, 
giving rest to the fatigued, removing the wounded, burying 
the dead, and the necessary preparations for a renewal of the 
battle. 



396 FOURTH PERIOD. 

Of the reinforcements, Couch's division, marching with 
commendable rapidity, came up into position at a late hour in 
the morning. Humphrey's division of new troops, in their 
anxiety to participate in the battle, which was raging when 
they received the order to march from Frederick, at about 
half-past 3 p.m. on the 17th, pressed forward during the entire 
night, and the mass of the division reached the army on the 
following morning. Having marched more than twenty-three 
miles after 4^ o'clock on the preceding afternoon, they were o^ 
course greatly exhausted, and needed rest and refreshment. 
Large reinforcements expected from Pennsylvania never ar- 
rived. 

During the 18th, orders were given for a renewal of the 
attack at daylight on the 19th. 

On the night of the 1 8th, the enemy, after passing troops in 
the latter part of the day from the Virginia shore to their 
position behind Sharpsburg, as seen by our oflBcers, suddenly 
formed the design of abandoning their position and retreating 
across the river. 

As their line was but a short distance from the river, the 
evacuation presented but little difficulty, and was effected 
before daylight. 

About 2,700 of the enemy's dead were, Tinder the direction 
of Major Davis, assistant-inspector-general, counted and buried 
upon the battle-field of Antietam. A portion of their dead 
had been previously buried by the enemy. This is conclusive 
evidence that the enemy sustained much greater loss than we. 

Thirteen guns, thirty-nine colors, upwards of fifteen thou- 
sand stand of small arms, and more than six thousand prisoners, 
were the trophies which attest the success of our arms in the 
battles of South Mountain, Crampton's Gap, and Antietam. 

Not a single gun or color was lost by our army during these 
battles. 



A NTIETAM 



897 



Tabular Report of Casualties i7i the Army o/ the Potomac 

in the Rattle of Antietam, on the IGth and 11 th 

of September, 1862. 





General 
Officers 


Other 
Officers 


Enlisted Men 


Aggregate 


Grand 
Aggreg. 




r3 


■a 

a 

ES 

o 




■a 
a 



o 


— 


•a 
a 

o 


ho 

a 

S 




■a 
a 

3 
o 


til 
a 

S 




let Corps. 
MAJ.-GEN. HOOKER. 
















98 
153 
97 


669 

898 
449 


95 
137 
23 


862 




1188 




569 




■ 




Total 
















348 


2016 


255 


2619 


Snd Corps. 
MAJ.-GEN. SUMNER. 




1 
2 
1 


20 
21 


39 

50 


192 
355 
272 


860 
1577 
1271 


24 
321 
203 


212 
355 
293 


900 
1579 
1322 


24 
321 

'203 


1186 


2nd Division 


2255 




1818 






Total 




4 


41 


89 


819 


3708 


548 


860 


3801 


548 


5209 


5th Corps. 
MAJ.-GEN. F. J. POKTER. 






1 


2 


13 

7 


92 
13 


1 
1 


18 

8 


94 
18 


1 
1 




2nd Division 


. 


8rd Division 


108 


Artillery Reserve 


22 


Total 






1 


2 


20 


105 


2 


21 


107 


2 


180 


6th Corps. 
MAJ.-GEN. FRANKLIN. 
















5 
65 


58 
277 


2 
81 


65 




873 






Total 
















70 


836 


33 


438 


9th Corps. 
MAJ.-GEN. BURNSIDE. 

1st Division 






2 

T 
8 
5 


20 
29 
40 

r 


44 

121 
212 
33 


264 
493 
743 
145 


T 
20 
70 
23 


46 

128 
220 
38 


284 
522 
783 
152 


7 

20 
70 
23 


337 




670 


8rd Division 


1078 




213 






Total 






22 




410 


1645 


120 


432 


1741 


120 


2293 


nth Corps. 
(Gen. Banks.) 
BEIG.-QEN. WILLIAMS, 
Comd'g. 






9 
6 


35 
26 


151 

1071 

1 


827 

481 

15 


64 

80 

1 


160 

113 

1 


862 

507 

15 


54 
80 
1 


1076 


2nd Division 


650 




IT 






Total 






16 


61 


869 


1828 


85 


274 


1834 


85 


1748 



398 



FOURTH PERIOD, 





General 
GflBcers 


Other 
Officers 


Enlisted Men 


Aggregate 


Grand 
Aggreg. 








a 
o 


■a 
3 


c 

3 
O 


s 


■O 

a 
o 


bo 

a 


-a 


o 

a 
o 


^ 

8 
i 




MAJ. GEN. COUCH'S 








1 




8 




5 


9 
23 




9 


BRIG. GEN. PLEASANTON 
Cavalry Division 


28 


Grand Total 
















20109416 


1043 


12469 



Official. 



Head-Quahters Aemt of the Potomac, 
Camp near Sharsburg, Sept. 29, 1862 

S. "Williams, 
Assistant Adjutant General. 



An estimate of the forces under the confederate General 
Lee, made up by du-ection of General Banks from information 
obtained by the examination of prisoners, deserters, spies, &c., 
previous to the battle of Antietam, is as follows : 

General T. J. Jackson's Corps, 24,778 Men. 

" James Longstreet's Corps, .... 23,342 " 

" D. H. Hill's 2 Divisions 15,525 " 

" J. E. B. Stuart's Cavalry, . . . 6,400 " 

" Eansom's and Jenkins's Brigades, . . . 3,000 " 

Forty-six Regiments not included in above, . . 18,400 " 

Artillery, estimated at 400 guns, .... 6,000 " 

Total, . . 97,445 ' " 

These estimates give the actual numbers of men present and 
fit for duty. 

Our own forces at the battle of Antietam were as follows : 

1st Corps, ..*.... 14,856 Men. 

2d Corps, 18,813 " 

5th Corps, (one division not arrived,). . 12,930 " 

6th Corps, . • . , . . 12,300 " 

9th Corps 13,819 " 

12th Corps, 10,126 «' 

Cavalry Division, 4,320 " 

Total in action, . . 87,164 " 



OPERATIONS AFTER AKTIETAM. 399 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM. 

When our cavalry advance reached the river on the morn- 
ing of the 19th, it was discovered that nearly all the enemy's 
forces had crossed into Virginia during the night, their rear 
escaping under the cover of eight batteries, placed in strong 
positions upon the elevated bluffs on the opposite bank. 

General Porter, commanding the 5th Corps, ordered a de- 
tachment from Griffin's and Barnes's brigades, under General 
Griffin, to cross the river at dark and carry the enemy's bat- 
teries. This was gallantly done under the fire of the enemy. 
Several guns, caissons, etc., were taken, and their supports 
driven back half a mile. 

The information obtained during the progress of this affair, 
indicated that the mass of the enemy had retreated on the 
Charlestown and Martinsburg roads towards Winchester. To 
verify this, and to ascertain how far the enemy had retreated. 
General Porter was authorized to detach from his corps, on 
the morning of the 20th, a reconnoitering party in greater 
force. This detachment crossed the river, and advanced about 
a mile, when it was attacked by a large body of the enemy 
lying in ambush in the woods, and driven back across the 
river with considerable loss. This reconnoissance showed 
that the enemy was still in force on the Virginia bank of the 
Potomac, prepared to resist our further advance. 

It was reported to me on the 19th that General Stuart had 
made his appearance at Williamsport with some four thousand 
cavalry and six pieces of artillery, and that ten thousand in- 
fantry were marching on the same point from the direction of 
Winchester. I ordered General Couch to march at once with 
his division, and a part of Pleasanton's cavalry, with Frank- 
lin's corps within supporting distance, for the purpose of en- 
deavoring to capture this force. General Couch made a prompt 
and rapid march to Williamsport, and attacked the enemy 
vigorously, but they made their escape across the river. 

I dispatched the following telegraphic report to the general- 
in-chief : 



400 POUBTH PBBIOD. 

Head-Quakters, Army of the Potomao, 
Sharpsburg, Sept 19, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
007*16? g. XT. S. Army, — 
I have the honor to report that Maryland is entirely freed 
from the presence of the enemy, who has been driven across 
the Potomac. No fears need now be entertained for the safety 
of Pennsylvania. I shall at once occupy Harper's Ferry. 

G. B. McClkllan. 
Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

On the following day I received this telegram : 

"Washington, Sept. 20, 1862. 2 p.m. 
Major-Geneeal G. B. McClellan, 

We are still left entirely in the dark in regard to your own 
movements and those of the enemy. This should not be so. 
You should keep me advised of both, so far as you know them. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chie£ 

To which I answered as follows : 

HJEAD-QUABTERS, ABMY OP THE POTOMAO, 

Near Sharpsburg, Sept. 20, 1862. 8 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck. 
Generalriti- Chief, 

Washington. 

Your telegram of to-day is received. I telegraphed you 
yesterday all I knew, and had nothing more to inform you of 
until this evening. Williams's corps (Banks's) occupied Mary- 
land Heights at 1 p.m. to-day. The rest of the army is near 
here, except Couch's division, which is at this moment engaged 
with the enemy in front of Williamsport. The enemy is re- 
tiring via Charlestown and Martinsburg on Winchester. He 
last night re-occupied Williamsport by a small force, but will 
be out of it by morning. I think he has a force of infantry 
near Shepherdstown. 

I regret that you find it necessary to couch every dispatch 
I have the honor to receive from you, in a spirit of fault-find- 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM. 401 

ing, and that you have not yet found leisure to say one word 
in commendation of the recent achievements of this army, or 
even to allude to them. 

I have abstained from giving the number of guns, colors, 
small arms, prisoners, &c., captured, until I could do so with 
some accuracy. I hope by to-morrow evening to be able to 
give at least an approximate statement. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-General Comd'g. 

On the same day I telegraphed as follows : 

Head-Quakters, Army of the Potomao, 
September 20, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 
Comd'g. XI. S. Army. 
As the rebel army, now on the Virginia side of the Poto 
mac, must in a great measure be dependent for supplies of 
ammunition and provisions upon Richmond, I would respect- 
fully suggest that General Banks be directed to send out a 
cavalry force to cut their supply communications opposite 
"Washington. This would seriously embarass their operations, 
and will aid this army materially. 

G. B. McClellan, 
Major-General Comd'g. 

Maryland Heights were occupied by General Williams's 
corps on this day, and on the 22d General Sumner took pos- 
session of Harper's Ferry. 

It will be remembered that at the time I was assigned to the 
command of the forces for the defense of the national capital, 
on the 2d day of September, 1862, the greater part of all the 
available troops were suffering under the disheartening in- 
fluences of the serious defeat they had encountered during the 
brief and unfo/tunate campaign of General Pope. Their num- 
bers were greatly reduced by casualties — their confidence Avas 
much shaken, and they had lost something of that esprit-dun 
corps which is indispensable to the efficiency of an army. 
Moreover they had left behind, lost, or worn out the greater 
part of their clothing and camp equipage, which required re- 



4<MI FOURTH PEBIOD. 

newal before they could be in proper condition to take the field 
again. 

The intelligence that the enemy was crossing the Potomac 
into Maryland, was received in Washington ex the 4th of 
Septembner, and the Army of the Potomac wa«" '^^ain put in 
motion, under my direction, on the following daj o that but 
a very brief interval of time was allowed to r( T^anise, or 
procure supplies. 

The sanguinary battles of South Mountain an- ntietam, 
foiight by this army a few days afterwards, with the recon- 
noissances immediately following, resulted in a loss to us of 
ten general officers, many regimental and company officers, 
and a large number of enlisted men ; amounting in the aggre- 
gate to (15,220) fifteen thousand two hundred and twenty. 
Two army corps had been badly cut up, scattered and some- 
what demoralised in the action of the 17th. 

In General Sumner's corps alone, (41) forty-one commis- 
sioned officers and (819) eight hundred and nineteen enlisted 
men had been killed ; (4) four general officers, (89) eighty-nine 
other commissioned officers, and (3, 70 8) three thousand seven 
hundred and eight enlisted men had been wounded ; besides 
(548) five hundred and forty-eight missing ; making the aggre- 
gate loss of this splendid veteran corps, in this one battle, 
(5,209) five thousand two hundred and nine. 

In General Hooker's corps the casualties of the same engage- 
ment amounted to (2,619) two thousand six hundred and nine- 
teen. 

The entire army had been greatly exhausted by unavoida- 
ble overwork, fatiguing marches, hunger, and want of sleep 
and rest, previous to the last battle. 

When the enemy recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, the 
means of transportation at my disposal were inadequate to 
furnish a single day's supply of subsistence in advance. 

Many of the troops were new levies, some of whom had 
fought like veterans, but the morale of others had been a good 
deal impaired in those severely contested actions, and they re- 
quired time to recover, as well as to acquire the necessary drill 
and discipline. 

Under these circumstances, I did not feel authorized to 
cross the n ver with the main army, over a very deep and 



OPEKATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM. 408 

difficult ford in pursuit of the retreating enemy, knowr to be 
in strong force on the south bank, and thereby place that 
stream, which was liable at any time to rise above a fording 
stage, between my army and its base of supply. 

I telegraphed on the 2 2d to the General-in-chief as follows : 

" As soon as the exigencies of the service will admit of it, 
this army should be reorganised. It is absolutely necessary to 
secure its efficiency, that the old skeleton regiments should be 
filled up at once, and officers appomted to supply the numerous 
existing vacancies. There are instances where captains are 
commanding regiments, and companies are without a single 
commissioned officer." 

On the 23d, the following was telegraphed to the General- 
in-chief: 

Head-Qitaetees, Army of the Potomac, 
Near Shepherdstown, Sept. 23, 1862. 9,30 A.M. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

General-in- Chief, Washington. 

From several different sources, I learn that General R. E. 
Lee is still opposite to my position at Leestown, between 
Shepherdstown and Martinsburg, and that General Jackson is 
on the Opequan Creek, about three miles from its mouth, both 
with large force. There are also indications of heavy rein- 
forcements moving towards them fVom Winchester and 
Charlestown, I have therefore ordered General Franklin to 
take position with his corps at the cross roads, about one mile 
northwest of Bakersville, on the Bakersville and Williamsport 
road, and General Couch to establish his division near Downs- 
ville, leaving sufficient force at Williamsport to watch and 
guard the ford at that place. The fact of the enemy remain- 
ing so long in our front, and the indications of an advance of 
reinforcements, seem to indicate that he will give us another 
battle with all his available force. 

As I mentioned to you before, our ai*my has been very 
much reduced by casualties in the recent battles, and in my 
judgment all the reinforcements of old troops that can pos- 
sibly be dispensed with around Washington and other places, 
ahould be instantly pushed forward by rail to this army. A 



404 FOURTH PERIOD. 

defeat at this juncture would be ruinous to our cause. 1 
not think it possible that the enemy will bring any forcts to 
bear upon Washington till after the question is decided here, 
but if they should, troops can soon be sent back from this 
array by rail to reinforce the garrison there. 

The evidence that I have that reinforcements are coming to 
the rebel army, consists in the facts, that long columns of dust 
extending from "Winchester to Charlestown, and from Charles- 
town in this direction, and also troops moving this way, were 
seen last evening. This is corroborated by citizens. General 
Sumner, with his corps and Williams's, (Banks's), occupies 
Harper's Ferry, and the surrounding heights. I think he will 
be able to hold his position until reinforcements arrive. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

On the 27th I made the following report : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomao, 
Sept 27, 1862. 10 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. Halleck, > 

General-in- Chief., Washington., — 
All the information in my possession, goes to prove that 
the main body of the enemy Is concentrated not far from 
Martinsburg, with some troops at Charlestown, not many in 
Winchester. Their movements of late, have been an extension 
towards our right, and beyond it. They are receiving re- 
inforcements in Winchester, mainly, I think, of conscripts, 
perhaps entirely so. 

This army is not now in condition to undertake another 
campaign, nor to bring on another battle, unless great ad- 
vantages are offered by some mistake of the enemy, or press- 
ing military exigencies render it necessary. We are greatly 
deficient in officers. Many of the old regiments are reduced 
to mere skeletons ; the new regiments need instruction. Not 
a day should be lost in filling the old regiments — our main 
dependence ; and in supplying vacancies among the officers by 
promotion. 

My present purpose is to hold the army about as it is now, 
rendering Harper's Ferry secure, and watching the river close- 



OPKKATIONS AFTER ANTIKTAM. 405 

ly, intending to attack the enemy should he attempt to cross 
to this side. 

Our possession of Harper's Ferry gives us the great advan- 
tage of a secure debouche, but we cannot avail ourselves of it 
until the railroad bridge is finished, because we cannot other- 
wise supply a greater number of troops than we now have 
on the Virginia side at that point. When the river rises so 
that the enemy cannot cross in force, I purpose concentrating 
the army somewhere near Harper's Ferry, and there acting 
according to circumstances, viz. : moving on Winchester, if, 
from the position and attitude of the enemy, we are likely to 
gain a great advantage by doing so, or else devoting a reason- 
able time to the organization of the army and instruction of 
the new troops, preparatory to an advance on whatever line 
may be determined. In any event, I regard it as absolutely 
necessary to send new regiments at once to the old corps for 
purposes of instruction, and that the old regiments be tilled at 
once. I have no fears as to an attack on Washington by the 
line of Manassas. Holding Harper's Ferry as I do, they wUl 
not run the risk of an attack on their flank and rear, while 
they have the garrison of Washington in their front. 

I rather apprehend a renewal of the attempt on Maryland, 
should the river remain low for a great length of time, and 
should they receive considerable addition to their force. 

I would be glad to have Peck's division as soon as possible. 
I am surprised that Sigel's men should have been sent to 
Western Virginia without my knowledge. The last I heard 
from you on the subject, was, that they were at my disposition. 
In the last battles, the enemy was undoubtedly greatly superior 
to us in number, and it was only by very hard fighting, that 
we gained the advantages we did. As it was, the result was 
at one period very doubtful, and we had all we could do to 
win the day. If the enemy receives considerable reinforce- 
ments, and we none, it is possible that I may have too much 
on my hands in the next battle. 

My own view of the proper policy to be pursued is, to re- 
tain in Washington merely the force necessary to garrison it, 
and to send everything else available to reinforce this army. 
The railways give us the means of promptly reinforcing Wash- 



406 FOURTH PERIOD. 

iugton, should it become necessary. If I am reinforced as I 
ask, and am allowed to take ray own course, I will hold my- 
self responsible for the safety of Washington. Several per- 
sons, recently from Richmond, say that there are no troops 
there except conscripts, and they few in number. 

I hope to be able to give you details as to late battles by 
this evening. I am about starting again for Harper's Ferry 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj-Gen. Comd'g. 

REORGANIZATION AND SUPPLIES. 

The work of reorganizing, drilling, and supplying the army 
I began at the earliest moment. The different corps were 
stationed along the river in the best positions to cover and 
guard the fords. The great extent of the river front, from 
near Washington to Cumberland, (some one hundred and fifty 
miles,) together with the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, was to be carefully watched and guarded, to prevent, if 
possible, the enemy's raids. Reconnoissances upon the Vir- 
ginia side of the river, for the purpose of learning the enemy's 
positions and movements, were made frequently, so that our 
cavalry, which, from the time we left Washington, had per- 
formed the most laborious service, and had from the com 
mencement been deficient in numbers, was found totally inad- 
equate to the requirements of the army. 

This overwork had broken down the greater part of the 
horses, disease had appeared among them, and but a very 
small portion of our original cavalry force was fit for service. 

To such an extent had this arm become reduced, that when 
Gen. Stuart made his raid into Pennsylvania on the 11th of 
October with 2,000 men, I could only mount 800 men to fol- 
low him. 

Harper's Ferry was occupied on the 2 2d, and in order to 
prevent a catastrophe similar to the one which had happened 
to Col. Miles, I immediately ordered Maryland, Bolivar, and 
Loudon Heights to be strongly fortified. This was done as 
far as the time and means at our disposal permitted. 

The main army of the enemy during this time remained in 



OPBRATION8 Al^TER ANTIETAM. 407 

the vicinity of Martinsburg and Bunker Hill, and occupied 
itself in drafting and coercing every able-bodied citizen into 
the ranks, forcibly taking their property where it was not 
voluntarily offered, burning bridges, and destroying railroads. 

On the first day of October, bis Excellency the President, 
honored the army of the Potomac with a visit, and remained 
several days, during which he went through the different en- 
campments, reviewed the troops, and went over the battle- 
fields of South Mountain and Antietam. I had the oppor- 
tunity during this visit to describe to him the operations of 
the army since the time it left "Washington, and gave him 
my reasons for not following the enemy after he crossed the 
Potomac. 

On the 5th of October the division of General Cox (about 
5,000 men,) was ordered from ray command to Western Vir- 
ginia. 

On the 7th of October I received the following telegram : 

Washington, D. C, Oct. 6, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. McClellan, — 

I am instructed to telegraph you as follows : The President 
directs that you cross the Potomac and give battle to the 
enemy, or drive him south. Your army must move now, 
while the roads are good. If you cross the river between the 
enemy and Washington, and cover the latter by your opera- 
tions, you can be reinforced with 30,000 men. If you move up 
the valley of the Shenandoah, not more than 12,000 or 15,000 
can be sent to you. The President advises the interior Une 
between Washington and the enemy, but does not order it. 
He is very desirous that your army move as soon as possible. 
You will immediately report what line you adopt, and when 
you intend to cross the river. Also, to what point the rein 
forcements are to be sent. It is necessary that the plan of 
your operations be positively determined on before orders 
are given for building bridges and repairing railroads. I am 
directed to add, that the Secretary of War and the General 
in-chief fully concur with the President in these instructions. 

H. W. Hali,eck, 

General-in-Chiet 



408 FOURTH PERIOD." 

At this time General Averill, with the greater part of our 
efficient cavalry, was in the vicinity of Cumbei-land, and Gen- 
eral Kelly, the commanding officer, had that day reported that 
a large force of the enemy was advancing on Colonel Camp- 
bell at St. John's Run. This obliged me to order General 
Averill to proceed with his force to the support of Colonel 
Campbell, which delayed his return to the army for several 
days. 

On the 10th of October Stuart crossed the river at McCoy's 
Ferry, with 2,000 cavalry and a battery of horse artillery, on 
his raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, making it necessary 
to use all our cavalry against him. This exhausting service 
completely broke down nearly all of our cavalry horses, and 
rendered a remount absolutely indispensable, before we could 
advance on the enemy. 

The following were the dispositions of troops made by me 
to defeat the purposes of this raid. 

General Averill, then at Green Spring, on the Upper Poto- 
mac, was ordered to move rapidly down upon the north side 
of the river, with all his disposable cavalry, using every exer- 
tion to get upon the trail of the enemy and follow it up vigor- 
ously. 

General Pleasanton, with the remaining cavalry force, was 
ordered to take the road by Cavetown, Harmon's Gap, and 
Mechanicsville, and cut off the retreat of the enemy, should 
he make for any of the fords below the position of the main 
army. His orders were to pursue them with the utmost 
rapidity, not to spare his men or horses, and to destroy or 
capture them if possible. 

General Crook, at that time commanding Cox's division at 
Hancock, en route for Western Virginia, was ordered to halt, 
place his men in cars, and remain in readiness to move to any 
point above, should the enemy return in that direction, keep- 
ing his scouts well out on all the roads leading from the direc- 
tion of Chambersburg to the Uppei Potomac. 

The other commanders between Hancock and Harper's 
Ferry were instructed to keep a vigilant watch upon aU the 
roads and fords, so as to prevent the escape of the rebels 
within these limits. 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM, 409 

General Burnside was ordered to send two brigades to the 
Monocacy crossing, there to remain in cars, with steam up, 
ready to move to any point on the raih-oad to which Stuart 
might be aiming. While Colonel Rush, at Frederick, was di- 
rected to keep his lancers scouting on the approaches from 
Chambersburg, so as to give timely notice to the commander 
of the two brigades at the Monocacy crossing. 

General Stoneman, whose head-quarters were then at Pooles- 
ville, occupying with his division the different fords on the 
river below the mouth of the Monocacy, was directed to keep 
his cavalry well out on the approaches from the direction of 
Frederick, so as to give him time to mass his troops at any 
point where the enemy might attempt to cross the Potomac 
in his vicinity. He was informed of General Pleasanton's 
movements. 

After the orders were given for covering all the fords upon 
the river, I did not think it possible for Stuart to recross, and 
I believed that the capture or destruction of his entire fbrce 
was perfectly certain, but owing to the fact that my orders 
were not in all cases carried out as I expected, he effected hia 
escape into Virginia Avithout much loss. 

The troops sent by General Burnside to the Monocacy, 
owing to some neglect in not giving the necessary orders to 
the commander, instead of remaining at the railroad crossing 
as I directed, marched four miles into Frederick, and there re- 
mained until after Stuart had passed the railroad only six 
miles below, near which point it was said he halted for break- 
fast. 

General Pleasanton ascertained after his arrival at Mechan- 
icstown that the enemy were only about an hour ahead of him, 
beating a hasty retreat towards the mouth of the Monocacy. 
He pushed on vigorously, and near to its mouth overtook them 
with a part of his force, having marched seventy-eight miles 
in twenty-four hours, and having left many of his horses broken 
down upon the road. He at once attacked with his artillery, 
and the firing continued for several hours, during which time, 
he states that he received the support of a small portion of 
General Stoneman's command, not sufficient to inflict any ma- 
terial fiamage upon the enemy. 



410 FOURTH PERIOD. 

General Stoneman reports, that in accordance with his in- 
structions, he gave all necessary orders for intercepting the 
return of the rebels, and Colonel Staples commanding one of 
his brigades, states that he sent two regiments of infantry to 
the mouth of the Monocacy, and one regiment to White's 
Ford. That on the morning of the 12th, about 10 o'clock he, 
by General Stoneman's order, marched the remaining three 
regiments of his command from Poolesville towards the mouth 
of the Monocacy ; that before getting into action, he was re- 
lieved by General Ward, who states that he reported to Gene- 
ral Pleasanton with his command while the enemy was crossing 
the river, and was informed by him (General Pleasanton) that 
he was too late, and that nothing could be done then. 

General Pleasanton in his report of this affair says : 

" It was at this time that Colonel Ward reported to rae from 
General Stoneman's division, with a brigade of infantry, a 
regiment of cavalry, and a section of artillery. I told him that 
his command could be of no use, as the enemy had then crossed 
the river. These are the only troops that I knew of, that were 
in that vicinity, and this was the first intimation that I re- 
ceived that any troops were endeavoring to assist me in cap- 
turing the rebels. I succeeded in preventing the 'enemy from 
crossing at the mouth of the Monocacy, and drove him to 
White's Ford, three miles below. Had White's Ford been 
occupied by any force of ours previous to the time of the oc- 
cupation by the enemy, the capture of Stuart's whole force 
would have been certain and inevitable ; but with my small 
force, which did not exceed one-fourth of the enemy's, it Avas 
not practicable for me to occupy that ford, Avhile the enemy 
was in front." 

It would seem from the report of General Stoneman that the 
disposition he made of his troops previous to the arrival of 
Stuart, was a good one. He stationed two regiments at the 
mouth of the Monocacy, and two regiments at White's Ford, 
the latter in the very place where the crossing was made, and 
the former only three miles off, with a reserve of three regi- 
ments at Poolesville, some six miles distant. General Pleasan- 
ton's report shows that from the time the firing commenced, 
initil the enemy were across the river was about four and a-half 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIKTAM. 411 

hours. General Stoneman states that he started the leserve 
from Poolesville at about nine o'clock ; but it appears from 
the report of General Pleasanton, that it did not reach him 
till half-past one. 

At the time I received the order of October 6th, to cross 
the river and attack the enemy, the army was wholly deficient 
in cavalry, and a large part of our troops Avere in want of 
ehoes, blankets, and other indispensable articles of clothing, 
notwithstanding all the efforts that had been made since the 
battle of Antietam, and even prior to that date, to refit the 
army with clothing as well as horses. I at once consulted 
with Colonel Ingalls, the chief quarter-master, who believed 
that the necessary articles could be supplied in about three 
days. Orders were immediately issued to the different com- 
manders who had not already sent in their requisitions, to do 
so at once, and all the necessary steps were forthwith taken by 
me to ensure a prompt delivery of the supplies. The requisi- 
tions were forwarded to the proper department at Washing- 
ton, and I expected that the articles would reach our depots 
during the three days specified; but day after day elapsed, 
and only a small portion of the clothing arrived. Corps com- 
manders upon receiving notice from the quarter-masters, that 
they might expect to receive their supj^lies at certain dates 
sent their trains for them, which after waiting were compelled 
to return empty. Several instances occurred where these 
trains went back and forth, from the camp to the depots, as 
often as four or five different times, without receiving their 
supplies ; and I was informed by one corps commander, that 
his wagon train had traveled over 150 miles, to and from the 
depots, before he succeeded in obtaining his clothing. 

The corps of General Franklin did not get its clothing until 
after it had crossed the Potomac, and was moving into Vir- 
ginia. 

General Reynolds's corps was delayed a day at Berlin to 
complete its supplies, and General Porter only completed his 
on reaching the vicinity of Harper's Ferry. 

I made every exertion in my power, and my quarter-master 
did the same, to have these supplies hurried forward rapidly, 
and I was repeatedly told that they had filled the requisitions 



418 FOUKXn PEBIOD. 

at Washington, and that the supplies had been forwarded. 
But they did not come to us, and of course were inaccessible 
to the array. I did not fail to make frequent representations 
of this condition of things to the General-in-chief, and it appears 
that he referred the matter to the quartei'-master-general, who 
constantly replied, that the supplies had been promptly 
ordered ; notwithstanding this they did not reach our depots. 
The following extracts are from telegrams upon this sub- 
ject : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
October 11, 1862. 9 a.m. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

Generalrin- Chief, Washington, 

******* 

" We have been makiog every effort to get supplies of 
clothing for this army, and Colonel lugalls has received advices 
that it has been forwarded by railroad, but owing to bad man- 
agement on the roads, or from some other cause, it comes in 
very slowly, and it will take a much longer time than was an- 
ticipated to get articles that are absolutely indispensable to the 
army, unless the railroad managers forward supplies more 
rapidly." 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-GreneraL 

Head-Quarters, Armt of the Potomac, 
October 11, 1862. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Haixeck, 

Commander-in- Chief, WashiJigton. 
" I am compelled again to call your attention to the great 
deficiency of shoes and other indispensable articles of clothing 
that still exist in some of the coi-ps of this army. Upon the 
assurances of the chief quarter-master, who based his calcula- 
tions upon information received from Washington, that cloth- 
ing would be forwarded at certain times, corps commanders 
sent tlieir wagons to Hagerstown and Harper's Ferry for it. 
It did not arrive as promised, and has not yet arrived. Unless 
some measures are taken to insure the prompt forwarding of 
these supplies there will necessarily be a corresponding dela)i 



OPERATIONS APTEE ANTIETAM. 413 

in getting the army ready to move, as the men cannot march 
"without shoes. 

" Every thing has been done that can be done at these head- 
quarters, to accompUsh the desired results." 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g. 

Head-Quabters, Army op the Potomao, 
October 15, 1 p.m., 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

General-in- Chief. 

******* 

" I am using every possible exertion to get this army ready 
to move. It was only yesterday that a part of our shoes and 
clothing arrived at Hagerstown. It is being issued to tha 
troops as rapidly as possible." 

G. B. McClellan, 

Major-General. 

Head-Quarters, Ariit op the Potomac, 
October 15, 1862. 7.30 p.m. 
Col. R. Ingalls, * . 

Care Col. Rucker, 

Q uarter-3Iaster^ Washington. 
" General Franklin reports that thei'e is by no means as 
much clothing as was called for, at Hagerstown. I think, 
therefore, you had better have additional supplies, especially 
of shoes, forwarded to Harper's Ferry as soon as possible." 

R. B. Maecy, 

Chief of Staff. 

Head-Quaeters, Army of the Potomao, 
October 16, 1862. 
CoL. R. Ingalls, 
Care Col. Rucker, 

Quarter- blaster, Washington. 

General J. F. Reynolds just telegraphs as follows ; " My 

quarter-master reports that there are no shoes, tents, blankets, 

or knapsacks, at Hagerstown. He Avas able to pi'ocure only a 

complete supply of overcoats and pants, with a few socks, 



414 FOURTH PEKIOD. 

drawers, and coats. This leaves many of the men yet with- 
out a shoe. My requisitions call for 5,255 pairs of shoes." 

Please push the shoes and stockings up to Harper's Ferry 
as fast as possible, 

R. B. Marcy, 

Chief of StaflE. 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Camp near Ejjoxtille, Md., October 9, 1862. 

Col. C. G. Sawtelle, 

Depot Quarter-Master^ Wa&hington. 

You did right in sending clothing to Harper's Ferry. You 
will not be able to send too much or too quickly. We want 
blankets, shoes, canteens, &c., very much, 

******* 

RxJFUs Ingalls, 
Lt.-CoL & A. D. C, Chief Qr.-Master, 

Head-Quarters, Army op the Potomac, 
Camp near Knoxville, Md., Oct. 10, 1862, 

Capt. Augustus Boyd, 

Quarter-Master^ Philadelphia, — 
Shipments to Hagerstown must be made direct through, 
to avoid the contemptible delays at Harrisburg. If Col. Cross- 
man was ordered to send clothing, I hope he has sent it, for 
the suffering and impatience are excessive. 

***** 

RUFUS In"GALLS, 
Lt-CoL and A. D. C, Chief Quarter-Master. 

BLead-Quarters Army op the Potomac. 
Camp near E[noxvii<le, Oct. 13, 1862. 
Capt. Geo. H. Weeks, 
' Depot Quarter-Master, Sagerstoion, — 

Has the clothing arrived yet? if not, do you know where 
it is ? What clothing was taken by the rebels at Chambers- 
burg ? Did they capture any property that was en route to 
you? Have we not got clothing at Harrisburg? Send an 



OPERATIONS A.PTEK ANTIETAM. 415 

agent over the road to obtain information, and liurry up the 
suppUes. Reply at once. * 

RuFus Ingalls, 
Lt.-Col. and A. D. C, Cliief Quarter-Master. 

Shaepsburg, Oct. 15, 1862. 
General Ingalls, 

I have just returned from Hagerstown, where I have been 
for the clothing for this corps. There was nothing there but 
overcoats, trowsers, and a few uniform coats and socks. There 
were not any shoes, blankets, shirts or shelter tents. Will 
you please tell me where and when the balance can be had ? 
Shall I send to Harper's Ferry for them to-morrow? The 
corps surgeon has just made a requisition for 45 hospital tents. 
There are none at Hagerstown. 

Will you please to inform me if I can get them at Harper's 
Ferry ? 

Fielding Lowry, 
Captain and Quarter-Master. 

Colonel Ingalls, Hagerstown, Oct. 15, 1862, 

Quarter-Master^ — 
I want at least ten thousand (10,000) suits of clothing, in 
addition to what I have received. It should be here now. 

G. W. Weeks, 
Acting Quarter-Master. 

General Ingalls, Harper's Ferry, Oct. 22, 1862. 

Chief Quarter- Master^ c£*c., — 
We have bootees 12,000 ; great coats 4,000 ; drawers and 
shirts are gone; blankets and stockings nearly so. 15,000 
each of these four articles are wanted. 

Alexander Bliss, 
Captain and Acting Quarter-Master. 

MoClellan's Head-Quarters, Oct. 24, 11 A.M., L862. 
Capt. D. G. Thomas, 

Military Store-heeper^ Washington^ — 

Please send to Captain Bliss, at Harper's Ferry, 

10,000 blankets. 
12,000 caps. 



416 FOURTH PERIOD. 

5,000 overcoats. 
10,000 pairs booteei. 

2,000 pairs artillery and cavalry boots. 
15,000 pairs stockings. 
15,000 pairs drawers. 
15,000 pairs pants. 

The clothing arrives slowly ; can it not be hurried along 
%ster. May I ask you to obtain authority for this shipment. 

Rdttjs Ingalls, 
Lt.-Col. and A. D. C, Chief Qt.-Master. 

Hagerstown, Oct. 30. 
Colonel Iistgalls, 

Clothing has arrived this morning. None taken by rebels. 
Shall I supply Frankhn, and retain poi'tions for Porter and 
Reynolds until called for. 

G. W. Weeks, 
Captain and Ass't. Qt.-Master. 

The following statement, taken from a report of the chief 
quarter-master with the army, will show Avhat progress was 
made in supplying the army with clothing, from the 1st of 
September, to the date of crossing the Potomac on the 31st of 
October, and that the greater part of the clothing did not 
reach our depots, until after the 15th of October. 

\_jSee opjjosite jpa^e.] 

Colonel Ingalls, chief quarter-master, in his report upon this 
subject, says : 

" There was great delay in receiving our clothing. The 
orders were promptly given by me and approved by General 
Meigs, but the roads were, slow to transport, particularly the 
Cumberland Valley road. 

"For instance, clothing ordered to Hagerstown on the ^th 
October for the corps of Franklin, Porter and Reynolds, did 
not arrive there until about the 18th, and by that time, of 
course thci'e were increased wants, and changes in the j^osition 
of troops. 

" The clothing of Sumner arrived in great Quantities near 



OPERATIONS AFTEK A Is T 1 E T A M , 



417 



I; 


P3 

OS 

r" S- 


1^5 

►o ^ 

Ssro 
: ^ 


: o 
: oo 


"II 

o>3 


Received ». 
the Depots. 


3 

o 


8 

o 


o 
o 


o 
o 


s 

3 


Drawers 


1 




_JO 


§ § 


Forage Caps 


CO 


o 




1 i 

OI o 


Stockings 


lb. 
1 








to 


Sack Coats 


i 




§ 




CO 

o 


Cavalry Jackets 


to 


CO 

o 

CO 


o 
o 


o 
to 


i 


Canteens 


1 


to 


QO 
1 


1 


=> 


Flannel Shirts 


i§ 


to 
to 
o 

o 


<z? 


■to 

CO 

to 


1 


Haversacks 


to 


en 

o 

o 


i 


o 


I'' 
B 


Trowsers 
(Mounted) 




o 

§ 


CO 

§ 


1 


K^ 

= 


Boots 


0= 

o 




to' 

o 


CO 


o 
o 


Shelter Tents 


CO 

i 






i 


o 


Camp Kettles 


OD 




g 

o 


to 

o 


to 

i 


Mess Pans 








to 

§ 

o 


i 


Overcoats 
(Foot) 


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en 


i 


Artillery 
Jackets 


o 
to 


CO 


o 
o 




o 


Blankets 


1 

o 


i 


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o 


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(Mounted) 


to 






o 


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o 


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o 

Ci 

o 


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en 

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to 

o 


Infantry Coats 


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to 


to 

o 


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(Foot) 


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"to 

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On 


o 






'^ 



to "^ 






418 POUETH PERIOD. 

the last of October, almost too late for issue, as tlie army was 

crossing into Virginia. 

" We finally left 50,000 suits at Harpers' Ferry, partly on 
the cars just arrived^ and partly in store." 

The causes of the reduction of our cavalry force have already 
been recited. The difficulty in getting new supplies from the 
usual sources led rae to apply for and obtain authority for 
the cavalry and artillery officers to purchase their own horses. 
The following are the telegrams and letters on this subject : 

Head-Quarters, Army of the PoTOMi.0, 
October, 12, 1862. 12.45 p.m. 
Major-General Halleck, 
General-in- Chiefs — 
It is absolutely necessary that some energetic means be 
taken to supply the cavalry of this army with remount horses. 
The present rate of supply is (1050) ten hundred and fifty per 
week, for the entire army here and in front of Washington. 
From this number the artillery draw for their batteries. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

The general-in-chief, in a letter to me, dated " Washing- 
ton, D, C, Oct. 14th, 1862," replies to this dispatch in the 
following language : 

" I have caused the matters complained of in your telegrams 
of the 11th and 12th to be investigated." 

" In regard to horses, you say that the present rate of sup- 
ply is only (150) per week for the entire army here and in 
front of Washington. I find from the records that the issues 
for the last six weeks has been 8,754, making an average per 
week of 1459." 

One thousand and fifty (1050) is the number stated in the 
original dispatch now in ray possession, and as not only 
figures were used, but the number was written out in full, I 
can hardly see how it is possible for the telegraphic operator 
to have made a mistake in the transmission of the message. 



operations after ajsttietam. 419 

Head-Quartees, Army of the Potoiiao, 
October 14, 1862, 7 p.m. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. IIalleck, 
Commander-in- Chiefs — 
******* 

With my small cavalry force it is impossible for me to 
watch the line of the Potomac properly, or even mak^ the 
reconnoissances that are necessary for our movements. This 
makes it necessary for me to weaken my line very much, by 
extending the infantry to guard the innumerable fords. This 
will continue until the river rises, and it will be next to im- 
possible to prevent the rebel cavalry raids. My cavalry force, 
as I urged this morning, should be largely and immediately 
increased under any hypothesis, whether to guard the river 
or advance on the enemy, or both. 

Geo. B. McClellak, 

Major-G«neraL 

The following is an extract from the official report of Colo- 
nel Ingalls : 

" Immediately after the battle of Antietam, efforts were 
made to supply deficiencies in clothing and horses. 

" Large requisitions were prepared and sent in. The artil- 
lery and cavalry required large numbers to cover losses sus- 
tained in battle, on the march, and by diseases. Both of 
these arms were deficient when they left Washington. 

" A most violent and destructive disease made its appear 
ance at this time, which put nearly 4,000 animals out of sei 
vice. Horses reported perfectly well one day, would be dead 
lame the next, and it was difficult to foresee where it would 
end or what number would cover the loss. They were attacked 
in the hoof and tongue. No one seemed able to account 
for the appearance of this disease. Animals kept at rest 
would recover in time, but could not he worked. I made 
application to send West and purchase horses at once, but it 
was refused on the ground that the outstanding contracts pro- 
vided for enough ; hut they were not delivered sufficiently 
fast, nor in sufficient numbers, until late in October and early 
in November. I was authorised to buy 2,500 late in October 



420 FOURTH PERIOD. 

l>ut the delivery Avas not completed until late in November, 
after we had reached Warrenton," 

In a letter from General MeigS, written on the 14th of Oc- 
tober, and addressed to the general-in-chief, it is stated, 
" There have been issued, therefore, to the army of the Poto- 
mac, since the battles in front of Washington, to replace losses, 
(9,254) nine thousand two hundred and fifty-four horses." 

What number of horses were sent to General Pope before 
his return to Washington, I have no means of determining, 
but the following statements, made upon my order by the 
chief quarter-master with the army, and who had means for 
gaining accurate information, forces upon my mind the con- 
clusion that the quarter-master-general was in error : 

Head-Quartees, Army op the Potomac, 
Chief-Quarter-Master's Office, Oct. 31, 1862. 

noBSB. 

Horses purchased since 6th Sept. 1862, by Col. Ingalls, Chief Quarter- 
master, and issued to th^forces under the immediate command of 
Major-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan 1,200 

Issued and turned over to the above force by Capt. J. J. Dana, Assis- 
tant Quarter-master (in "Washington) . . . .2,261 

Issued to forces at and near Washington, which have since joined 
this command . . . . • • • 352 

Total purchased by Col. Ingalls, and issued and turned over by Capt. 

Dana to the forces in this immediate command . . 3,813 

Issued by Capt^ J. J. Dana, Assistant Quarter-master, to the forces in 

the vicinity of Washington ..... 3,363 

Grand total purchased by Col. R. Ingalls, Chief Quarter-master, and 
issued and turned over by Capt. J. J. Dana, Assistant Quarter-mas- 
ter, to the entire army of the Potomac and the forces around 
Washington ....... 7,17C 

About 3,000 horses have been turned over to the quarter-mas- 
ter department by officers, as unfit for service. Nearly 1,500 
should now be turned over also, being worn out and diseased. 

Respectfully submitted, 
. - Feed. Myers, 

Lt. -Colonel & Quarter-master. 

This official statement made up from the reports of the 
quarter-masters who received and distributed the horses, ex- 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIKTAM. 421 

hibits the true state of the case, and gives the total number 
of horses received by the army of the Potomac and the troops 
aromid Washington, during a period of eight weeks, as (7,1 7G) 
seven thousand one hundred and seventy-six, or (2,078) two 
thousand and seventy-eight less than the number stated by 
the quarter-master-general. 

Supposing that (1,500) fifteen hundred were issued to the 
army under General Pope previous to its return to Washing- 
ton, as General Meigs states, there would still remain (578) 
five hundred and seventy-eight horses which he does not ac- 
count for. 

The letter of the general-in-chief to the Secretary of War, on 
the 28th of October, and the letter of General Meigs to the 
general-in-chief on the 14th of October, convey the impression 
that, upon my urgent and repeated apj^lications for cavalry 
and artillery horses for the army of the Potomac, I had re- 
ceived a much greater number than was really the case. 

It will be seen from Colonel Myers's report, that of all the 
horses alluded to by General Meigs, only (3,813) three thou- 
sand eight hundred and thirteen came to the army with which 
I was ordered to follow and attack the enemy. Of course the 
remainder did not in the slightest degree contribute to the 
efficiency of the cavalry or artillery of this army, with which I 
was to cross the river, neither did they in the least facilitate 
any preparations for carrying out the order to advance upon the 
enemy, as the general-in-chief's letter might seem to imply. 

During the same period that we were receiving the horses 
alluded to, about (3,000) three thousand of our old stock were 
turned into the quarter-master's department, and 1,500 more 
reported as in such condition that they ought to be turned in 
as unfit for service, thus leaving the active army some 700 
short of the number required to make good existing defi- 
ciencies, to say nothing of providing remounts for men whose 
horses had died or been killed during the campaign, and those 
previously dismounted. 

Notwithstanding all the efibrts made to obtain a remount, 
there were, after deducting the force engaged in picketing the 
river, but about a thousand serviceable cavalry horses on the 
21st day of October. 



422 POUETH PERIOD. 

•In a letter, dated October 14th, 1802, the general-in-chief 
Bays : " It is also reported to me that the. number of animals 
with yom- army in the field is about 31,000. It is believed 
that your present proportion of cavalry and of animals is 
much larger than that of any other of our armies." 

What number of animals our other armies had I am not 
prepared to say, but military men in Eui'opean armies have 
been of the opinion that an army to be efficient, while carrying 
on active operations in the field, should have a cavalry force 
equal in numbers to from one-sixth to one-fourth of the in- 
fantry force. M)' cavalry did not amount to one-twentieth 
part of the army, and hence the necessity of giving every one 
of my cavalry soldiers a serviceable horse. 

Cavalry may be said to constitute the antennae of an army. 
It scouts all the roads in front, on the flanks, and in rear of 
the advancing columns, and constantly feels the enemy. The 
amount of labor falling upon this arm during the Maryland 
campaign was excessive. To persons not familiar Avith the 
movements of troops, and the amount of transportation re- 
quired for a large army marching away from water or railroad 
communications, the number of animals mentioned by the 
general-in-chief may have appeared unnecessarily large, but 
to a military man who takes the trouble to enter into an accu- 
rate and detailed computation of the number of pounds of 
subsistence and forage required for such an army as that of the 
Potomac, it will be seen that the 31,000 animals were consider- 
ably less than was absolutely necessary to an advance. As we 
were required to move through a country which could not be 
depended upon for any of our supplies, it became necessary to 
transport every thing in wagons, and to be prepared for all 
emergencies. I did not consider it safe to leave the river with- 
out subsistence and forage for ten days. 

The official returns of that date show the aggregate strength 
of the army for duty to have been about 1 1 0,000 men of all 
ai-ras. This did not include teamsters, citizen employees, offi- 
cers' servants, &c., amounting to some 12,000 men, which 
gives a total of 122,000 men. The subsistence alone of this 
army for ten days required for its transportation 1,830 wagons 
at 2,000 pounds to the wagon, and 10,980 animals. 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM. 423 

Our cavalry horses, at that time, amounted to 5,046, and 
our artillery horses to 6,836. 

To transport full forage for these 22,862 animals for ten 
flays required 17,832 additional animals, and this forage would 
only supply the entire number (40,694) of animals with a small 
fraction over half allowance for the time specified. 

It will be observed that this estimate does not embrace the 
animals necessary to transport quarter-master's suppUes, bag- 
gage, camp equipage, ambulances, reserve ammunition, forage 
for officers' horses, etc., etc., which would greatly augment 
the necessary transportation. 

It may very truly be said that we did make the march with 
the means at our disposal, but it will be remembered that we 
met with no serious opposition from the enemy, neither did 
we encounter delays from any other cause. The roads were 
in excellent condition, and the troops marched with the most 
commendable order and celerity. 

If we had met with a determined resistance from the enemy, 
and our progress had been very much retarded thereby, we 
would have consumed our supplies before they could have 
been renewed. A proper estimate of my responsibilities as 
the commander of that ai'my did not justify me in basing my 
preparations for the expedition upon the supposition that I 
was to have an uninterrupted march. On the contrary, it was 
my duty to be prepared for all emergencies, and not the least 
important of my responsibilities was the duty of making ample 
provision for supplying my men and animals with rations and 
forage. • 

Knowing the soUcitude of the President for an early move- 
ment, and sharing with him fully his anxiety for prompt 
action, on the 21st of October I telegraphed to the General-in- 
chief as follows : 

Head-Quarters, Army op thb Potomao, 
October 21, 1862. 
Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chief, 'Washington, — • 

Since the receipt of the President's order to move on the 
enemy, I have been making every exertion to get this army 



424 FOURTH PERIOD. 

supplied with clothing absolutely necessary for marching. 
This, I am happy to say, is now nearly accomplished ; I have 
also during the same time repeatedly urged upon you the im- 
portance of supplying cavalry and artillery horses, to replace 
those broken down by hard service, and steps have been taken 
to insure a prompt delivery. Our cavalry even when well 
supplied with horses, is much inferior in numbers to that of 
he enemy ; but in efficiency has proved itself superior. So 
forcibly has this been impressed upon our old regiments by 
repeated successes, that the men are fully persuaded that they 
are equal to twice their number of rebel cavalry. 

Exclusive of the cavalry force now engaged in picketing the 
river, I have not at present over about (1000) one thousand 
horses for service. Officers have been sent in various direc- 
tions to purchase horses, and I expect them soon. Without 
more cavalry horses our communications, from the moment we 
march, would be at the mercy of the large cavahy forces of 
the enemy, and it would not be possible for us to cover our 
flanks properly, or to obtain the necessary information of the 
position and movements of the enemy in such a way as to in- 
sure success. My experience has shown the necessity of a 
large and efficient cavalry force.' Under the foregoing circum- 
stances I beg leave to ask whether the President desires me to 
march on the enemy at once, or to await the reception of the 
new horses, every possible step having been taken to insure 
their prompt arrival. 

G. B. McClellan, 

Maj.-Gen. Comd'g. 

On the same day General Halleck replied as follows ; 

"Washington, Oct. 21, 1862. 3 p.m. 
Your telegraph of 1 2 m. has been submitted to the President. 
He directs me to say, that he has no change to make in his 
order of the 6th inst. If you have not been, and are not now 
in condition to obey it, you will be able to show such want of 
ability. The President does not expect impossibilities ; but 
he is very anxious that all this good weather should not be 
wasted in inactivity. 



OPERATIONS AFTER ANTIETAM. 425 

Telegraph when you will move, and on what lines you pro- 
pose to march. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chiefl 
Maj.-Gen, G. B. McClellan. / ^ 

From the tenor of this dispatch I conceived that it was left 
for my judgment to decide whether or not it was possible to 
move with safety to the army at that time, and this responsi- 
bility I exercised with the more confidence in view of the 
strong assurances of his trust in me as commander of that army, 
with which the President had seen fit to honor me during his 
last visit. 

The cavalry requirements without which an advance would 
have been in the highest degree injudicious and unsafe, were 
still wanting. 

The country before us was an enemy's country, where the 
inhabitants furnished to the enemy every possible assistance, 
providing food for men and forage for animals, giving all in- 
formation concerning our movements, and rendering every aid 
in their power to the enemy's cause. 

It was manifest that we should find it, as we subsequently 
did, a hostile district, where we could derive no aid from the 
inhabitants that would justify dispensing with the active co- 
operation of an efficient cavalry force. Accordingly, I fixed 
upon the 1st of November as the earliest date at which the 
forward movement could well be commenced. 

The general-in-chief, in a letter to the Secretary of War on 
the 28th of October, says : " In my opinion there has been no 
such want of supplies in the army under General McClellan, as 
to prevent his compliance with the orders to advance against 
the enemy." 

Notwithstanding this opinion expressed by such high author- 
ity, I am compelled to say again that the delay in the necep- 
tion of necessary supplies up to that date, had left the army in 
a condition totally unfit to advance against the enemy ; that 
an advance under the existing circumstances would, in my 
judgment, have been attended with the highest degree of peril, 
with great suffering and sickness among the men, and with 



426 POUETH PERIOD. 

irarainent danger of being cut off from our supplies by the 
superior cavalry force of the enemy, and with no reasonable 
prospect of gaining any advantage over him. 

I dismiss this subject with the remark, that I have found it 
impossible to resist the force of my own convictions, that the 
commander of an army, who, from the time of its organization, 
has for eighteen months been in constant communication with 
its officers and men, the greater part of the time engaged in 
active service in the field, and who has exercised this command 
in many battles, must cwtainly be considei'ed competent to 
determine whether his army is in proper condition to advance 
on the enemy or not ; and he must necessarily possess greater 
facilities for forming a correct judgment in regard to the wants 
of his men, and the condition of his supplies, than the General- 
in-chief in his office at Washington City. 

ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA. 

The movement from Washington into Maryland, which cul- 
minated in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, was 
not a part of an offensive catnpaign, with the object of the 
invasion of the enemy's territory, and an attack upon his capi- 
tal, but was defensive in its purposes, although offensive in its 
character, and would be technically called a " defensive-offen- 
sive" campaign. 

It was undertaken at a time when our army had experienced 
severe defeats, and its object was to preserve the national cap- 
ital and Baltimore, to protect Pennsylvania from invasion, and 
to drive the enemy out of Maryland. These purposes were 
fully and finally accomplished by the battle of Antietam, 
which brought the army of the Potomac into what might be 
termed an accidental position on the upper Potomac. 

Having gained the immediate object of the campaign, the 
first thing to be done was to insure Maryland from a return 
of the enemy; the second, to prepare our own army, ex- 
hausted by a series of severe battles, destitute to a great ex- 
tent of supplies, and very deficient in artillery and cavalry 
horses, for a definite offensive movement, and to determine 
upon the hue of operations for a further advance. 



ADVANCE IK TO VIEGINIA. 427 

At the time of the battle of Antietam the Potomac was very- 
low, and presented a comparatively weak line of defense, un- 
less watched by large masses of troops. The re-occupation of 
Harper's Ferry, and the disposition of troops above that point, 
rendered the line* of the Potomac secure against everything 
except cavalry raids. No time was lost in placing the army 
in proper condition for an advance, and the circumstances 
which caused the delay after the battle of Antietam have been 
fully enumerated elsewhere. 

I never regaWed Harper's Ferry or its vicinity as a proper 
base of operations for a movement upon Richmond. I still 
considered the line of the Peninsula as the true approach, but, 
for obvious reasons, did not make any proposal to return to it. 

On the 6th of October, as stated above, I was ordered by 
the President, through the general-in-chief, to cross the Poto- 
mac and give battle to the enemy, or drive him south. Two 
lines were presented for my choice: 1st. Up the valley of the 
Shenandoah, in which case I was to have 12,000 to 15,000 ad- 
ditional troops : 2d. To cross between the enemy and Wash- 
ington, that is, east of the Blue Ridge, in which event I was 
to be reinforced with 30,000 men. 

At first I determined to adopt the line of the Shenandoah, 
for these reasons : The Harper's Ferry and Winchester Rail- 
road, and the various turnpikes converging upon Winchester, 
afforded superior facilities for supplies. 

Our cavalry being weak, this line of communication could 
be more easily protected. There wajS no advantage in inter- 
posing, at that time, the Blue Ridge and the Shenandoah 
between the enemy and myself. 

At the period in question the Potomac was still very low, 
and I apprehended that if I crossed the river below Harper's 
Ferry, the enemy would promptly check the movement by 
recrossing into Maryland; at the same time covering his rear 
by occupying in strong force the passis leading through the 
Blue Ridge from the south-east into the Shenandoah Valley. 

I anticipated, as the result of the first course, that Lee 
would fight me near Winchester, if he could do so under 
favorable circumstances ; or else that he would abandon the 
lower Shenandoah and leave the army of the Potomac free to 



428 FOURTH PERIOD. 

act upon some other line of opei'ations. If he abandoned the 
Shenandoah, he would naturally fall back upon his railway 
communications, I have since been confirmed in the belief, 
tha^ if I had crossed the Potomac below Harper's Ferry in 
the early part of October, General Lee would have recrossed 
into Maryland. 

As above explained, the army was not in condition to. move 
until late in October, and in the meantime cu'curastances had 
changed. 

The period had arrived when a sudden a»d great rise of 
the Potomac might be looked for at any moment ; the season 
of bad roads and difficult movements was approaching, which 
would naturally deter the enemy from exposing himself A'ery 
far from his base, and his movements all appeared to indicate 
a falling back from the river towards his supplies. Under 
these circumstances, I felt at liberty to disregard the possi- 
bility of the enemy recrossing the Potomac, and determined 
to select the line east of the Blue Ridge, feeling convinced 
that it would secure me the largest accession of force, and the 
most cordial support of the President, whose views from the 
beginning were in favor of that line. 

The subject of the defense of the line of the upper Potomac, 
after the advance of the main amny, had long occupied my 
attention ; I desired to place Harper's Ferry and its depend- 
encies in a strong state of defense, and frequently addressed 
the general-in-chief upon the subject of- the erection of field- 
works and permanent bridges there, asking for the funds 
necessary to accomplish the purpose. Although I did my 
best to explain as clearly as I was able that I did not wish to 
erect permanent works of masonry, and that neither the 
works nor the pei'manent bridges had any reference to the ad 
vance of the army, but solely to the permanent occupation of 
Harper's Ferry, I could never make the General-in-chief 
understand my wishes, but was refused the funds necessary to 
erect Uie field-works, on the ground that there was no appro- 
priation for the erection of permanent fortifications ; and was 
not allowed to build the permanent bridge on the ground that 
the main army could not be delayed in its movements until its 
completion Of course I never thought of delaying the ad- 



ADVANCE INTO VIRGIN A. 42d 

vance of the army for that purpose, and so stated re- 
peatedly. 

On the 25th of October I sent the General-in-chief the fol- 
owing telegram : 

Head-Qttarters, Armt of the Potomao^ 
October 25, 1862. 10.45 P.M. 
MaJ.-GeN. HAtLECK, 

General-in- Chiefs Washington^ — 

• As the moment is at hand for the advance of the army, a 
question arises for the decision of the general-in-chief; which, 
although perhaps implicitly decided by the President in his 
letter of the 13th, should be clearly presented by me, as I do 
not regard it as in my province to determine it. This question 
is the extent to which the line of the Potomac should be 
guarded^ after the army leaves, in order to cover Maryland 
and Pennsylvania from invasion by large or small j^arties of 
the enemy. It will always be somewhat difficult to guard the 
immediate line of the river, owing to its great extent and the 
numerous passages which exist. It has long appeared to me 
that the best way of covering this line Avould be by occupying 
Front Royal, Strasburg, Wardensville and Morefields, at the 
debouches of the several valleys in which they are situated. 
These points, or suitable places in their vicinity, should be 
strongly intrenched and permanently held ; one great advan- 
tage of this arrangement would be the covering the Balti- 
more and Ohio railroad, and an essential part of the system 
would be the construction of the link of railway from Win- 
chester to Strasburg, and the rebuilding of the Manassas 
Gap Railway bridge over the Shenandoah. 

The iutrenchment of Manassas Junction would complete 
the system for the defense of the approaches to Washington 
and the upper Potomac. Many months ago I recommended 
this arrangement, in fact gave orders for it to be carried into 
eflfect. I still regard it as essential under all circumstances. 

The views of the chief engineer of this army in regard to 
the defenses and garrison of. Harper's Ferry and its depend 
encies, are in your possession. 

The only troops under ray command outside of the organ. 



430 POUKTH PEKIOD. 

ization of the army of the Potomac are the Maryland Brigade 
under General Kenly, the 54th Pennsylvania, Colonel Voss ; 
12th Illinois Cavalry and Colonel Davis's 8th New York 
Cavalry; total, 2,894 infantry, one battery and about 900 
cavalry-men. There are also two of my regiments of cavalry 
(about 750 men) guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
between Hancock and Cumberland. 

As I have no department, and command simply an active 
army in the field, my responsibility for the safety of the line 
of the Potomac and the States north of it, must terminate the 
momen^I advance so far beyond that line as to adopt another 
for my base of operations. The question for the general-in- 
chief to decide, and which I regard as beyond my province, 
is this : 

1st. Shall the safety of Harper's Ferry, and the line of the 
Potomac, be regarded as assured by the advance of the army 
south of the Blue Ridge, and the line left to take care of 
itself? 

2d. If it is deemed necessary to hold the line, or that herein- 
before indicated in advance of it, how many troops shall be 
placed there, at what points, (and in what numbers, and of 
what composition at each), and whence shall they be supplied, 
i. e. from this army, or from other sources ? 

Omitting the detached troops mentioned above, and the 
small garrisons of Boonsboro and Frederick, the last returns 
show the strength of this army for duty, to be about (116,000) 
one hundred and sixteen thousand oificers and men. This 
includes the divisions of Stoneman and Whipj^le, but does not 
include Heintzelman, Sigel and Bayard. 

If Harper's Ferry, and the river above, are rendered fully 
secure, it is possible that the active army, if it supplies the 
garrisons, may be reduced so much as to be inadequate to the 
purposes contemplated ; if it is preserved intact, Maryland, 
Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad may be 
unduly exposed. 

T leave the decision of these grave questions to the general- 
in-chi-ef. I know nothing of the number of troops in Balti- 
more, &c. 

An important element in the solution of this problem, is the 



ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA. 431 

fact, that a great portion of Bragg's army is probably now 
at liberty to unite itself with Lee's command. 

I commence crossing the river at Berlin in the morning, 
and must ask a prompt decision of the questions proposed 
herein. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-General Comd'g. 

To which I received the following reply : 

Washikgton, Oct. 26, 1862. 1.35 P.M. 
Maj.-Gen. G, B. McClellan, 

In addition to the command which you had when I cama 
here, you also have the greater part of that of Maj.-Gen Pope. 
Moreover, you have been authorized to use any troops within 
your reach in General Wool's department, and in Western 
Virginia. General Banks's command is also under your direc- 
tion, with the single restriction, that he is not to remove troops 
from Washington, until he has notified me of his orders. 
Since you left Washington, I have advised and suggested in 
relation to your movements, but I have given you no orders. 
I do not give you any now. The government has intrusted 
you with defeating and driving back the rebel army in your 
front. I shall not attempt to control you in the measures you 
may adopt for that purpose ; you are informed of my views, but 
the President has left you at liberty to adopt them or not, as 
you may deem best. You will also exercise your own discre- 
tion in regard to what points on the Potomac, and the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad are to be occupied or fortified. I will 
only add that there is no appropriation ior permoment intrench 
ments on that line. Moreover, I think it will be time enough 
to decide upon fortifying Front Royal, Strasburg, Warden 
ville and Morefield, when the enemy is driven south of them 
and they come into our possession. I do not think that we 
need have any immediate fear of Bragg's army. You are 
within (20) twenty miles of Lee's, while Bragg is distant about 
(400) four hundred miles. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-in-Chie£ 



432 FOURTH PERIOD. 

And on the 29th I sent the following : 

Head-Quaeters, Aemt of the Potomao. 
Oct. 29, 1862. 1.15 P.M. 

Maj.-Gen. H. W. Haixeck, 

General-in- Chiefs Washington^ — 
On the 25th instant, I sent you a dispatch, requesting you 
to decide what steps should be taken to guard the line of the 
Potomac, when the army leaves here. To this I received your 
reply, that I had been intrusted by the President, Avith defeat- 
ing and driving away the rebel army, that you had given me 
no orders heretofore, did not give me any then, etc. Under 
these circumstances, I have only to make such arrangements 
for guarding this extended line, as the means at my disposal 
will permit, at the same time keeping in view the supreme 
necessity of maintaining the moving army in adequate force 
to meet the rebel army before us. 

The dispositions I have ordered are as follows, viz. : Ten 
thousand men to be left at Harper's Ferry, one brigade of 
infantry in front of Sharpsburg ; Kenly's brigade of infantry at 
Williamsport ; Kelly's brigade, including Col. Campbell's 54th 
Pennsylvania Infantry, at Cumberland; and between that point 
and Hancock I have also left four small cavalry regiments, to 
patrol and watch the river and the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road from Cumberland down to Harper's Ferry. 

I do not regard this force as sufficient to cover securely this 
great extent of line, but I do not feel justified in detaching 
any more troops from my moving columns. I would there- 
fore recommend that some new regiments of infantry and 
cavalry be sent to strengthen the forces left by me. 

There should be a brigade of infxntry and section of artil- 
ery in the vicinity of Cherry Run ; another brigade at Han- 
cock, an additional brigade at Williamsport, one regiment at 
Hagerstown, and one at Chambersburg, with a section of 
artillei-y at each place if possible. This is on the supposition 
that the enemy retain a considerable cavalry force west of the 
Blue Ridge. If they go east of it, the occupation of the points 
named in my dispatch of the 25th inst, will obviate the ne- 
cessity of keeping many of these troops on the river. 



ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA. 433 

There are now several hundred of our wounded, including 
General Richardson, in the vicinity of Sharpsburg, that cannot 
possibly be moved at present. 

I repeat that I do not look upon the forces I have been able 
to leave from this army as sufficient to prevent cavalry raids 
into Maryland and Pennsylvania, as cavalry is the only de- 
scription of troops adequate to this service, and I am, as you 
are aware, deficient in this arm. 

Geo. B. McClellan, 

Major-Genoral Comd'g. 

To which I received, on the 30th, this reply : 

"Washington, Oct. 30, 1862. 11.30 a.m. 
Maj.-Gen. G. B. MgClellan, — 

Your telegram of yesterday was received late last evening. 
The troops proposed for Thoroughfai'e Gap will be sent to 
that place whenever you are in position for their co-operation, 
as previously stated ; but no new regiments can be sent from 
here to the upper Potomac. The guarding of that line is left 
to your own discretion, with the troops now under your com- 
mand. 

H. W. Halleck, 

General-m-Chief. 

I accordingly left the 12th Corps at Harper's Ferry, de- 
taching one brigade to the vicinity of Sharpsburg. General 
MoreU was placed in command of the line from the mouth of 
the Antietam to Cumberland, General Slocum in command of 
Harper's Ferry and the line east of the mouth of the An- 
tietam. 

The orders given to these officers were as foUows : 

Head-Quarters, Army op the PoroMAOi 
Oct 29, 1862. 1 P.M. 

Gbn. H. W. Slocum, 

ComcPg Army Corps, Harper's Ferry, — 

The general commanding directs that you send one 
brigade of your corps, to march at once to the position now 
occupied by Gen. F. J. Porter's corps in front of Sharpsburg, 



434 FOURTH PERIOD. 

to watch and guard the line of the river from the ford near 
the mouth of the Antietam Creek to the mouth o^ the Ope- 
quan Creek. The officer in command will also take steps to 
afford proper protection to the sick and wounded in the hos- 
pitals in the vicinity of Sharpsburg and Boonsboro'. The 
regiment now at Boonsboro' will be placed under his orders. 
General Kenly, at Williamsport, will guard the river from the 
mouth of the Opequan above, including the ford at the mouth 
of the Opequan. 

The commanding general also directs that you take imme- 
diate steps to establish the remainder of your corps as follows, 
viz., one brigade on Maryland Heights, one brigade on Lou- 
don Heights, with the remainder on Bolivar Heights and at 
Harper's Ferry. These dispositions should be made at once, 
80 that Gener"' Couch can move with his corps. Please ac- 
knowledge ceiptofthis. 

R. B. Makcy, 

Chief-of-StafF. 

Head-Quarters, Army of the Potomao, 
• October 31, 1862. 

Gen. G. W. Moeell, 

Commanding Upper Potomac. 
General, — I am instructed by the commanding general 
to say to you that he has selected you to perform the highly 
important and responsible duty of taking charge of, and com- 
manding the troops left for the defense of the line of the Poto- 
mac River, from the mouth of the Antietam to Cumberland, 
as well as any other troops that may hereafter bo sent for the 
protection of the Maryland and Pennsylvania frontier Avithin the 
limits of the line herein specified. The force which has been left 
to guard the line, is not deemed adequate to prevent cavalry 
raids, but it is all that the commanding general feels author- 
ized to detach from the army of the Potomac at the present 
time, and it devolves upon you to make the best use of this 
force in your power. You will have four cavalry regiments 
under your command, which should be so distributed along 
the river as to watch all the available fords, and give timely 
notice to the infantry of the approach of any force of rebels. 



ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA.. 436 

You will afford all the protection in your power to the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad. 

You wiir endeavor to prevent any cavalry raids into Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania. 

You will take steps to have all the sick and wounded of our 
army, as well as of the rebel army, Avithin your lines, properly 
taken care of, until they can be sent to general hospitals, or dis 
charged, or paroled. 

You will make your head-quarters at Hagerstown, and oc- 
casionally visit the different parts of your line. 

You will please report promptly to these head-quarters, 
everything of importance that occurs wathin the limits of your 
command. The three brigades now at Cumberland, Williams- 
port, and Sharpsburg, including the 54th Pennsylvania Volun- 
teers near Cumberland, will be imder your command. They 
are commanded by Generals Kelly, Kenly, and Gordon. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

^ S. Williams, 

Assistant Adjutant-General 

On the 25tli of October the pontoon bridge at Berlin was 
constructed, there being already one across the Potomac, and 
another across the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry. 

On the 26th two divisions of the 9th Corps and Pleason- 
ton's brigade of cavalry, crossed at Berlin and occupied Lo- 
vettsville. 

The 1st, 6th, and 9th Corps, the cavalry and reserve artil- 
lery, crossed at Berlin, between the 26th of October and the 
2d of November. 

The 2d and 5th Corps crossed at Harper's Ferry between 
the 29th of October and 1st of November. 

Heavy rains delayed the movement considerably in the be- 
ginning, and the 1st, 5th, and 6th Corps were obliged to halt 
at lej\st one day at the crossings, to complete, as far as possible, 
the necessary supplies that could not be procured at an earlier 
period. 

The plan of campaign I adopted during the advance, was 
to move the army well in hand parallel to the Blue Ridge, 
taking Warrenton as the point of direction for the main body 



436 FOURTH PERIOD. 

seizing each pass in the Blue Ridge by detachments, as we ap- 
proached it, and guarding them after we had passed, as long 
as they would enable the enemy to trouble our communications 
M'ith the Potomac. It was expected that we would unite with 
the 11th Corps and Sickles's division near Thoroughfare Gap. 
We depended upon Harper's Ferry and Berlin for supplies, 
until the Manassas Gap Railway was reached ; when that oc- 
curred the passes in our rear were to be abandoned, and the 
army massed ready for action or movement in any direction. 

It was my intention, if upon reaching Ashby's, or any other 
pass, I found that the enemy were in force between it and the 
Potomac, in the valley of the Shenandoah, to move into the 
valley and endeavor to gain their rear. I hardly hoped to ac- 
complish this, but did expect that by striking in between Cul- 
pepper Court House and Little Washington, I could either 
separate their army and beat them in detail, or else force them 
to concentrate as far back as Gordonsville, and thus place the 
army of the Potomac in position either to adopt the Freder- 
icksburg line of advance upon Richmond, or to be removed to 
the Peninsula, if, as I apprehended, it were found impossible 
to supply it by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad beyond 
Culpepper. 

On the 27th of October, the remaining divisions of the 9th 
Corps crossed at Berlin, and Pleasonton's cavalry advanced to 
Purcellville. The concentration of the 6th Corps, delayed 
somewhat by intelligence as to the movements of the enemy 
near Hedgesville, &c., Avas commenced on this day ; and the 
1st Corps was already in motion for Berlin. 

On the 28th the 1st Corps and the general head-quarters 
reached Berlin. 

On the 29th the reserve artillery crossed and encamped near 
Lovettsville ; Stoneman's division, temporarily attached to the 
9th Corps, occupied Leesburg ; Averill's cavalry brigade 
moved towards Berlin from Hagerstown. Two divisions of 
the 9th Corps moved to Wheatland, and one to Waterford. 
The 2d Corps commenced the passage of the Shenandoah at 
Harper's Ferry, and moved into the valley east of Loudon 
Heights. 

On tJie 30th the 1st Corps crossed at Berlin and encamped 



ADVANCE INTO VIRGINIA. 437 

near Lovettsville ; the 2d Corps completed the passage of the 
Shenandoah ; the 5 th Corps commenced its march from Sharps- 
burg to Harper's Ferry. 

On the 31st the 2d Corps moved to the vicinity of Hills 
borough ; the 6th Corps reached Boonsboro' ; the 5th Corp 
reached Harpei''s Ferry, one division crossing the Shenandoah 

On the 1st of November the 1st Corps moved to Purcell 
ville and Hamilton ; the 2d Corps to Woodgrove ; the 5th 
Corps to Hillsborough ; the 6th Corps reached Berhn, one di 
vision crossing. Pleasonton's cavalry occupied Philemont, 
having a sharp skirmish there, and at Bloomfield. 

On November 2 the 2d Corps occupied Snicker's Gap ; the 
5th Corps Snickersville ; the 6th Corps crossed the Potomac, 
and encamped near Wheatland ; the 9th Corps advanced to 
Bloomfield, Union, and Philemont ; Pleasonton drove the 
enemy out of Union ; Averill was ordered to join Pleasonton. 
The enemy offered no serious resistance to the occupation of 
Snicker's Gap, but advanced to regain possession of it with a 
column of some 5000 to 6000 infantry, who were driven back 
by a few rounds from our rifled guns. 

On the 3d the Ist Corps moved to Philemont, Union, 
Bloomfield, &c. ; the 2d Corps to vicinity of Upperville ; the 
the '5th Corps remained at Snicker's Gap ; the 6th Corps moved 
to Purcellville ; the 9th Corps moved towards Upperville. 
Pleasonton drove the enemy out of Upperville after a severe 
fight. 

On the 4th the 2d Corps took possession of Ashley's Gap ; 
the 6th Corps reached Union ; the 9tli Corps Upperville ; the 
cavalry occupied Piedmont. 

On the 5th the 1st Corps moved to Rectortown and White 
Plains ; one division of the 2d Corps to the intersection of 
the Paris and Piedmont with the Upperville and Barber' 
road ; the 6th Coi^ps to the Aldie turnpike, east of Upperville 
the 9th Corps beyond the Manassas Railroad, between Pied 
mont and Salem, with a brigade at Manassas Gap ; the cavalry 
under Averill had a skirmish at Manassas Gap, and the brigade 
of Pleasonton gained a handsome victory over superior num- 
bers at Barber's cross-roads ; Bayard's cavalry had some sharp 
skirmishing in front of Salem. 



438 FOURTH PERIOD. 

On the 6th the 1st Corps advanced to Warrenton ; vhe 2d 
to Rectortown ; the 5th Corps commenced its movement from 
Snicker's Gap to White Plains ; the 9th Corps to Waterloo 
and vicinity, on the Rappahannock; the 11th Corps was at 
New Baltimore, Thoroughfare, and Hopewell's Gaps ; Sickles's 
division guarding the Orange and Alexandi'ia railroad from 
Manassas Junction, towards Warrenton Junction ; the cavalry- 
near Flint Hill ; Bayard to cut off what there might be in 
Warrenton, and to proceed to the Rappahannock Station. 

November 7th, General Pleasonton was ordered to move to- 
wards Little Washington and Spei'ryville, and thence towards 
Culpepper Court House. 

November 8th, the 2d Corps moved half way to Warrenton ; 
the 5th Corps to New Baltimore. 

November 9th, the 2d and 5th Corps reached Warrenton ; 
the 6th Corps New Baltimore. 

Late on the night of the Vth I received an order relieving 
me from the command of the army of the Potornac, and direct- 
ing me to turn it over to General Burnside, which I at once 
did. 

I had already given the orders for the movements of the 8th 
and 9th ; these orders were carried into effect without change. 

The position in which I left the army, as the result of the 
orders I had given, was as follows : 

The 1st, 2d and 5th Corps, reserve artillery, and general head- 
quarters at Warrenton ; the 9th Corps on the line of the Rap- 
pahannock, in the vicinity of Waterloo ; the 6th Corps at New 
Baltimore; the 11th Corps at New Baltimore, Gainesville and 
Thoroughfare Gap ; Sickles's division of the 3d Corps on the 
Orange and Alexandria railroad, from Manassas Junction to 
Warrenton Junction; Pleasonton across the Rappahannock, 
at Amiss\alle, Jefferson, &c., with his pickets on Hazel River, 
facing Longstreet's, six miles from Culpepper Court House ; 
Bayard near Rappahannock Station. 

The army was thus massed near Warrenton, ready to act 
in any required direction, perfectly in hand, and in admirable 
condition and spirits. I doubt whether during the whole pe- 
riod that I had the honor to command the army of the Poto- 
mac, it was in such excellent condition to fight a great battle 



ADVANCE INTO VTBQINIA. 489 

'When I gave up the command to General Burnside, the best 
information in our possession indicated that Longstreet was 
immediately in our front near Culpepper ; Jackson with one, 
perhaps both, of the Hills near Chester and Thornton's GapSj 
with the mass of their forces west of the Blue Ridge. The 
reports from General Pleasonton, in the advance, indicated tlie 
possibility of separating the two wings of the enemy's forces, 
and either beating Longstreet separately, or forcing him to fall 
back, at least upon GordonsviUe, to effect his junction with 
the rest of the army. 

The following is from the report of General Pleasonton : 

" At this time and from the 7th instant, my advance pickets 
were on Hazel River, withm six miles of Culpepper, besides 
having my flank pickets towards Chester and Thornton's Gaps, 
extended to Gaines's Cross Roads and Newby's Cross Roads, 
with numerous patrols in the directions of Woodville, Little 
Washington, and Sperryville. The information gained by 
these parties, and also from deserters, prisoners, contrabands, 
as well as citizens, established the fact of Longstreet with 
his command being at Culpepper, while Jackson with D. H. 
HiU, with their respective commands, were in the Shenan- 
doah Valley, on the western side of the Blue Ridge, covering 
Chester and Thornton's Gaps, and expecting us to attempt to 
pass through and attack them. As late as the 17th of Novem- 
ber, a contraband just from Strasburg came into my camp and 
reported that D. H. Hill's corps was two miles beyond that 
place, on the railroad to Mount Jackson. Hill was tearing up 
the road and destroying the bridges, under the impression 
that we intended to follow into that valley, and was en route 
for Staunton. Jackson's corps was between Strasburg and 
Winchester. Ewell and A. P. Hill were with Jackson. Pro- 
visions were scarce, and the rebels were obliged to keep mov- 
ing to obtain then ." 

Had I remained in command, I should have made the at- 
tempt to divide the enemy, as before suggested, and could he 
have been brought to a battle within reach of my supplies, I 
cannot doubt that the result would have been a brilliant vic- 
tory for our army. 



440 FOUKTH PERIOD. 

On the lOtb of November General Pleasonton was attacked 
by Longstreet, witb one division of infantry and Stuart's cav- 
alry, but repulsed the attack. 

This indicates the relative position of our army and that of 
the enemy at the time I was relieved from the command. 

ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL CONDUCT OF 
MILITARY OPERATIONS. 

It would be impossible to participate in operations such as 
those described in the foregoing pages, without forming fixed 
opinions upon subjects connected with the organization of our 
armies and the general conduct of military operations. 

This report would be incomplete without a brief allusion to 
some general considerations which have been firmly impressed 
upon me by the events which have occurred. 

To my mind the most glaring defect in our armies is the ab- 
sence of system in the appointment and promotion of general 
and other ofiicers, and the want of means for the theoretical 
instruction of the mass of ofiicers. 

The expansion of the army was so great and so rapid at 
the commencement of the existing war, that it was perhaps 
impossible, in the great scarcity of instructed ofiicers, to have 
adopted any other course than that which was pursued ; but 
the time has arrived when measures may be initiated to remedy 
existing defects, and provide against their recurrence. 

I think that the army should be regarded as a permanent 
one, that is to say, its afihirs should be administered precisely 
as if all who belonged to it had made it their profession for 
lifs; and those rules for promotion, &c., which have been 
found necessary in the best foreign armies to excite honorable 
emulation, produce an esprit du corps, and secure efficiency, 
should be followed by us. 

All officers and soldiers should be made to feel that merit, 
that is to say, courage, good conduct, the knowledge and per- 
formance of the duties of their grade, and fitness to exercise 
those of a sii perior grade, will ensure to them advancement in 
their profession, and can alone secure it for them. 

Measures should be adopted to secure the theoretical in- 



GEN SEAL CONSIDKKATIONS. 441 

struction of staff officers at least, who should as far as possible 
be selected from officers having a military education or who 
have seen actual service in the field. 

The number of cadets at the military academy should be at 
once increased to the greatest extent permitted by the ca- 
pacity of the institution. 

The regular army should be increased and maintained com- 
plete in numbers and efficiency. 

A well organized system of recruiting and of depots for 
instruction should be adopted, in order to keep the ranks of 
the regiments full, and supj^ly promptly losses arising from 
battle or disease. This is especially necessary for the artillery 
and cavalry arms of the service, w^hich, from the beginning 
of the war, have rendered great services, and which have 
never been fully appreciated by any but their comrades. We 
need also large bodies of well instructed engineer troops. 

In the arrangement and conduct of camjiaigns, the direction 
should be left to professional soldiers ; a statesman may, per- 
haps, be more competent than a soldier to determine the 
political objects and direction of a campaign, but those once 
decided upon, everything shoiild be left to the responsible mili- 
tary head, without interference from civilians. In no other 
manner is success probable. The meddling of individual 
members or committees of Congress with subjects which, 
from lack of experience, they are of course incapable of com- 
prehending, and which they are too apt to view through the 
distorted medium of partisan or personal prejudice, can do no 
good, and is certain to jiroduce incalculable mischief. 

I cannot omit the expression of my thanks to the President 
for the constant evidence given me of his sincere personal 
regard, and his desire to sustain the military plans which my 
judgment led me to urge for adoption and execution. I can- 
not attribute his failure to adopt some of those plans, and to 
give that support to others which was necessary to their suc- 
cess, to any want of confidence in me, and it only remains for 
me to regret that other counsels came between the constitu- 
tional commander-in-chief and the general whom he had 
placed at the head of his armies, counsels which resulted in 
the failure of great campaigns. 



442 FOURTH PERIOD. 

If the nation possesses no generals in service, competent to 
direct its military aifairs without the aid or supei-vision of 
politicians, the sooner it finds them and places them in position 
the better vrill it be for its fortunes. 

I may be pardoned for calling attention to the memorandum 
submitted by me to the President on the 4th of August, 1861, 
my letter to him of July 7th, 1862, and other similar com- 
munications to him and to the Secretary of War, contained in 
this report. I have seen no reason to change in any material 
regard the views there expressed. 

After a calm, impartial and patient consideration of the 
subject, a subject which demands the closest thought on the 
part of every true lover of his country, I am convinced that 
by the proper employment of our resources it is entirely possi- 
ble to bring this Avar to a successful military issue. I believe 
that a necessary preliminary to the re-establishment of the 
Union is the entire defeat or virtual destruction of the organ- 
ized military power of the Confederates, and that such a result 
should be accompanied and followed by conciliatory measures ; 
and that by pursuing the political course I have always advised, 
it is possible to bring about a permanent restoration of the 
Union ; a reunion by which the rights of both sections shall 
be preserved and by which both parties shall preserve their 
self-respect, while they respect each other. 



CONCLUSION. 

In this I'eport I have confined myself to a plain narrative of 
such facts as are necessary for the purposes of history. 
Where it was possible I have prefen-ed to give these facts in 
the language of dispatches, written at the time of their occur- 
rence, rather than to attempt a new relation. 

The reports of the subordinate commanders, hereto annexed, 
recite what time and space would fail me to mention here, 
those individual instances of conspicuous bravery and skill 
by which every battle was marked. To them I must es- 
pecially refer, for without them, this narrative would be in- 
complete, and justice fail to be done. But I cannot omit to 



GBNEUAL REVIEW. 443 

tender to my corps commanders, and to the general officers 
under them, such ample recognition of their cordial co-opera- 
tion and their devoted services, as those reports abundantly 
vouch. 

I have not sought to defend the army which I had thq honor 
to command, nor myself, against the hostile criticisms once so 
rife. 

It has seemed to me that nothing more was required than 
such a plain and truthful narrative, to enable those whose right 
it is to form a correct judgment on the important matters 
involved. 

This report is, in fact, the history of the army of the Poto- 
mac. During the period occupied in the organization of that 
array, it served as a barrier against the advance of a lately 
victorious enemy, while the fortification of the capital was in 
progress, and under the discipline which it then received it 
acquired strength, education, and some of that experience 
which is necessary to success in active operations, and which 
enabled it afterward to sustain itself under circumstances try- 
ing to the most heroic men. Frequent skirmishes occurred 
along the lines, conducted with great gallantry, which inured 
our troops to the realities of war. 

The army grew into shape but slowly, and the delays which 
attended on the obtaining of arms, continued late into the 
winter of 1861-2, were no less trying to the soldiers, than to 
the people of the country. Even at the time of the organization 
of the Peninsular campaign, some of the finest regiments were 
without rifles, nor were the utmost exertions on the part 
of the military authorities adequate to overcome the ob- 
stacles to active service. 

When at length the army was in condition to take the field, 
the Peninsular campaign was planned, and entered upon with 
enthusiasm by officers and men. Had this campaign been fol- 
lowed up as it was designed, I cannot doubt that it would 
have resulted in a glorious triumph to our arms, and the per- 
manent restoration of the power of the government in Virginia 
and North Carolina, if not throughout the revolting states. 
It -was, however, otherwise ordered, and instead of reporting 
a victorious campaign, it has been my duty to relate the heroism 



444 folTrth period. 

of a reduced army, sent upon an expedition into an enemy's 
country, there to abandon one, and originate another and new 
plan of campaign, which might and would have been success- 
ful if supported with appreciation of its necessities, but which 
failed because of the repeated failure of promised support, at 
the most critical, and, as it proved, the most fatal moments. 

That heroism surpasses ordinary description. Its illustra- 
tion must be left for the pen of the historian in times of calm 
reflection, when the nation shall be looking back to the past 
from the midst of peaceful days. 

For me, now, it is sufficient to- say, that my comrades were 
victors on every field save one, and there the endurance of a 
single corps accomplished the object of its fighting, and, by 
securing to the army its transit to the James, left to the enemy 
a ruinous and barren victory. 

The army of the Potomac was first reduced by the with- 
drawal fk-om my command of the division of General Blenker, 
which was ordered to the Mountain Department, under Gen- 
eral Fremont. We had scarcely landed on the Peninsula, 
when it was further reduced by a dispatch, revoking a pre- 
vious order giving me command of Fortress Monroe, and 
under which I had expected to take ten thousand men from 
that point, to aid in our operations. Then, when under fire 
before the defenses of Yorktown, we received the news of the 
withdrawal of General McDowell's corps, of about 35,000 men. 
This completed the ovei'throw of the or.iginal plan of the cam- 
paign. About one-third of my entire army, (five divisions out 
of fourteen, one of the nine remaining being but little larger 
than a brigade), was thus taken from me. Instead of a rapid 
advance which I had planned, aided by a flank movement up 
the York River, it was only left to besiege Yorktown. That 
siege was successfully conducted by the army, and when these 
strong works at length yielded to our approaclies, the troops 
rushed forward to the sanguinary but successful battle of Wil- 
liamsburgh, and thus opened an almost unresisted advance to 
the banks of the Chickahominy. Richmond lay before them 
surrounded with fortifications, and guarded by an army larger 
than our own ; but the prospect did not shake the courage of 
the brave men who composed my command. Relying still on 



GENERAL REVIEW. 445 

the support which the vastness of our undertaking, and the 
grand results depending on our success seemed to insure us, 
we pressed forward. The weather was stormy beyond. pre- 
cedent, the deep soil of the Peninsula was at times one vast 
morass. The Chickahominy rose to a higher stage than had 
been known for years before. Pursuing the advance, the 
crossings were seized, and the right wing extended to eifect a 
jimction with reinforcements now promised and earnestly 
desired, and upon the arrival of which the complete success 
of the campaign seemed clear. The brilliant battle of Hano- 
ver Court House was fought, which opened the way for the 
first corps, with the aid of which, had it come, we should then 
have gone into the enemy's capital. It never came. The 
bravest army could not do more, under such overwhelming 
disappointment, than the array of the Potomac then did. Fair 
Oaks attests their courage and endurance, when they hurled 
back again and again the vastly superior masses of the enemy. 
But mortal men could not accomplish tlie miracles that seem 
to have been expected of them. But one course was left; a 
flank march in the face of a powerful enemy, to another, and 
better base, one of the most hazardous movements in war. 
The army of the Potomac holding its own safety, and almost 
the safety of our cause, in its hands, was equal to the occasion. 
The Seven Days are classical in American history ; those days 
in which the noble soldiers of the Union and Constitution, 
fought an overwhelming enemy by day, and retreated from 
successive victories by night, through a week of battle, closing 
the terl'ible scenes of conflict with the ever memorable victory 
at Malvern, where they drove back, beaten and shattered, the 
entire eastern army of the confederacy, and thus secured for 
themselves a place of rest, and a point for a new advance upon 
the capital from the banks of the James. 

Richmond was still within our grasp, had the army of the 
Potomac been reinforced and permitted to advance. But 
counsels, which I cannot but think subsequent events proved 
unwise, prevailed in Washington, and we were ordered to 
abandon the campaign. Never did soldiers better deserve the 
thtmks of a nation than the army of the Potomac for the 
deeds of the Peninsular campaign, and although that meed was 



446 FOURTH PERIOD. 

withheld from them by the authorities, I am persuaded they 
have received the applause of the American people. The 
army of the Potomac was recalled from within sight of Rich- 
mond, and incorporated with the army of Virginia. The dis- 
appointments of the campaign on the Peninsula, had not 
dampened their ardor or diminished their patriotism. They 
fought well, faithfully, gallantly under General Pope; yet were 
compelled to fall back on Washington, defeated and almost 
demoralized. The enemy, no longer occupied in guarding his 
own capital, poured his troops northward, entered Maryland, 
threatened Pennsylvania, and even Washington itself. Elated 
by his recent victories, and assured that our troops were dis- 
organized and dispirited, he was confident that the seat of war 
was now permanently transferred to the loyal States, and that 
his own exhausted soil was to be relieved from the burden of 
supporting two hostile armies. But he did not understand 
the spirit which animated the soldiers of the Union. I shall 
not, nor can I living forget that, when I was ordered to the 
command of the troops for the defense of the capital, the 
soldiers with whom I had shared so much of the anxiety and 
pain and suffering of the war, had not lost their confidence in 
me as their commander. They sprang to my call with all 
their ancient vigor, discipline and courage. I led them into 
Maryland. Fifteen days after they had fallen back defeated 
before Washington, they vanquished the enemy on the rugged 
heights of South Mountain, pursued him to the hard fought 
field of Antietam, and drove him, broken and disappointed, 
across the Potomac into Virginia. 

The army had need of rest. After the terrible experiences of 
battles and marches, with scarcely an interval of repose, which 
they had gone through from the time of leaving for the Penin- 
ula, the return to Washington, the defeat in Virginia, the victory 
at South Mountain, and again at Antietam, it was not surprising 
that they were, in a large degree, destitute of the absolute 
necessaries to eflfective duty. Shoes were worn out, blankets 
were lost, clothing was in rags ; in short the army was unfit 
for active service, and an interval for rest and equipment was 
necessary. 

When the slowly forwarded supplies came to us I led the 



GENERAL REVIEW. 44*2 

army across the river renovated and refreshed, in good order 
and discipline, and followed the retreating foe to a position 
where I was confident of decisive victory, when in the midst 
of the movement, while my advanced guard was actually ia 
contact with the enemy, I was removed from the command. 

I am devoutly grateful to God that my last campaign with 
this brave army was crowned with a victory which saved the 
nation from the greatest peril it had then undergone. 

I have not accomplished my purpose if, by this report, the 
army of the Potomac is not placed high on the roll of the 
historic armies of the world. 

Its deeds ennoble the nation to which it belongs. Always 
ready for battle, always firm steadfast and trustwoi'thy, I 
never called on it in vain ; nor will the nation ever have cause 
to attribute its want of success, under myself or under other 
commanders, toany failure of patriotism or bravery in that 
noble body of American soldiers. 

No man can justly charge upon any portion of that army, 
from the commanding general to the private, any lack of devo- 
tion to the service of the United States government, and to 
the cause of the Constitution and the Union. They have 
proved their fealty in much sorrow, suiFering, danger, and 
through the very shadow of death. Their comrades dead on 
all the fields where Ave fought, have scarcely more claim to 
the honor of a nation's reverence than the survivors to the 
justice of a nation's gratitude. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

George B. McClellajt, 

Maj.-Gen. U. S. A- 



APPENDIX A. 

ORGANIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION. 

The designations of the different Batteries of Artillery, both 
Regular and Volunteer, follow withia a few pages. 

The following distribution of Regiments and Batteries was 
made as a preliminary organization of the forces at hand, 
shortly after my arrival at Washington, 

The Infantry, Artillery, and Cavalry, as fast as collected 
and brought into primary organization, were assigned to 
Brigades and Divisions as indicated in the subjoined state- 
ments. 

OEGAMATION OF THE DIVISION OF THE POTOMAC. 
August 4th, 1861. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL HUNTER'S BRIGADE. 
23rd Regiment New York Volunteers. 
25th " " .V " 

35th " " " 

3nh " " " 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL HEINTZELMAN'S BRIGADE. 
5th Regiment Maine Volunteers. 
I6th " New York " 

26th " " " 

27th " " " 

TidbaU's Battery ("A") 2nd U. S. ArtiUery. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. T. SHERMAN'S BRIGADE. 
14th Regiment New York Volunteers. 
9th " Massachusetts " 

De Kalb " New York " 

4th " Michigan ' 

Hamilton's Battery ("E") 3rd U. S. ArtOlery. 
Company "I" 2nd " Cavalry. 



460 APPENDIX A. 

BEIGADIER-GENERAL KEARNEY'S BRiaADE. 

Ist Regiment New Jersey Volunteera. 
2nd " " " 

3rd " " " 

Green's Battery ("G") 2nd U. S. Artillery. 
Company " G " 2nd " Cavalry. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL HOOKER'S BRIGADE. 

1st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers. 
11th 

2nd " New Hampshire " 

26th " Pennsylvania " 

COLONEL KEYES'S BRIGADE. 

22nd Regiment New York Volunteers. 

24th 

30th " " " 

14th " " State Militia. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL FRANKLIN'S BRIGAD& 

15th Regiment New York Volunteers. 

18th " " " 

31st 

32nd " " 

Piatt's Battery (" M") 2nd U. S. ArtiUery. 

Company " C" New York (Lincoln) Cavaliy, 

COLONBt BLENKER'S BRIGADE. 

8th Regiment New York Volunteers. 
27th " 

27th " Pennsylvania " 

Garibaldi Guard, New York " 

COLONEL RICHARDSON'S BRIGADE. 

12th Regiment New York Volunteers. 
2nd " Michigan " 

3rd " " " 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL STONE'S BRIGADR 

34th Regiment New York Volunteers. 

Tammany " " " 

Ist " Minnesota " 

2nd " New York State Militia. 



OEGAKIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION. 451 

COLONEL WM. F. SMITH'S BRIGADK 

3rd Regimeut Vermont Yolunteers. 

6th " Maine " 

2nd " Vermont " 

33rd " New York " 

Company "H" 2nd U. S. Cavalry. 
Captain Mott's New York Battery. 

COLONEL COUCH'S BRIGADE. 

2nd Regiment Rhode Island Volunteers. 

Tth " Massachusfetts " 

10th " " " 

36th " New York " 

The 2nd Regiment Maine Volunteers, 

2nd " "Wisconsin " and the 

13th " New York " stationed 

at Fort Corcoran. 

The 21st Regiment New York Volunteers, 
stationed at Fort Runyon. 

The 17th Regiment New York Volunteers, 
stationed at Forth Ellsworth. 



By October the new levies had arrived in sufficient numbers, 
and the process of organization was so far carried on, that the 
construction of Divisions had been eifected. 

The following statement exhibits the composition of the 
Army, October 15th, 1861. 

ORGMIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 
October 15th, 1861. 

I. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL STONEMAN'S CAVALRY COMMAND. 

6th U. S. Cavalry. 

4th Pennsylvania Cavalry. 

Oneida Cavalry (1 Company). 
11th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Harlans). 

Barker's Illinois Cavalry (1 Company). 



452 APPENDIX A. 

n. 

COLONEL H. J. HUNT'S ARTILLERY RESERVE. 



Battery 


"L" 


2nd U. 


S. 


Artillery. 


(< 


"A" 


(1 




11 


(( 


"B" 


II 




<i 


II 


"K" 


3rd 




II 


u 


"F" 


II 




II 


II 


"K" 


4th 




II 


II 


"H" 


1st 




II 


II 


"A" 


5th 




II 



(Lieut. Hall) 



ni. 

CITY GUARD, BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANDREW PORTER. 

Oavalry. 
Companies " A " and " E " 4th U. S. Cavalry. 

Artillery. 
Battery "K" 5th U. S. Artillery. 

Infantry. 

Battalion 2nd U. S. Infantry. 
II 3i.(i '1 " 

Company 8th " " 

. " 1st " " 

" Sturgis Rifles (Illinois Volunteers). 

IV. 

BANKS' DIVISION. 

Cavalry. 

3rd Regiment N. Y. Cavalry (Van Alen) 4 Companies. 

Artillery. 
Best's Battery "I" 4th U. S. Art'y. Detachment 9th N. Y. Artillery. 
Matthew's" "F"lstPenn. " Tompkins' Batt'y " A" 1st R. L " 

Infantry. 

A'bercrorabie's Brigade. Stiles^s Brigade. Gordon^s Brigade. 

12th Mass. Vols. 3rd "Wis. Vols. 2nd Mass. Vols. 

12th Ind. " 9th N. Y. S. M. 28th N. Y. 

16th " " 29th Penn. Vols. 19th " 

30th Penn. " 13th Mass. " 5th Conn. 

46th Penn. 
28th " 
1st Md. 



OEGANIZATION AND D I S T KI B U T I O N , 



453 





MCDOWELL'S DIVISION. 








Cavalry. 




2nd New York Cavalry (Harris' Light) CoL Davies. 






Artillery. 




Battery 


"M 


" 2nd U. S. ArtiUery. 




it 


"G" 


' 1st " " 
Infantry. 




Reyes's Brigade. 




WadsworiNs Brigade. 


King's Brigade. 


14th N. T. S. M. 




12th N. Y. Vols. 


2nd "Wis. Vols. 


22nd " Vols. 




21st " 


6th " 


24th " " 




23rd " " 


7 th " " 


30th •' " 




35th " 


19th Ind. " 



Richardson's Brigade. 
2nd Mich. Vols. 
3rd " 
5th " " 
37th N. Y. " 



HEINTZELMAN'S DIVISION. 
Cavalry. 
1st New Jersey Cavalry. Col. Halstead. 

Artillery. 
Thompson's Battery "G" 2nd U. S. Artillery. 

Infantry. 

Sedgwick's Brigade. Jameson's Brigade. 

3rd Maine Vols. S2nd Penn. Vols. 

4th " " 63rd " " 

38th N. Y. " 61st " " - 

40th " " 45th " " 

Penn. Vols. (Wild Cat Reg't.) 



F. J. PORTER'S DIVISION. 
Cavalry. 
3rd Penn. Cavalry (Kentucky Cavalry). Col. Averiil. 
8th " " Col. Gregg. 

Artillery. 
Battery "E" 2nd U. S. Art'y. 

" "E"3rd " " {Note. — Transferred to Sherman's Exped.) 

Infantry. 
MoreWs Brigade. Martindale's Brigade. ButterfieWs Brigade. 

14th N. Y. Vols. 13th N. Y. Vols. 50th N. Y. Vols. 

33rd Penn. " 2nd Maine " Stockton's Ind. Mich. Reg't. 

4th Mich. " — N.Y.(De Kalb Reg't) 83d Penn. V. (Col. McLane). 

9th Mass. " 18th Mass. Vols. I'Tth N. Y. Vols. 

25th, " " 



454 APPENDIX A. 



FRANKLIN'S DIVISION. 



Cavalry. 
1st New York Cavalry. Colonel McReynolds. 





Artillery. 




Battery "D" 2nd U. S. 


Artillery. Ilexamer'a 


Battery (N. J. Vols.) 


(( "G" " " 


Infantry. 




Kearney^s Brigade. 


Slocwni's Brigade. 


Newton's Brigade 


1st N. J. Vols. 


16th N. Y. Vols. 


15th N. Y. Vols. 


2nd " 


26th " " 


18th " " 


3rd " " 


27th " 


31st " " 


4th " " 


6th Maine " 


32rd " « 



STONE'S DIVISION. 
Cavalry. 
6 Companies 3rd New York (Van Alen) Cavalry. 

Artillery. 
Kirby'a Battery "I " 1st U. S. Bunting's 6th N, Y. Independ. Batt 

Vaughns' " " B " 1st R. I. 

Infantry. 
Gorman's Brigade. Lander^s Brigade. 

2nd N. Y. S. M. . 19th Mass. Vols. 

1st Minn. Vols. 20th " " 

— N. Y. Vols. (Tammany Reg't) 7th Mich. " 

15th Mass. " Comp. Mass. Sharpshooters. 

34th N.Y. " 

BAKER'S BRIGADE. 

Penn. Vols. (1st California). 

" " (2nd California), 

" " (3rd -California). 

BUELL'S DIVISION. 

Artillery. 
Battery " D " 1st Penn. Artillery. » 

« "H" " " " 

Infantry. 
Couch's Brigade. Graham's Brigade. Peck's Brigade. 

2nd R. I. Vols. 23rd Penn. Vols. 13th Peun. Vols. 

7th Mass. " 31st " " 21st " 

1 0th Mass. Vols. 67 th N. Y. (1st L. I.) Vols. 62d N. Y. V. (Anderson 
36th N. Y. " 65th N. Y. V. (1st U. S. Chass.) Zouaves ) 

55th N. Y. Vols. 



OBGANIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION. 



455 



McCALL'S DIVISION. 

Cavalry. 
1st Penn. Reserve Cavalry. CoL Bayard. 

Artillery. 
Easton's Battery " A " 1st Penn. Artillery. 



Cooper's 


" "B" 1st " 


(( 


Kein's 


" "G" 1st " 
Infantry. 


K 


Headers Brigade. 


Brigade. 


Brigade. 


1st Rifles Penn. Res. 


5th Penn, Res. In£ 


10th Penn. Res. InC 


4th Penn. Res. Inf. 


1st " " " 


6th " « « 


3rd " " " 


8th " " " 


9th " " " 


Tth " " " 




12th " « « 


11th " " " 






2nd " " « 







HOOKER'S DIVISION. 
Cavalry. 
3rd Indiana Cavalry (8 Companies). Lieut.-CoL Carter. 

Artillery. 
Elder's Battery "E" 1st U. S. ArtiUery. 

Infantry. 

Brigade. Sickles' Brigade. 

1st Mass. Vols. 1st Reg't Excelsior Brig. N. T. YcAa. 

11th " " 2nd " " " " " 

2nd N. H. " - 3rd " " " " " 

26th Penn. " • 4th " " " " « 

1st Mich. " 5th " " " " •« 

SMITH'S DIVISION. 
Cavalry. 
6th Penn. Cavalry (Cameron Dragoons). Col. Friedman. 

Artillery. 
Ayre's Battery " F " 5th U. S. Artillery. 
Mott's 2nd New York Independent Battery 
Barr's Battery " E " 1st Penn. Artillery. 





Infantry. 




Brigade. 


Steven^s Brigade. 


EancocKs Brigade. 


2nd Vermont Vols. 


33rd N. Y Vols. 


4'7th Penn. Vols. 


8rd " 


■JSth " S. M. 


49th " 


4th 


6th Maine Vols. 


43rd N. Y. " 


5th 


49th N. Y. " 


5th Wis. " 



Cos. "B" and "E" Berdan's Sharpshooters. 
Note. — The 4Tth Penn. Vols, and the ^9th N. Y S. M. transferred to 
General Sherman's Expedition. 



466 APPENDIX A. 

( 

CASEY'S PKOVISIONAL BRIGADE. 
5th New Jersej Yols. — Penn. Vols. (Round Head Reg't) 

6th " " " Battalion D. C. Vols. 

7th " " " 40th Penn. " 

8th « " " 4th N. H, " 

NOTB. — ^Eound Head Rcg't transferrod to Gen. Sherman's Expedition. 



GAERISON OF ALEXANDRIA. BRIG.-GEN. MONTGOMERY. 

Mihtary Governor. 
Penn. Volunteers (Cameron Guards). 

GARRISON OF FORT ALBANY. 
14th Mass. Volunteers. 

GARRISON OF FORT RICHARDSON. 

4th Connecticut Volunteora 

GARRISON OF FORT WASHINGTON. 
Co. "D" 1st. U. S. Artillery. 
Co. "H" snh N. Y. Volunteers. 
Co. "I" " " " 

U. S. Recruits unassigned. 

VI. 

DIX'S DIVISION, BALTIMORE. 

Cavalry. 

Company Penn. Cavalry. 

Artillery. 

Battery " I " 2nd U. S. Art'y. 2nd Mass. Light Batt'y. 

" N. Y. Art'y. 

Infantry. 
3rd New York Volunteers. 
4th " " » 

5th " " 

17th Mass. « 

25th " " 

21st Indiana " 

6th Michigan " 

4th Wisconsin " 

7th Maine " 

2nd Maryland Baltahon. 
Reading City Guard. 



APPENDIX B. 

I add a Statement of the Organization and Composition of 
the Troops on April 1st, commencing with the portion of the 
Army of the Potomac, which went to the Peninsula ; giving 
afterwards the Regiments and Batteries left on the Potomac 
and in Maryland and Virginia after April 1st, 1862. 

TROOPS OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC SENT TO THE 
PENINSULA IN MARCH AND EAELY IN APRIL, 1862. 



CAVALRY RESERVE. 

Emory''s Brigade. 
5th U. S. Cavalry. 
6th " 
6 th Penn, " 



I. 

BRIG.-GEN. P. ST. G. COOKE. 

Blake's Brigade. 
1st U. S. Cavalry. 
8th Penn. " 
Barker's Squadron 111. Cavalry. 



n. 

ARTILLERY RESERVE. COL. HENRY J. HUNT. 



Graham's Battery "K" & "G" 1st U. S. 



Randal's 


II 


"E" 1st 


Carlisle's 


II 


"E" 2nd 


Robertson's 


II 


2nd 


Benson's 


" 


"M" 2nd 


Tidball's 


" 


"A" 2nd 


Edward's 


II 


"L"&"M" 3rd 


Gibson's 


" 


"C"& "G" 3rd 


Livingston's 


II 


"F"&"K" 3rd 


Howe's 


II 


"G" 4th 


De Russy's 


11 


"K" 4th 


"Weed's 


(1 


"I" 5th 


Smead's 


<( 


"K" 5th 



Ames's 



'A" 



5th 



6 Napoleon guns. 
6 " " 

6 20-pds. Parrott guns. 
6 3-in. ordnance. 

6 " " " 

6 " " " 

6 10-pds. Parrott " 

6 3-in. ordnance " 

4 10-pds. Parrot ta " 

G Napoleon " 

6 " . " 

6 3-in. ordnance " 

4 Napoleon " 

4 10-pds. Parrotts 

2 Napoleon 



guns. 



458 



APPENDIX B, 



ARTILLERY RESERVE.— Con^muei. 

Diederick's Battery " A" N. Y. Art. Batt'n 6 20 pds, Parrott guns. 

Voegelie's " "B" " " " 4 " " " 

Knieriem's " "C" " " " 4 " ' " " 

Grimm's " "D" " " " 6 32-pds. Howitzers. 

100 guns. 



III. 

VOLUITTEER ENGINEER TROOPS. GEN. ■WOODBURT 
15th New York Volunteers. 
50th " " 

REGULAR ENGINEER TROOPS. CAPT. DUA.NB. 
Companies "A," "B," and "C," TJ. S. Engineers. 

ARTILLERY TROOPS WITH SIEGE TRAIN. 
1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery. Col. Tyler. 

SECOND CORPS. GEN. SUMNER. 

Cavalry. 

8th Illinois Cavalry. Col. Farnsworth. 

One Squadron 6th New York Cavalry. 

RICHARDSON'S DIVISION. 

Artillery. 



Clark's Battery 


"A" & "C" 4th U. S. 6 


Napoleon guns. 


Frank's " 


" G" 1st N. Y. 6 


10-pds. Parrott guns. 


Pettit'a " 


"B" ^st " 6 


11 K 11 


Hogan's " 


"A" *2nd " 6 
Infantry. 


11 K U 


Howard's Brigade. 


Meagher's Brigade. 


FrencKs Brigade. 


5th N. H. Vols. 


69th N. Y. Vols. 


52nd N. Y. Vola 


8l6t Penn. " 


63rd " 


67th " 


61st N. Y. " 


88th " " 


66th " " 


64th " 




53rd Penn. " 



SEDGWICK'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
Kirby's Battery "I" 1st U. S. 6 Napoleon guns, 

Tompkin's '* " A" 1st R. I 



Bartlett's 
Owen's 



"B" 1st 
"G" — 



( 4 10-pds. Parrott ) 
^ \ 2 12-pds. Howitzers \^^°^ 

( 4 10-pds. Parrott ) 
^ I 2 12-pds. Howitzers J ^^^^'^ 
6 3-iri. ordnance guns. 



ORGANIZATION IN APRIL, 1862 



459 



Gorman's Brigade. 
2nd N". T. S. M. 
15th Mass. Vols. 
34rd N. T. " 
1st Minn. " 



Infantry. 
Burns's Brigade. 
69th Penn. Vols. 
11th " " 
72nd " 
106th " " 



Dana^s Brigade. 
19th Mass. Vols. 
Tth Mich. " 
42ud N. Y. " 
20 th Mass. " 



Note. — BlenJcefs Division detached and assigned to the Mountain DeparU 
went. 

THIRD CORPS. GENERAL HEINTZELMAiT. 



Cavalry. 
3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry. 



Col. Averill. 



PORTER'S DIVISION. 

Artillery. 
Griffin's Battery " K" 5th U. S. 6 10-pds. Parrott guns. 



Weeden's " 


"C" R. I. — - 


— — 


Martin's " 


"C" Mass. 6 Napoleon guns. 


AUen's 


"E" " 6 3-in. 
Infantry. 


ordnance guns. 


MartindaWs Brigade. 


MoreWs Brigade. 


Buiierfield's Brigade. 


2d Maine Vols. 


14th N. T. Vols. 


17th N. Y. Vols. 


18th Mass. " 


4th Mich. 


83rd Penn. " 


22nd " " 


9th Mass. " 


44th N. Y. " 


25th N. T. " 


62ad Penn. " 


Stockton's Michigan. 


13th " " 




12th N. Y. Vols. 


1st Berdan Sharpshooters. 






HOOKER'S DIVISION. 






Artillery. 






^ „ (4 10-pds 


. Parrott ) 



Smith's " 4th N. Y. Battery 6 10-pds. Parrott 
Bramhall's " 6th " " 6 3-in. ordnance 

Osborn's " " D" 1st N. Y. Arty. 4 " " 



Sickles^s Brigade. 
1st Excelsior (N. Y.) 
2nd " " 

3rd 

4th " " 

5th " " 



Infantry. 
Naglee^s Brigade. 
1st Mass. Vols. 
, 11th " 
26th Penn. " 
2nd N. H. " 



Col. Starr's Brigade, 
5th N. J. Vols 
6th ' 
7th " " 

- 8th " * 



460 



APPENDIX B, 



HAMILTON'S DIVISION. 



Thompson's Battery- 
Beam's " 

Eandolph's ' 



Jameson^ s Brigade. 

105th Penn. Vols. 

63rd 

57th " " 

87th N. Y. " 



'G" 
'B" 



Artillery. 
2nd U. S. 6 



N. J. 



"E" R. I. 



«l 



Napoleon guns. 
( 4 1 0-pds. Parrott 
( 2 Napoleon 

4 1 0-pds. Parrott 

2 Napoleon 



Infantry. 

Birney^s Brigade. 

38th N. Y. Vols. 
40th " " 
3rd Maine " 
4th " " 



guns. 



Brigade. 

2nd Mich. Vols. 
3rd " " 
5th " " 
37 N. Y. •• 



FOURTH COEPS. GENERAL KEYES 

Cavalry. 

COUCH'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
McCarthy's Battery "C" 1st Penn. 



Flood's 
Miller's 
Brady's 



4 1 0-pds. Parrott guna. 
"D" 1st " 6 " " " 

"E" 1st " 4 Napoleon « 

"F" 1st " 4 10-pds. Parrott " 



Infantry. * 

Graliam's Brigade. Peck's Brigade. Brigade. 

67th N. Y. Vols. (1st L. I.) 98th Penn. Vols. 2nd R. I. Vols. 

65th " " (1st U. S. Chass.) 102nd " " 7th Mass. " 

23rd Penn. " 93rd " " 10th " " 

31st " " ' 62nd N. Y. " 36th N. Y. " 

61st " " 55th " " 



Ayre's Battery "F" 5th U. S. 



Mott's " 

Wheeler's " 
Kennedy's " 



SMITH'S DIVISION. 

Artillery. 

( 4 10-pds. Parrott 
( 2 Napoleon 
( 4 10-pds. Parrott 
I 2 Napoleon 
4 3-in. ordnance 
6 " " 



•guns. 



3rd N. Y. Battery 

" E" 1st N. Y. 
1st N. Y. Battery 



OKQANIZATION IN APKIL, 1862. 



461 



EancocKs Brigade. 
5th Wis. Vols, 
49th Penn. " 
43rd N. Y. " 
6th Maine " 



Infantry. 
Brooks's Brigade. 
2nd Vermont Vols. 
3rd " " 

4th " " 

5th " " 

6th " " 



BavidsoTi's Brigade. 
33rd K Y. Vols. 
17th " 
49th " " 
Ith Maine " 



CASEY'S DIVISION. 

Artillery. 



Regan's Battery 
Fitch's 
Bates' " 
Spratt's " 


7 th N. Y. Battery 
8lh " " 
"A" IstK Y. Art'y 
"H"lst " 


6 
6 
6 
4 


3-in. ordaance guns. 
(I 11 (1 

Napoleon " 
3-in. ordnance " 




Infantry. 








Keiiri's Brigade. 
85th Penn. Vols. 
101st " 
103rd " " 
96th N. Y. " 


Palmer's Brigade. 
85th N. Y. Vols. 
98th " 
92nd " " 
81st " 
93rd " " 






Brigade. 

104th Penn. Vola 
52nd " " 
56th N. Y. " 
100th " " 
11th Maine " 



PROVOST GUARD. 

. 2nd U. S. Cavalry. 

Battalion 8th and 17th U. S. Infantry. 

AT GENERAL HEAD-QUARTERS. 

2 Cos. 4th U. S. Cavalry. 1 Co. Oneida Cav. (N. Y. Vols.) 
1 Co. Sturgis Rifles (111. Vols.) 

The following troops of the army of the Potomac were left 
behind, or detached, on and in front of the Potomac for the 
defense of that line, April 1st, 1862. Franklin's and McCall's 
divisions at subsequent and different dates joined the active 
portion of the army on the Peninsula. Two brigades of 
Shield's division joined at Harrison's Landing. 



462 



APPENDIX B, 



FIRST CORPS. GENERAL McDOWELL. 

Cavalry. 

1st New York Cavalry. 4th New Tork Cavalry. 

2nd " " 1st Pennsylvania '* 

Sharpshooters. 

2nd Regiment Berdan's Sharpshooters. 

FRANKLIN'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
Piatt's Battery "D" 2nd U. S. 6 Napoleon guns. 

I 4-10 pds. Parrott 1 
^ \ 2 12-pds. Howitzers \ ^°^* 

f 4 10-pds. Parrott i ^^ 
^ \ 2 12-pds. Howitzers ) 
" F" 1st N. T. Art'y 4 3-in. ordnance " 

Infantry. 

Keamey^s Brigade. Slocuni's Brigade. Keioion^s Brigade. 

].st N. J. Vols. 16th N. Y. Vols. 18th N. Y. Vols. 

2nd " " 2'?th " " 31st " " 

3rd " " 5th Maine " 32rd " " 

4th " " 96th Penn. " 95th Penu. " 



Porter's 

Hexamer'a 
Wilson's 



"A" Mass. 
" A" N. J. 



Seymour's Battery 
Eaton's " 

Cooper's " 

Keln s " 



Eeynolds's Brigade. 
1st Penn. Res. Reg't, 
2nd " " " 
5th " " " 
8th " " " 



"C" 1st 



McCALL'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
" C" 5th U. S. 6 Napoleon guns. 
"A" 1st Penn. 4 " " 

"B" 1st <' 6 10-pds. Parrott guns. 
2 10-pds. Parrott i 
4 12-pds. Howitzers J 

Infantry. 
Meade's Brigade. 
3rd Penn. Res. Reg't. 
4th " " 
"Jth " " " 
11th " 
1 Penn. Reserve Rifles, 



M 



guns. 



Ord's Brigade. 
6th Penn. Res. Reg't 
9th " " " 
10th " " " 
12th " " " 



KING'S DIVISION, 
Artillery. 
Gibbon's Battery " B" 4th U. S. 
Monroe's " "D" 1st R.I. 
Gerrish's " "A" N. H. 
Durrell's " Penn. 



6 Napoleon guns. 
6 10-pds. Parrotts guns. 
6 Napoleon " 

6 10-pds. Parrott " 



ORGANIZATION IN APKIL, 1862 



463 



Brigade. 

2nd "Wis. Vols, 
6th " 
"Zth " 
19th Ind. " 



Infantry. 
Patricks Brigade. 
20 th N. Y. S. M. 
21st " Vols. 
23rd " " 
25th " 



Augur^s Brigade. 
14th N. Y. S. M. 
22 nd " Vols. 
24th " " 
30th " " 



FIFTH CORPS. GENERAL BANKS. 



1st Maine Cavalry. 
1st Vermont " 
ist Michigan " 
1st R. L 



28th Penn. Vols. 



Cavalry. 

5 th New York Cavalry. 
8th 

Keyes's Battalion Penn. Cavalry. 
18 Cos. Maryland " 

1 Squadron Virginia " 

Unattached. 
4th Reg't Potomac Home Guard (Maryland Vols.) 



WILLIAMS'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
♦ Best's Battery "F" 4th U. St. 6 Napoleon guns 
Maryland 



Hampton's " 
Thompson's " 
Mathew's " 



Knapp's " 
McMahon's " 



" F" Penn. 
" M" 1st N. Y. 
Penn. 
N. Y. 

Infantry. 



4 10-pds. Parrott guns. 
4 '< 

6 3-in. ordnance 
6 10-pds. Parrott 
6 " 
6 3-in. ordnance 



Abercrombie's Brigade. Brigade. 

12th Mass. Vols. 9th N. Y. S. M. 

2nd " " 29th Penn. Vols. 

16th Ind. " 27th lud. " 

1st Potom. Home Brig. (Md. Vols. 3rd Wis. " 

1 Co. Zouaves d'Afrique (Penn. Vols.) 



Brigade. 

28th N. Y. Vols. 
5th Conn. 
46th Penn. 
1st Maryland 
12 th Ind. 
13th Mass. 



Clark's Battery 
Jenk's " 

Davy's " 

Huntington's" 

Robinson's " 



SHIELD'S DIVISION. 
Artillery. 
4lh U. S. 6 10-pds. Parrott 



"E 

" A" 1st Va. 

"B" 1st " 
"A" 1st Ohio 

"L" 1st " 
4th Ohio Inf'y 



6 



I 4 10-pds. Parrott ) 
■!2G-pds. fg^^- 

2 10-pds. Parrott guns. 

6 13-pds, James " 
( 2 12-pds. Howitzers ) 

6]4 6-pds.guns. f^'^- 

1 6-pds. gun. 



H 


APPENDIX B 


• 




Infantry. 




Brigade. 


Brigade. 


Brigade. 


14tli Ind. Vols. 


5th Ohio Vols. 


1th Ohio Vols. 


4th Ohio " 


62nd " 


29th " 


8th " " 


66th " " 


1th " 


Tth Ya. 


13th Ind. " 


1st Va. " 


6'7th Ohio " 


39th 111. " 


11th Penn. " 


84th Penn. " 




Andrew Sharpshootera 



GENERAL WADSWORTH'S COMMAND. 

Cavalry. 

1st New Jersey Cavalry. At Alexandria. 
4th Pennsylvania " East of the Capital. 

Artillery and Infantry. 



10th New Jersey Vols. 

104th N. Y. Vols. 

1st "Wis. Heavy Art'y. 

3 Batteries N. T. " 

Depot of N. Y. Light Art'y 

2nd D. C. Vols. • 

26th Penn. " 

26th N.Y. " 

95th " " 

94tb ' " 

88th Penn. 

91st " " 

4th N. Y. Art'y 

112th Penn. Vols, 

76th N. Y. " 

59th " " 

88th Penn. " 

99th " " 

2Bd N. Y. Light Art'y 



(Detachment) 



(Detachment) 



107th Penn. Vols. 

54th " " 

Dickerson's Light Art'y 

86th N. Y. Vols. 

88th Penn. " (Detachment) 



Bladensburg Road. 

Kalorama Heights. 

Fort " Cass," Va. 

Forts "Ethan Allen" and " Mar^y." 

Camp " Barry." 

"Washington City. 

" G" St. Wharf. 

Fort Lyon. 

Camp "Thomas." 

Alexandria. 

Franklin Square Barracks. 
Forts " Carroll" and " Greble." 
Fort "Saratoga." 

" "Massachusetts." 

" " Pennsylvania." 
Fort " Good Hope." 

" "Mahan." 
Forts ""Ward," ""Worth," and 

" Blenker." 
Kendall Green. 

II K • 

East of the Capital. 



14th Mass. 
56th Penn. 



r Forts "Albany," " Tellingbast," 
(Heavy Art'y ) j "Richardson," " Runyon," 

I 



'Jackson, 
'Scott." 



Barnard," "Craig/ 



ORGANIZATION IN APRIL, 1862. 466 

{ArtiUery and Infantry. Continued.) 
4th U. S. Art'y (Detachment ) ( Fort =' Washington." 

37th N. Y. Vols. (Detachment ) < " " 

97th " " Fort " Corcoran." 

101st " " 
12th Va. " 
91st N. T. " 

m CAMP NEAR WASHINGTON. 

6th New York Cavalry. Dismounted. 

10th " " " 

Swaim's " " " 

2nd Pennsylvania " " 

(These troops, 3,359 men, were ordered to report to Col. Miles, command- 
ing Eail Road Guard, to relieve 3,306 older troops, ordered to be sent to 
Manassas to report to Gen. Abercrombie.) 

GENERAL DIX'S COMMAND. (BALTIMORE.) 

Cavalry. 
1st Maryland Cavalry. Detachment of Cav. Pumell Legion. 
ArtiUery. 
Battery "I" 2nd U. S. Artillery. 
" — Maryland Artillery. 
" "L" 1st New York ArtUlery. 
2 Independent Batteries, Pennsylvania Artillery. 

Infantry. 
3rd New York Yolunteers. 
4th << «< 

11th Pennsylvania " 
87th " " 

111th " " 

2Jst Massachusetts " (Detachment.) 

2nd Delaware " 

2nd Maryland " 

1st Eastern Shore Horn 3 Guards (Maryland Yolunteers.) 
2nd " " " " " '♦ 

Purnell Legion ' " " 

2 Battalions 

Note. — Mr. Allen Pinkekton wa» the trustworthy and efficient chief of th« 
Secret Service Corps. He is mentioned at page 119 under his assumed name 
Mr. E. J. Allen. 

Capt. G. a. Custar, additional A. D. C. and Lieutenant IT. S. Cavalry, was 
added to the Staff of the Commanding General when on the Chickahominy 
Hia name should appear on page 62. 



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* Ready April 15th. 

OANGERFIELD'S REST. 

OR 

BEFOK^E THE STOIil!^!:. 

A Novel of American Life and Manners. One volume, 
large 12mo. Price, |1.50. 

This is the production of a polished and experienced pen, qualified by much 
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It will be especially attractive to those who believe in the indestructibility 
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A Novel by Rosa Vertner Jeffrey, author of " Poems by 
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A New Attraction in the Literary World. — A Novel from the Pen 
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received no inkhng ; but those who are acquainted with the genius and taste 
of the fair authoress must feel assured, that, in respect to the scene and plot 
as well as in all other respects, the production will be brimful of charm. Her 
legion of admirers feel a world of curiosity respecting the work but no solici- 
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"We predict for " Woodburn" a very rapid and extended sale. 



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MARION HAR LAND'S WORKS. 

Uniform editions of the works of this favorite authoress are now ready. 

ALONE. 1 volume. 12mo. Price $1.50. 
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" In all the characteristics of a powerful novel it will compare farorably with the best 
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"'Nemesis' is, by far, the best American novel published for very many years. — PhiU 
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♦' It is worthy of note that the former works of this authoress hare been republished 
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PETER CARRADINE, 

on 
THE MARTINDALE PASTORAL. 

By Caroline Chesebko'. 
One vol, 12mo. $1.50, 



BROKEN COLUMNS. 

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One vol. 12mo. $1.50. 

(From Peter Bayne, Author of " Christian Life," " Essays," etc. etc.) 

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The plot is admirable, and the execution is a singular nearness to perlectioa 

You must not hesitate to publish it. I am confident when it is read and 

known it will have an extensive sale." 



HUSKS. 

By Marion Harland. 

Author of "Alone," "Hidden Path," "Moss Side," "Nemesis," and 

" Miriam." 

One vol 12mo. $1.50. 



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One vol. 4to. 

SHELDON & COMPANY, Publishee6, 

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THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF 

MRS. EMILY C. JUDSON, 

(Fanny Fobresteb,) 

Tiuird wife of the Rev. Ad-?niram Judsoa, D.D., Miasiouary to BarmalL 

By A. C. Kendrick, Professor of Greek in the University of Rocheaser, 

1 voL 12mo., with a steel-plate Likeness of Mrs. Jiidson. 

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"Not least among the many charms of this delightful bit of biography will be r»» 
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"It is a biography uncommonly rich with all the materials which a gifted and devoted 
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" In biography, this is iTie book of the season — and of many seasons. We confess t« 
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our reverence, by storm. Henceforth we place her among the hei-oines and martyrs of 
Christianity. Not because we forgive ' Alderbrook' for the sake of ' Bat Castle"^K)ai 
old way of thinking was somewhat in that style — but because we see now how the spirit 
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'parts of one harmouious whole.' Her 'Life and Letters' are worthy of an immense 
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»ppreciative, glowing memoir of 'a sensitive child of genius and song,' pwses our com- 
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aid, Riclnnond. 

"The correspondence is particularly attractive. Sweetness, sluoplicitr aff'ectionate- 
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her faithfulness to every duty, her self-sacritlcing generosity to her family, her devetiOB 
to uer husbanil, the maternal love which knew no ditfereuce between his children and 
ber own, and the ever-growing beauty of her spiritual life, Mrs. £mily 0. Judson dMerrM 
• large place in the public heai't." — Boston Journal, 



\ 



I 



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LIFE OF GEOKaE WASHINGTOi^. 

By Edward Everett, LL.D. 
1 vol., 12mo. 348 pages. 

With a steel-plate likeness of Mr. Everett, from the celebrated bust by 
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Price, in cloth, $1 25. 

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idea gathered by his long study and great love of the subject. The work comes with 
uingular propriety from his felicitous pen, as the orator whose eloquence has done so 
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LORD MACAULAY'S ESSAYS. 

The publishers have now readj an entirely new and elegant edition of tiic 

CrUica\ Historical, and MisceUcmeous Essays 

of the Right Hon. Thomas Babinqton Maoaulat. 

With an Introduction and Biographical Sketch of the author. 
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All the American editions heretofore published have been printed from the earlier 
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expressed himself as not satisfied with any American edition of his works. 

THE ADVANTAGES OP THIS EDITION. 

1st. The Essays have been arranged in exact chronological order, so that their pernul 
affords, so to speak, a complete biographical portrMture of the brilliant iiuthor's mind. 
No other edition possesses the same advantage. 

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8d. This edition contains also the pure text of Macaulay's Essays. The exact pan«- 
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5th. The biographical and critical Introduction Is from the well known pen of Mt 
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6th. The typographical excellence of the publication places it among t^e b«et thtl 
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MARY BUNYAN, 

THE DREAMER'S BLIND DAUGHTER. 

k. T«le of religious persecution- By Mrs. S. Rochester Ford, of Louisville^ 

1 vol., 12mo., 488 pages, Illusirated. Price $1 25. 

From the JTew York Examiner. 

" The nnmerons readers of ' Grace Trnman' have heie another work on a topic of deep 
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" As drawn by Mrs. Ford, her character seems to have been one of great modesty and 
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" The simple incidents of Banyan's life, his protracted imprisonment, his heroic endur 
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csrefally gathered up such historical facts — and they are fortunately numerous and well 
authenticated — as could throw light upon her subject, and has employed them with ^eat 
lagacity and effect in the construction of her story." 



From the American Baptist, 2^. Y. 

" The announcement of a new work from the accomplished authoress of ' Grace Tru- 
man, will send a thrill of delight through thousands of hearts. This book will be read 
with an enthusiasm rarely equaled. Think of the subject, the persecution of John Bun- 
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There will bo many a moistened eye over the beautiful pages of touching scenes In tha 
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tains a fev7 outs illustrative of the scenes." 



From the Pittsburg Chronicle. 

" This l9 the last product from the pen of a lady whose writings are rapidly becoming 
popular. Her last work, 'Grace Truman,' had a sale of over 80,000 copies, and this on« 
19 said to be a better and a more interesting book. It is a very pleasing tale of fictloa, 
the scene of which is in ' Merrie England,' and the chief character, the immortal tsM 
never-to-be-forgotten John Bnnyan, writer of the Pilgrim's Progresg." 



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ABBOTT'S AMERICAN HISTORY.- 

A Series of American Histories for Youth, 

By Jacob Abbott, 

In Tweive Volumes, each volume complete in itself. 

Elustrated with numerous Maps and Engravings, from designs by Darley, 

Chapin, Herrick, Perkins, Parsons, Stepliens, and others. 

The iSeries will consist of — 

1. Aboriginal America, (now ready). 
2.. Discovery op America, (now ready). 

3. The Soutitern Colonies, (now ready). 

4. The Northern Colonies. 

5. The Middle Colonies. 

6. Revolt op the Colonies. 

7. Boston in Seventy-Five. 

8. New York in Seventy-Six. 

9. The Carolinas in Seventy-Nine. 
0. Campaign in the Jerseys. 

xl. BURGOYNE AND CORNWALLIS. 

12. The Federal Constitution. 

It is the intention of the publishers that this Series of Popular Amencau 
Histories shall fill a place long vacant in the literature of our country, a tadc 
which no author is so capable of performing as Mr. Jacob Abbott. The 
utmost care in the mechanical execution of the books will be used, it being 
their intention to make them as attractive as they will be entertaining. 

Each vol, 16 mo. Price 90 cents. 

From the Boston Traveller. 

" Sheldon & Co. of New York have commenced the publication of a new series of popu 
\ti American Histories for Youth, by Jacob Abbott, the b-wt living autlior of juvenile 
oooks. The series opens with an elegant volume (16rao, 283 pages), entitled 'Aboriginal 
America,' giving a lively and reliable account of the country as it was when Europeans 
first reached it, and of the modes of Indian life. It has seventeen maps and illustrations, 
beautifully executed, from designs by the first artists. The series will be completed In 
twelve volumes. Judging from the plan of the work, and by the opening volume, we ara 
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From the New York Ezaminer. 

"The Rev. Jacob Abbott and Messrs. Sheldon & Co. are doing an admirable service for 
the young people of America. The former is writing, and the latter are publishing, a 
series of volumes, the object of which is t? narrate, iu a simple and intelligible manner, 
the leading events of American History. The first volume of the series — ' Aboriginal 
America' — is just issued, and it is so beautifully printed, so tastefully illustrated, and so 
pleasantly written, that we shall expect to hear that fhe sale is reaching a very high 
figure, just such a history of our country was a necessity, aud we are thankful that it 
U to be so well supplied." 

From the Boston Advertiaer. 

" This Is the first rolurae of an American History in the course of preparation by Mr. 
Abbott. The object of this history is to give, in a clear, simple, and intelligible manner, 
the leading events connected with the history of our country from the earliest perioda 
down, as nearly as practicable, to the present time. The natural history, the plant*, the 
native inhabitants of the country, are treated of in this first volume. The several volamoi 
are to be illustrated with maps and engrayings. The iUustrations in this volume are w«B 
designed and executed," 



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THE EOLLO BOOKS 

By Jacob Abbott. 
Rollo Learning to Talk, 



Rollo Learning to Read, 
Rollo at Work, 
Rollo at Play, 
Rollo at School, 
RoUo's Vacation, 
RoUo's Experiments, 



Rollo's Museum, 
Rollo's Travels, 
Rollo's Correspondence, 
Rollo's Philosophy, Water, 
Rollo's Philosophy, Air, 
Rollo's Philosophy, Fire, 
Rollo's Philosophy, Sky. 



14 vols. Illustrated, uniform style. 16mo. Cloth, 60 cents eac-h. 
14 vols., uniform style. 18mo., cheap editioQ. " 50 " " 

THE ROLLO STORY BOOKS. 

By Jacob Abbott. 

Trouble on the Mountain, Georgie, 

Causey Building, Rollo in the Woods, 

Apple Gathering, Rollo's Garden, 

The Two Wheelbarrows, The Steeple Trap, 

Blueberrying, Labor Lost, 

The Freshet, Lucy's Visit. 

12 vols. 18mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Price, per set, $3. 

THE FLORENCE STORIES. 

By Jacob Abbott. 75 cents each. 

Vol. 1. Florence and John. 16mo. Cloth. Illustrated. 

Vol 2. Grimkie. 16mo. Cloth. Illustrated. 

VoL 3. The Orkney Islands. 16mo. Cloth. Hlostrated. 
From, the Boston Journal. 

" Mr. Abbott is always an entertaining writer for the young, and this story seems to 
as to contain more that is really suggestive and instructive than other of his recent pro- 
ductions. Florence and John are children who pursue their studies at home, under the 
care of their mother, and in the progress of the tale many useful hints are frfven in re- 
gard to home instruction. The main educational idea which runs through all Mr. Abbott's 
works, that of developing the capacities of children so as to make them seLf-reliant, is 
conspicuous in this." 

From the JVejc York Observer. 

" Mr. Abbott is known to be a pure, successful and useful writer for the young and old. 
He is also the most popular author of juvenile books now living." 
From the Eosioii Advertiser. 

" This new Abbott story gives a description of a well-arranged home school, in which 
the children study with their mother. Minute and useful details are given, interesting to 
domestic teachers. The children's plays are also described in Mr. Abbott's own style. 
This opening volume of the new series gives excellent promise of what may be expected 
as it goes on. The scene is laid at a country house on the North River, and the volume is 
well illustrated." 

From the Boston Traveller. 

" No writer of children's books, not even the renowned Peter Parley, has ever been so 
successful as Abbott." 



Books Published by Sheldon <jb Co. 



THE BRIGHTHOPE SERIES. 

By J. T. Trowbridge, author of "Neighbor Jackwood," etc. 

The Old Battle Ground, Iron Thorpe, 

Father Brighthope, Burr ClifH 

Hearts and Faces, 

5 vols. 18mo, gilt back, uniform, in cloth. Price $3 00. 

NOTICES OF " FATHER BRIGHTHOPE." 

" The object of this cliarming little story is to show the beautiful effect of piety in the 
family. The moral lesson is pure and impressive." — C. Herald, Detroit. 

" We have read no little home narrative this many a day so delightfully interesting as 
this one." — Toledo Blade. 

" There is a charm about this little volume which one does not easily forget." — ITor. 
PalladUim. 

" It abounds in passages of exquisite humor." — Portland Eclectic. 

"A most valuable book for Sabbath School and Juvenile Libraries Pathfinder. 

NOTICES OF " THE OLD BATTLE GROUND." 

From the Boston Transcript. 

" Mr. Trowbridge has never written anything that was not popular, and each new work 
has added to his fame. He has a wonderful faculty as a portrayer of New England 
characteristics and New England scenes." 

From the Boston Traveler. 

" It is an enticing little work, written in that pleasant style which has made the author 
one of our most popular public instructors. It will take high rank among books that 
should be bought at this gift-giving season." 

From the Salem Register. 

" Mr. Trowbridge ivill find many welconiers to the field of authorship as often as he 
chooses to enter it, and to leave as pleasant a record behind him as the story of Father 
Brighthope. The present addition to the series is worthy of his reputation as one of the 
very best portrayers of New England character and describcrs of New England scenes. 
It is not a story of war and bloodshed, but, as the author says, the daily struggle of love, 
and pride, and hatred, and despair, which never cease on earth, will interest those who 
accompany him in his walks about the Old Battle Ground. Every body who likes a 
wholesome book will be pleased with it." 



THE SUNNY SIDE SERIES. 

By Mrs. E. Stuart Phelps. 

Peep at No. 5, Tell Tale, 

Last Leaf from Sunny Side, 

3 vols. 18mo, uniform style. Price of each 60 cenl>. 



Books Published by Sheldon <k Co. 



FOKTl YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN SUNDAY- 
SCHOOLS. 

By Stephen H. Tykg, D.D. 

Rector of St. George's Church, New York. 

1 neat 16mo vol. Price 75 cents. 



" Aa « matter of course the volume is in a measure autobiographical, which w«md 
iloe secure general attention to it." — Boston Gazette. 

" No one is entitled to speak about Sunday-schools with more authority than Dr. 
Pyng, and no one can read this volume without obtaining most valuable hints for th« 
raaoagement of a Sunday-sohooL" — Southern Churchman. 

" In a literary point of view, they »re marked by all the excellencies for which th« 
reverend author is noted ; while ths amount of real, useful knowledge they convey in a 
brief and practical form, upon a subject the importance of which is little understood, ii 
really surprising." — Troy Titnes. 

"Every Sabbath-school teacher should read it; every pastor might profit by it." — y 
T. Independent. 

"This will be a very welcome volume to Sunday-school teachers, and to all who are 
Interested in Sunday-schools. It embodies the experience and the counsels of one who 
by his deep interest in the cause, and by a personal devotion to the work, even in ita de- 
tails, and by a success which has been rarely if ever equaled, is qualified to speak with 
freat profit upon the important subject. We have-often made mention of the school at 
t. George's church, as perhaps the largest in the country, and as exhibiting results, not 
only in the chief end «f Sabbath-school instruction, but in the great work of Christian 
benevolence and Christian activity, which are delightful to contemplate. In these pages 
the author imparts, in a measure, the secret of this success. We are sure that the volume 
has a great mission to accomplish for good." — N. Y. Observer. 

"Dr. Tyug commenced his Sabbath-school labors as a missionary in the town of 
Qaincy, Massachusetts, in 1S19, and ever since, iu all his ministerial labors has given th# 
Sabbath -school a prominent place, in later years, it would seem, almost the first place in 
his plans for doing good. Earnest, laborious, inventive, evangelical, and having in most 
of his career the amplest resources at bis command, his experience can not but be wor- 
thy of the most attentive consideration of all who are interested in this kind of instruc- 
tion. Considering the wealthy character of Dr. Tyng's church, we were hardly prepared 
for his statement as to the economy in the management of his schools. 'Years of ex- 
periment," he says, 'have proved to me, that the whole cost of Sabbatli-school manage* 
ment, on the most liberal scale, including question-books. Bibles, hymn-books, children's 
papers, libraries, and necessary printing, with the anniversary books added, may be 
Drought withiu two cents a Sabbath for each scholar. Surely the Christian church con 
net ask for a more economical expenditure or more effective investment than this. 
Where is the church that can not raise two aints 'a week for every child that can b* 
gathered in? 

"Though we would not follow Dr. Tyng in some things, yet we listen eagerly to what 
Ko has to say on all the important matters of which he treats. He has given us a fresh 
interest in the cause, and ro.-ne of his valuable hints we mean to put into practice at once. 
_V\'e most earnestly commend *h > perusal of this work to pastors, elders, superintendents, 
.••ohers, and parents, assurLUg thetE Ml, that they will find it full of thought worthy of 
ike distinguished author, i. In, i « -t '^p.% tSe nioct impo.tan; di(jcus&:'>n e* tt^ wboU 
Miki««t that has yet beo« pio 'c \\ '■ -S'hir- Z««<r"'otj", ." ^iU''iel^hie. 



Books Published by Sheldon <t Co. 



WORKS OF THE REV. C. H. SPURGEON. 



SPUKGEON'S SERMONS. 

Bennons of the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon of London, in uniform st/lea of bin dinj^. 

PIRST SERIES- With an Introduction and Sketch of his life, by th 
ev. E. L. Magoon, D.D. 1 voL, 12mo, 400 pages. With a fine Stee. 
late PortiaiL Price $1 25. 

SECOND SERIES. Revised by the Author, and pubhshed with hii 
sanction ; containing a new Steel Plate Portrait, engraved expressly for the 
Volume. Price $1 25. 

THIRD SERIES- Revised by the Author, and published with hie 
sanction ; containing a Steel Plate View of Surrey Music Hall, London, en- 
graved expressly for the Volume. Price $1 25. 

FOURTH SERIES. Revised by the Author, and published with hif 
sanction ; containing 26 Sermons. 450 pages. Price $1 25. 

FIFTH SERIES. Revised by the Author, and published with hia 
sanction ; illustrated with a fine Steel plate representing the Rev. C. H. Spu" 
geon ureacbiug in Surrey Music HalL 1 voL 12mo. Price $1 25. 

SIXTH SERIES. Revised by the Auinor, and published Witfl m. 
janction, illustrated with a fine Steel plate of Mr. Spurgeon's now Tabar- 
oacle. I vol 12mo. Price, $1 25. 

SPURGEON'S GEMS. 

Being brilliant passages fi"Oii the Sermons of the Rev. C. H. S'UROEON, of 
London. 1 voL 12mo. Price $1 25. 
The Publishers present this book as a specimen of Mr. Spurgeon's happiea 
Jioughts, gems fi:om his discourses, which will glow in the mind of the 
reader, and quicken in him a desire to read and hear more of this remarkabk 
outhfiil preacher. 

THE SAINT AND HIS SAYIOUR. 

By the Rev. C. H. Spdrgeon. 1 \ol. 12mo. Price $1 25. 

This is an entirely new work, never before published in any form. It ■ 
the first extended religious work by this distinguished preacher, and <M;e 
which in its fervid devotional spirit, the richness of its sc ntiments, and th* 
beauty of its imagery, fully sustains his high reputation. 



Books Published by Sheldon <& Co. 



LIFE THOUGHTS, 

GATHERED FROM THE EXTEMPORANEOUS DISCOUHSES OF 
HENRY WARD BEECHER. 

By Miss E. D. Proctor. 1 vol. 12mo. Price $1 25. 



Like all the works of true genius, these " LIFE THOUGHTS" address themselves 
directly to the universal heart of man ; and, as they have a sjTnpathetic word for all 
moods, so do their lessons of wisdom, their appeals to conscience and to duty, awake 
responsive echoes in all souls. 

To the lover of the beautiful in nature, they impart an added charm to all her works, 
just as the bright beams of the morniug sunshine gild the somber earth with new glad- 
ness and joy. 

To the humble aspirant after a higher and purer life on earth, they address the words 
of encouragement and hope ; and as the tottering, feeble child feels the strengthening in- 
fluences of the parents' loving words of counsel, so do his " words of lofty cheer" 
strengthen the way worn pilgrim upon the journey of life. 

To the grief-striken mourner, whose spiritual vision can but faintly penetrate the clouds 
of despondency and the thick darkness in which bereavement shrouds the soul, they bring 
the powerful lenses of Divine Revelation and God's good providences, adjusted to all eyes, 
and enable him to see the brightness and the beauty of the better land. 

It is because these " Life Thoughts" glow with such intensity of Nature's fire — because 
their striking and beautiful expositions of divine truth answer to the wants of all classes 
and conditions of men, that they have already become as " familiar as household words," 
and none who read them can for a moment doubt that their presence in every family 
would be a ministry for good. 

From, the Freewill Baptist Quarterly;. 
" Here are 300 pages of the wisest, deepest, and most .striking of ori^nal utterances, 
by one of the most original, brilliant, and versatile minds of the age. There is more phil- 
osophy here on some single pages than many an elaborate treatise contains : more relig- 
ious stimulus than in a score of bepraised sermons ; more poetry than in some acres of 
careful rhyming." 

From Ladies' Repository. 
" It is well when such preachers find some one to catch the leaves that fall from the 
flourishing tree. People in sick chambers and far away places, who can never gaze upon 
the ' full boughed tree,' will bless the hand that kindly gathered for preservation of its 
fullness and beauty." 

From the Courier and Enquirer. 

" His illustrations astonish not more by their beauty than by variety. Every species 
of knowledge, every region of nature and of human life is laid under tribute to supply 
the calls of this prodigal faculty. 

" This volume, more than any other of his published productions, exposes the cauSM 
of his eitraordinaiy success as a preacher." 

THE LIVING EPISTLE ; 

OB, THE MORAL POWER OF A RELIGIOUS LIFE. 

By Rev. Cornelius Tyree, of Powhattan, Va. "With an introduction by 
Rev. Dr. Fuller, of Baltimore. 1 voL 18mo. Price 60 cents. 
From, the Scm-thern Baptist Missionary Magaaine. 
•' It is adapted to the wants of the times, and, we trust, will be extenBirdy lead." 

From the Nem York Observer. 
*' A book full of good counsels, important lessons, elevating the idea of tba CbrUtiMi 
Hft, and eneouraging the reader to holy living and action." 



Books Published by Sheldon dh Co. 



GRACE TEUMAN; 

OR, LOVE AND PRINCIPLE. 
By Sallie Rocuesteb Ford. With Steel Portrait of the Authoress. 
1 vol., 12mo. Price $1 25. 

" We have read the hook with uncommon interest. The tale is -well told, and its Jq. 
velopment is natural. It is intended to illustrate the trials and triumphs of a youno- wifa 
in maintaining her principles against the intolerance of the open coramtmion friends of 
her husband ; and this is done so as to preserve unfailing freshness in the narrative, and 
to throw a flood of light on the principles and practices of the Baptist denomination. ' AVe 
expect to hear that the hook will have multitudes of readers."— Acio York Examiner. 

" This is truly a delightful book. Mrs. Ford has thrown around a young bride tho 

Christian heroine of this fascinating romance — such severe, and yet such life-like trials 
that we at once become deeply interested in her behalf, and watch, with great solicitude' 
the result of the struggle between Love and Principle, as we follow her through some of 
the most trying scenes." — Sew York Chronicle. 

" This work, we predict, will create a sensation in this country such as has attended 
the issue of few books for a long time, and its popularity must exceed that of any other 
work of a similar kind that has recently appeared. What is more important still, it is x 
book which can not fail to do good wherever it is circulated." — Western Watchman. 

" ' Grace Truman' is another religious novel, .foimded on facts, as any one may see who 
is familiar with denominational prejudice. It is v/ritten to show how many difficulties 
one may meet, and how much actual persecution they may endure, in the attempt to fol- 
low out what they conscientiously may believe to be right, when their friends, relatives, 
and social connections believe a different way. Mrs. Ford has skillfully drawn a picture 
of what she has seen and known. The work is true to real life, and therefore it will be 
read." — Mothers' Journal. 

" We liave been borne through the perusal of this book with unflagging interest. Like 
' TTieodosia Ernest,' it is designed for the illustration and defense of our denominational 
principles ; and without detracting in the slightest from the enviable reputation of that 
work, we do not hesitate to pronounce this more ornate in style, more artistic in plot, 
more thrilling in incident. It can not fail of a wide popularity and an extensive circula- 
tion." — Rclifiioris Herald. 

" We must not overlook, as occupying no minor position .among the dramatis iiersoncs 
of the story, Aunt Peggi/, an old, pious, shrewd domestic, and a Baptist all over, inside 
and outside, with strong faith in the promises and providence of God. She talks, looks, 
and acts like a pious slave of an elevated Christian chariicter, and is allowed great liberties 
with Christian people. Talk about the negro caricatures in 'Uncle Tom's Cabin 1' The 
authoress of ' Grace Truman' was bom and brought up with this race, and enjoying a 
chastened as well as a luxuriant imagination, has drawn truthful and life-like characters 
in all her portraits. This book should be extensively circulated. Pastors should sec to 
it that it goes into every Baptist family." — Rev. John M. Peck, D.D. 

SONGS AND BALLADS FOR THE HOME 
AND HOUSEHOLD. 

By Sidney Dyer. 
1 volume. With Steel Portrait. Price 75 cents. 

"A book of mark in the field of poesy." — Correspondent of Watchman and Reflector. 

" Mr. Dyer is evidently a poet — not a poet on stilts — nor a poet without common sense 
brains, nor does he fly away from every-day life on the wings of imagination — but sings 
of things familiar — things of the household, such as come to the heart and affections of us 
all. Mr. Dyer has added to the stock of our literary wealth." — -Chicago Democrat 

" Excellent of its kind. They grow out of the experience of life, and teach us to do 
br.avely in the battle of life." — Chicago Tribune. 

" We have read with the keenest enjoyment many of the pieces in the volume, some of 
them with a tear standing in our eye." — Western Christian Advocate. 

" These sweet lyrics of Dyer ought to he in every family. They arc so pure and musical 
. — so full of home affections and memories — that they renew within us the feelings and 
joys of childhood. Taking up this volume after the toils of the day, late in the evening, 
we went on reading and reading, unconscious of the passing hours, until, roused from a 
sweet rcTorie, we found it was past the hour of midnight We most heartily thank tho 
publishers for sending us this volume of songs and ballads." — Lutheran Home Jownak 



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